Tui parakeet

{{Short description|Species of bird}} {{Use American English|date=February 2023}} {{distinguish|text=the Tui (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae) of New Zealand}}

{{speciesbox | name = Tui parakeet | image = Brotogeris sanctithomae -Uarini, Amazonas, Brasil-8.jpg | image_caption=At Uarini, Amazonas, Brazil | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=Tui Parakeet ''Brotogeris sanctithomae'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22685994A93095525 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685994A93095525.en |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref> | genus = Brotogeris | species = sanctithomae | authority = (Müller, 1776) | synonyms = | range_map = Brotogeris sanctithomae map.svg }}

The '''tui parakeet''' ('''''Brotogeris sanctithomae''''') is a species of bird in subfamily Arinae of the family Psittacidae, the African and New World parrots.<ref name=IOC13.1>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/parrots/ |title=Parrots, cockatoos |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 13.1 |editor-last1=Gill |editor-first1= F. |editor-last2=Donsker|editor-first2=D.|editor-last3=Rasmussen |editor-first3=P. |date=January 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 }}</ref> It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and possibly Ecuador.<ref name=SACCcountries>Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. 30 January 2023. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved January 30, 2023</ref>

==Taxonomy and systematics==

The tui parakeet shares genus ''Brotogeris'' with seven other species of parakeets. It has two subspecies, the nominate ''B. s. sanctithomae'' (Müller, 1776) and ''B. s. takatsukasae'' (Neumann, 1931).<ref name=IOC13.1/>

left|thumb|A captive tui parakeet ==Description==

The tui parakeet is {{convert|17|to|19|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs an average of {{convert|59|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Adults are mostly green that is yellower on the rump and underparts. They have yellow lores and forehead and a bluish tinge on the face. Their primaries are a darker green than the body and bluish on their underside. Their bill is brown. Subspecies ''B. s. takatsukasae'' differs from the nominate only by adding a yellow streak behind the eye. Immature birds are essentially the same as adults.<ref name=TUPA-BOW>Collar, N., A. Bonan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Tui Parakeet (''Brotogeris sanctithomae''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.tuipar1.01 retrieved February 22, 2023</ref><ref name=Ridgely2>{{cite book | last =Ridgely | first =Robert S. | last2 =Greenfield | first2 =Paul J. | title =The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide | publisher =Cornell University Press | volume = II| date =2001 | location =Ithaca | page =193 | isbn =978-0-8014-8721-7 }}</ref><ref name=vanPerlo>{{cite book | last =van Perlo | first = Ber| title =A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil | publisher =Oxford University Press | date =2009 | location =New York | page =132 | isbn =978-0-19-530155-7 }}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==

The nominate subspecies of the tui parakeet is found in the Amazon Basin of extreme southeastern Colombia, eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and Brazil east to the Rio Madeira. Undocumented sight records in eastern Ecuador lead the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society to treat it as hypothetical in that country. Subspecies ''B. s. takatsukasae'' is found along the lower Amazon from the Rio Madeira and Rio Negro to the Atlantic at the Amazon's mouth. The species mostly inhabits semi-open landscapes like secondary forest, grasslands with some woodlands, riverbanks and islands with dense scrub, and the edges of ''várzea'' forest.<ref name=TUPA-BOW/><ref name=SACCcountries/><ref name=Ridgely2/><ref name=vanPerlo/>

==Behavior== ===Movement===

The tui parakeet is believed to be sedentary.<ref name=TUPA-BOW/>

===Feeding===

The tui parakeet feeds on fruit and blossoms from a variety of plants including palms. It also feeds in manioc and sugarcane plantations.<ref name=TUPA-BOW/>

===Breeding===

The tui parakeet's breeding season is not well defined but appears to be April to July in Colombia. Nest cavities in arboreal termite nests have been documented. One nest held six nestlings. The typical range of clutch size, the incubation period, the time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.<ref name=TUPA-BOW/>

{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Brotogeris-sanctithomae |species=tui parakeet}} ===Vocalization===

The tui parakeet's calls include "a high-pitched "klee", shrill "chree" or bisyllabic "chree-chree" [and a] fast chattering series "cra-cra-cra-cra-cra"." Members of a flock often call simultaneously.<ref name=TUPA-BOW/>

==Status==

The IUCN has assessed the tui parakeet as being of Least Concern. It has a large range, and though its population size is not known it is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified.<ref name=IUCN/> "Locally abundant with very little habitat loss, Brazil, and equally common within the limited areas occupied in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia."<ref name=TUPA-BOW/>

==References== {{Reflist}}

==External links== *[http://vireo.acnatsci.org/search.html?Form=Search&SEARCHBY=Common&KEYWORDS=tui+parakeet&showwhat=images&AGE=All&SEX=All&ACT=All&Search=Search&VIEW=All&ORIENTATION=All&RESULTS=24 Tui parakeet photo gallery] VIREO *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110717124724/http://www.birdtheme.org/showimages/index.php?comb=74280000&code=41&wid=410 Stamps] (for Brazil) minor showing of bird [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717124742/http://www.birdtheme.org/showimages/index.php?code=41 Article] "Bird Stamps of Brazil" *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060430012427/http://www.lib.montana.edu/~bmarsh/imgs/tui.jpg Photo-Medium Res]; [https://web.archive.org/web/20010731060402/http://www.lib.montana.edu/~bmarsh/broto/tui.html Article] lib.Montana.edu—''"Brotogeris"''

tui parakeet Category:Birds of Southern Amazonia tui parakeet Category:Parakeets Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot

<!-- This extraordinary detail is not supported by either source in the pre-February 2023 article nor in any source available to me The tui parakeet is found along the Amazon River in a corridor from Ilha de Marajó in east. The Amazon river-wildlife corridor is of variable width, the tui parakeet generally only occurring in the vicinity of major rivers, and continues upstream to the confluence of the southwest Basin's Purús River. A ''short'' north range exists up the confluence of the Rio Negro about 250 km. Peculiarly, it is absent from a small section of the Amazon river immediately east of Manaus in Brazil; this "hole" in its distribution also forms the border between the western nominate subspecies (''Brotogeris s. sanctithomae'') and the eastern ''B. s. takatsukasae''.

In the southwest Amazon Basin, the tui parakeet ranges more widely, it being present in the vicinity of several large rivers such as the Solimões River, Madeira River, Madre de Dios River, Purús River, Juruá River, Ucayali River and lowermost Marañón River. This range includes parts of northern Bolivia, most of the south-western Amazon in Brazil, and all of Amazonian eastern Peru, except the northern regions near the borders with southern Colombia and Ecuador. The exception is the southeast border tongue of Colombia (near Leticia and Puerto Nariño) that extends south and borders the Amazon River. Here is the only range in Colombia of the tui parakeet, as a "restricted-range" species in Colombia, about 150 km.

A small range of the tui parakeet goes upriver along the Napo River in northeastern Ecuador. In the southwest Amazon Basin, its eastern limit is around the Madeira River. -->