{{short description|Ethnic group}} {{Use mdy dates|date=September 2020}} {{ethnic group| | group = Tsnungwe | native_name = tse꞉ning-xwe | native_name_lang = Hupa | image = Le-lding xontah.jpg | caption = łe꞉lding xontah - mouth of the South Fork of the Trinity River, principal Tsnungwe village | population = 150-200 | popplace = California (Salyer ) | langs = Hupa, Chimariko }}
The '''Tsnungwe''' (current Hupa-language orthography, own name: '''{{Lang|hup|Tse꞉ningxwe}}''' - "Tse꞉ning-din (Ironside Mountain) People") or ''Tsanunghwa'' are a Native American people indigenous to the modern areas of the lower South Fork Trinity River ({{Lang|hup|yisinchʼing-qeh}}), Willow Creek ({{Lang|hup|xoxol-ding}}), Salyer ({{Lang|hup|miy-meʼ}}), Burnt Ranch ({{Lang|hup|tse꞉n-ding}}/{{Lang|hup|tse꞉ning-ding}}) and New River ({{Lang|hup|Yiduq-nilin}}) along the Trinity River ({{Lang|hup|hunʼ}} 'river') in Trinity and Humboldt County in California.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rowley |first1=Max |last2=Wooden |first2=Margaret |title=Big River: A Look at the South Fork of the Trinity by Max Rowley and Margaret Wooden |journal=Humboldt Historian |volume=50 |issue=1, Spring 2002 |pages=15–23 }}</ref> The Tsnungwe were a bilingual Hupa-Chimariko-speaking people and are known by the Hupa-speaking peoples as {{Lang|hup|tse꞉ning-xwe}}.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2020-12-24|title=Chesbo family, Burnt Ranch. August 1921 1|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/tf2j49p2x9/?brand=oac4|website=oac.cdlib.org}}</ref> The primary language was the Tsnungwe dialect of Hupa, and the secondary language was Chimariko, although spoken with a Hupa accent.<ref>[http://humboldt-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/2148/48/hupalanguagedictionary.pdf?sequence=1 Hupa Language Dictionary - 2nd Edition, pages iii and 100]</ref>
The Tsnungwe include two sub-groups called {{Lang|hup|łe꞉lxwe}} ('People of {{Lang|hup|łe꞉l-ding}}') after their most important settlement and religious center, and the {{Lang|hup|Chima꞉lxweʼ}}/{{Lang|hup|Chimalakwe}}/{{Lang|hup|Tłʼoh-mitah-xwe}} ('grass, prairies-amongst-people') along New River. The Karuk living north of the Salmon River Divide called the {{Lang|hup|Chima꞉lxweʼ}}/{{Lang|hup|Chimalakwe}}/{{Lang|hup|Tłʼoh-mitah-xwe Akráak vaʼára}} ('New River People').<ref>[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~karuk/karuk-dictionary.php?exact-match=&lx=&ge=new%20river&sd=&pos=&lxGroup-id=267&audio=&index-position=&index-order=&include-derivatives=&display-derivatives= Ararahihʼurípih - Karuk Dictionary]</ref> The Norelmuk Wintu from Hayfork called the Tsnungwe ''Num-nor-muk''.<ref>[https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/arfs016-001.pdf Ethnogeographic and Ethnosynosymic Data from Northern California Tribes, by C. Hart Merriam, pages 111-112, Edited by Robert Heizer, Archaeological Research Facility, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, 1976]</ref>
Because their language is a dialect of the Hupa language, they are also called South Fork Hupa. Other tribal names refer to their territories occupied: ''South Fork Indians, Burnt Ranch, South Fork Trinity Tribe, and Kelta/Tlelwe/Hlelwe/Tlelding/Leldin Tribe'' or ''Tlohomtahhoi, Chaltasom.''<ref>Tsnungwe Place Names, by Tsnungwe Tribal Elders, 1994</ref>
Neighboring tribes to the Tsnungwe include the Yurok, Redwood Creek Hupa, Hoopa Valley Hupa, Wiyot, Chimariko, Shasta, Karuk, and Wintu. Often times, Tsnungwe spoke many Native languages.<ref>Map by C. Hart Merriam, Bureau of American Ethnology </ref> C. Hart Merriam referred to Tsnungwe leader Saxey Kidd as "a well-known polyglot," speaker of many languages.
