{{Short description|Khan of the Dzungar Khanate 1697–1727}} {{Use American English|date = February 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Tsewang Rabtan Khan | title = Khan | succession = Khan of the Dzungar Khanate | reign = 1697–1727 | coronation = 1697 | full name = | predecessor = Galdan Boshugtu Khan | successor = Galdan Tseren | spouse = Lha-bzang Khan's sister<br>Seterjap | spouse-type = Spouse | issue = Galdan Tseren<br/>Lobsangsür | royal house = Choros | dynasty = Dzungar Khanate | father = Sengge | occupation = Military commander(1683–1727) | religion = Tibetan Buddhism | death_date = 1727 | death_place = | burial_date = | burial_place = }} {{Infobox Chinese | c = 策妄阿拉布坦 | p = Cèwàng Ālābùtǎn | c2 = 策旺阿拉布坦 | p2 = Cèwàng Ālābùtǎn | c3 = 策妄阿喇布坦 | p3 = Cèwàng Ālābùtǎn | mnc = ᡮᡝᠸᠠᠩ ᠠᡵᠠᠪᡨᠠᠨ | mnc_a = Cewang Arabtan | mnc_v = Tsewang Arabtan | mon = Цэвээн Равдан | mong = ᠴᠡᠸᠡᠩᠷᠠᠪᠳᠠᠨ | rus = Цэван Рабдан | rusr = Tsevan Rabdan | tib = ཚེ་དབང་རབ་བརྟན | wylie = tshe dbang rab brtan | lang1_content = {{MongolUnicode|ᡒᡄᡖᠠᡊ ᠠᠷᠠᡋᡐᠠᠨ}} | lang1 = Oirat }}
'''Tsewang Rabtan Khan''' (from {{bo|t=ཚེ་དབང་རབ་བརྟན}} ''Tsewang Rapten''; {{zh|c=策妄阿拉布坦}}; Mongolian: {{MongolUnicode|ᠴᠡᠸᠡᠩᠷᠠᠪᠳᠠᠨ}}; 1643–1727) was the Choros prince and Khan of the Dzungar Khanate from 1697 (following the death of his uncle and rival Galdan Boshugtu Khan) until his death in 1727. He was married to Lha-bzang Khan's sister.
== Early life == {{See also|Galdan Boshugtu Khan}}Tsewang Rabtan was the son of Sengge, the brother of Galdan<ref>Boshughtu Khan, not his later son.</ref> and the Khong tayiji of the Dzungar Khanate until his death on 1670 which he was killed by their half-uncles, Chechen tayiji and Zotov Batur.<ref>Smith 1997, p. 116</ref> His uncle, Galdan mobilized to the Irtysh river, in which Galdan renounced his identity as a Lama and took revenge against Chechen tayiji and Zotov Batur.<ref>Smith 1997, p. 116</ref> Onwards, Galdan had invaded Yarkent Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate and later invasion of the Khalkhas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adle |first=Chahryar |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date=2003 |publisher=UNESCO, Adle Chahrayar |year=2003 |isbn=978-8120820463 |edition=5th |publication-date=2003 |pages=148–149}}</ref>
During which, Tsewang had revolted against Galdan and defecting to the Qing side on 1689, and soon consolidating himself as the Khong tayiji of the Dzungar Khanate in 1697.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adle |first=Chahryar |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date=2003 |publisher=UNESCO, Adle Chahrayar |year=2003 |isbn=978-8120820463 |edition=5th |publication-date=2003 |pages=149–150}}</ref>
==Reign== After his consolidation of power, he declared war to the Kazakh Khanate in 1698, in response to the Kazakhs raid — which killed Urkudei batur tayiji and 500 civilians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philipchuk |first=Y. V. |title=Ойраты в политике внутренней Азии |publisher=Philipchuk Y. V. |language=ru |trans-title=Oirats and Inner Asian Politics}}</ref> As he routed the Kazakh army in the Chu and Talas rivers, killing thousands and taking about 10,000 men as POW.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Remileva |first=E. |title="ОЙРАТ-МОНГОЛЫ" ОБЗОР ИСТОРИИ ЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ КАЛМЫКОВ |date=2010 |publisher=Weiler: Bertugan, Remileva E. |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-939165-18-7 |location=Munich |publication-date=2010 |language=ru |trans-title="Oirat Mongols" A Review of the History of the European Kalmyks}}</ref> Another war continued against the Kazakhs with ordering a detachment of Dzungars to invade Kazakhs on 1708, however the Kazakhs retaliated and went deep into Dzungaria, led by Bogembai batyr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galiev |first=V. Z |date=2013 |title=Усиление борьбы казахского народа против Джунгарской агрессии в начале XVIII века. |journal=Усиление борьбы казахского народа против Джунгарской агрессии в начале XVIII века. |publication-date=2013 |volume=1 |page=23 |issn=1814-6961 |trans-quote=Strengthening the struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungarian aggression at the beginning of the 18th century}}</ref>