== Federal recognition == The Tsnungwe descendants are members of the Tsnungwe Council: recognized by both Humboldt and Trinity counties, previously recognized by the United States of America, and working to have that federally-recognized status restored.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaties between the Tsnungwe and United States Govt |url=http://www.dcn.davis.ca.us/~ammon/tsnungwe/treaties.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.dcn.davis.ca.us}} </ref><ref>The ACCIP (Congressional Advisory Council on California Indian Policy) Recognition Report - Equal Justice for California, 1997</ref>
== Culture == The traditional Tsnungwe diet included salmon, steelhead, Pacific lamprey "eels", black tail deer, and other local animals and plants.<ref> {{Cite web |title=Tsnungwe Narrative |url=http://www.dcn.davis.ca.us/~ammon/tsnungwe/narrative.html |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=www.dcn.davis.ca.us}} </ref><ref> {{Cite web |title=Tsnungwe Council – NAHC Digital Atlas |url=http://nahc.ca.gov/cp/tribal-atlas-pages/tsnungwe-council/?fbclid=IwAR3weoKZB-lUfLT-INPqQdunTaCDAXfqNz6XIIDOUUYrwYFS07iAKv83JvE |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=nahc.ca.gov}}</ref> == Language == The language of the Tsnungwe is considered a dialect of the Hupa language of the Pacific Coast Athabaskan language group of North American native languages. This language ({{Lang|hup|Diningʼxine꞉wh}} 'Hupa-speaking people', 'Hupa Indians') with various dialects is spoken ({{Lang|hup|Tse꞉ning-xwe}}, dialect of South Fork and New River areas); ({{Lang|hup|na꞉tinixwe}} 'Hoopa Valley Hupa'); ({{Lang|hup|Chilula/Whilkut/Me꞉w-yinaq/Whiyłqit}} 'Redwood Creek Hupa').<ref>[https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucar016-006.pdf California Athabascan Groups by Martin Baumhoff, Anthropological Records 16:5, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1958]</ref><ref>"Hupa, Chilula and Whilkut" by William J. Wallace, Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California, 1978</ref>
== Villages == ===Willow Creek area villages=== {{Lang|hup|misqine꞉qʼit/nisking-qʼit, nantsʼing-tah}} (Clover Flat), {{Lang|hup|niskin-ji-ding/niskinje꞉ndihding}} (upriver from Willow Creek), {{Lang|hup|da꞉chwanʼ-ding}} (opposite {{Lang|hup|niskin-ji-ding}}), {{Lang|hup|da꞉chwanʼ-ding mima꞉n-chʼing}} (opposite of {{Lang|hup|da꞉chwunʼ-ding}}, Camp Kimtu), {{Lang|hup|saqe꞉qʼit}} (alternative: {{Lang|hup|so-keʼa-keit, sock-kail-kit}}), {{Lang|hup|saqe꞉qʼit mima꞉n-chʼing}} (opposite of {{Lang|hup|saqe꞉qʼit}}), {{Lang|hup|yinaq-xa꞉-ding/yinuq xa꞉-ti-nit}} (all three at Willow Creek), {{Lang|hup|tłʼohday-kyoh-qʼit, xowiykʼiłxowh-ding}} (formerly: {{Lang|hup|kʼiqin-saʼan-ding}}, Knight's Trailer Park), {{Lang|hup|tse꞉-ding}} (opposite {{Lang|hup|xowiykʼiłxowh-ding}}/Knight's Trailer Park), {{Lang|hup|xoxo꞉chʼe꞉lding}} (at the mouth of Willow Creek), {{Lang|hup|minqʼit-ch-ding}} (Enchanted Springs), {{Lang|hup|qʼaykist chʼe꞉xahsding}} (Gambi's, formerly: China Flat), {{Lang|hup|tʼunchwing-tah}} (alternative: {{Lang|hup|tash-huan-tat, tash-wan-ta}}), {{Lang|hup|dʼahilding}} (alternative: {{Lang|hup|a-hel-tah, ta-hail-ta}}, Whitson's), {{Lang|hup|yinaq-xa꞉-ding}} (just above the mouth of Willow Creek).<ref>[https://collections.si.edu/search/detail/edanmdm:siris_arc_363718 Northern and Central California: Chimariko/Hupa, John Peabody Harrington papers, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution. Interview with Saxey Kidd, 1928]</ref><ref>[https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/arfs016-001.pdf Ethnogeographic and Ethnosynosymic Data from Northern California Tribes, by C. Hart Merriam, pages 111-112, Edited by Robert Heizer, Archaeological Research Facility, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, 1976]</ref> ===South Fork Trinity area (''yisinchʼing-qeh'') villages=== {{Lang|hup|łe꞉l-ding}} (also: Tlelding 'place where the rivers (South Fork and Trinity) meet', about one mile downriver from today's Salyer, largest and leading Tsnungwe settlement; ancient times: a {{Lang|hup|kʼixinay}} village), including the three sub-villages {{Lang|hup|me꞉łchwin-qʼit}}, {{Lang|hup|ta꞉kʼiwe꞉ltsil-qʼit}} (on the other side of the mouth of the South Fork), {{Lang|hup|ta꞉ngʼay-qʼit}} (old name was {{Lang|hup|mituqʼ-qʼit-ding}}); {{Lang|hup|chʼiłte꞉l-ding}}, {{Lang|hup|chway-meʼ}} (Sandy Bar), {{Lang|hup|dahchiwh-ding}} (about 12 miles above the mouth of the river), {{Lang|hup|dilchwehch-ding}} (also: {{Lang|hup|hay nahdiyaw tehłchwin-ding}} 'place where the money grows, once an important rich settlement at the mouth of Campbell Creek),{{Lang|hup|łichiwh-ding}}, {{Lang|hup|tłʼoh-wa꞉ne/xołtsowch-ding}} (Saxey Ranch), {{Lang|hup|niłtuq-tah-ding}} (mouth of Mosquito Creek into Grouse Creek), {{Lang|hup|qosta꞉n-ding}}, {{Lang|hup|yahtsʼameʼ}}, {{Lang|hup|yidahtichʼinahding}} (Ammon Ranch), {{Lang|hup|yunihting}} (Todd Ranch).
===Trinity River (South Fork – Cedar Flat area) villages=== {{Lang|hup|hunʼ-kya꞉w-qeh}} (at Trinity River), {{Lang|hup|ti-dił -ding}} (downstream from Salyer), {{Lang|hup|xoling-kyoh-miye}}, {{Lang|hup|miy-meʼ}} (alternative: {{Lang|hup|meʼ-yemma}}, {{Lang|hup|me-em-ma}}, Old Campbell Ranch/Fountain Ranch), {{Lang|hup|kʼinunqʼ-ding}}, {{Lang|hup|tse꞉-qʼit}} (Swanson's), {{Lang|hup|no꞉kʼiwowh-ding}} (downstream from {{Lang|hup|tse꞉-qʼit}}/Swanson's), {{Lang|hup|kin-saʼan-ting}} (Irvings, Hawkins Bar), {{Lang|hup|tse꞉łe꞉nga꞉ding}} (downstream from {{Lang|hup|kin-saʼan-ting}}/Irvings), {{Lang|hup|ta꞉wha꞉ wh-ding}} (Gray's Flat), {{Lang|hup|xowung-qʼit}} (at a lake, near {{Lang|hup|xwedaʼay-saʼan-meʼ}}/Chesbro's), {{Lang|hup|xwedaʼay-saʼan-meʼ}} (Wells, Chesbro's).
===Burnt Ranch and New River area villages=== {{Lang|hup|tse꞉n-ding/tse꞉-nung-din}} (Burnt Ranch, large settlement), {{Lang|hup|tse꞉nung-axis-ding}} (near China Slide, upstream from {{Lang|hup|yinuq-dinung-ting}}/McDonald's at Burnt Ranch), {{Lang|hup|yinuq-dinung-ting}} (McDonald Ranch, Burnt Ranch), {{Lang|hup|chʼe꞉nantiłting}} (at the mouth of the New River), {{Lang|hup|chʼe꞉na꞉dawhding}} (Dyer's, Bell's Flat), {{Lang|hup|chʼixe꞉ne꞉wh-din}} (also: {{Lang|hup|ʼxolish na꞉xoxuyntaʼ}} – Martha Dyer Ziegler's, upstream from {{Lang|hup|qowh-ding}}), {{Lang|hup|kʼiłna꞉dil mitoʼ}} (Hoboken), {{Lang|hup|kʼiyawh-michwan}} (at China Creek, also: {{Lang|hup|xolish chʼena꞉xolxolding}} – China Creek), {{Lang|hup|łige꞉y de꞉-dilła꞉t-ding}} (upstream from {{Lang|hup|tłʼohne꞉s-ding}}/Quimby), {{Lang|hup|tłʼohne꞉s-ding}} (at the mouth of Quinby Creek, Ladd's, Thomas', Quimby), {{Lang|hup|qowh-ding}} (south of Panther Creek), {{Lang|hup|tłʼohschʼilʼe꞉n-ding}} (Daily's, before: Moses Patterson), {{Lang|hup|tse꞉na꞉ningʼa꞉ding}} (at the confluence of East Fork and New River), {{Lang|hup|yiduq-nilin}} (New River), {{Lang|hup|yiduq-łe꞉na꞉lding}} (at the forks of the New River upstream from Denny), {{Lang|hup|tłʼoh-mitah-xwe}} (Hupa speakers in New River villages).
==References== {{Reflist}}
{{authority control}} Category:Bald Hills War Category:Hupa Category:Athabaskan peoples Category:Indigenous peoples of California Category:Native Americans in Trinity County, California Category:Unrecognized tribes in the United States