Later Tsewang Rabtan let Danjung ({{zh|c=丹衷|Dānzhōng|labels=no}}), the eldest son of Lha-bzang Khan marry to his daughter, Boitalak ({{zh|c=博託洛克|Bótuōluòkè|labels=no}}) in 1714.{{sfn|Hummel|1944|p=10}} In the same year, he sent his son Lobsangtur and Galdan Tseren to attack recapture lost territories against the Kazakhs, in which they succeeded.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Altangerel |first=Chulunbatyn |title=Дэлхийн талыг эзгэн үе эрхшээсэн түүхт Монголын зэвсэг, дайн, хил хамгаалалтын толь |publisher=Chulunbatyn Altangerel |isbn=978-99978-52-46-5 |pages=641 |language=mn |trans-title=A look at the weapons, warfare, and border defenses of the historical Mongols, who conquered half the world}}</ref> He consolidated Dzungar power by 1715 with attacking recapturing city of Hami in the previous year,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bathold |first=V. V. |title=Four Studies on the History of Central Asia |date=1962 |publisher=V. V. Barthold |year=1962 |isbn=978-90-04-00149-7 |volume=1 |publication-date=1962 |pages=162}}</ref> which was lost in 1698.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adle |first=Chahryar |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date=2003 |publisher=UNESCO, Adle Chahrayar |year=2003 |isbn=978-8120820463 |edition=5th |publication-date=2003 |pages=193-199}}</ref>
In 1716, He sent an army to 1716, to continue his war against the Kazakhs, they attacked and plundered during the campaign, however they had counterattacked on the Ili river valley.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galiev |first=V. Z |date=2013 |title=Усиление борьбы казахского народа против Джунгарской агрессии в начале XVIII века. |journal=Усиление борьбы казахского народа против Джунгарской агрессии в начале XVIII века. |publication-date=2013 |volume=1 |page=22 |issn=1814-6961 |trans-quote=Strengthening the struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungarian aggression at the beginning of the 18th century}}</ref> But with Kaip Khan and Abulkhair khan's disagremeents and a later campaign — the Dzungars managed to win over the Kazakhs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moiseev |first=V.A |title=ИЗ ИСТОРИИ КАЗАХСТАНА XVIII ВЕКА (О ВНЕШНЕЙ И ВНУТРЕННЕЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ АБЛАЯ) |last2=R.B |first2=Suleimanov |date=1988 |publisher=V.A Moiseev and R. B. Suleimanov |year=1988 |location=Almaty |publication-date=1988 |pages=20 |language=ru |trans-title=FROM THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE 18TH CENTURY (ON THE FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC POLICY OF ABLAI)}}</ref> He also send his brother Tseren Dhondup to siege Yamyshev fortress forcing them to withdraw from huge casualty and losses.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Perdue |first=P.C. |title=China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia |date=2005 |publisher=the Belknap press of Harvard university press, Peter C. Perdue |year=2005 |isbn=0-674-01684-X |location=Cambridge |publication-date=2005 |pages=212}}</ref>
In 1717, which the Dzungars managed to defeat the Kazakhs again on the Ayagoz river, he also sent one army of 300 into Amdo to retrieve the 7th Dalai Lama, planning to consolidate Tibetan support by bringing him to Lhasa, and another army of 6000, led by his brother Tseren Dhondup, that successfully took Lhasa from the Khoshut and killed Lha-bzang Khan.{{sfn|Smith|1997|pp=123–4}} The Dzungar occupation of Tibet became more difficult to sustain as time passed, and though they managed to defeat a poorly organized Chinese invasion at the Battle of the Salween River in 1718, Qing troops took Lhasa in 1720 during their second and larger expedition.{{sfn|Mullin|2000|pp=285–9}}
After Danjung died circa 1717, allegedly at the hands of Tsewang Rabtan, Boitalak married a ''taisha'' or prince of the Khoid, a section of the Dzungar people, and later gave birth to Amursana (1723–1757), who would grow up to be Khan of Dzungaria during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.{{sfn|Hummel|1944|p=10}} Later that his forces sent earlier had managed to ravage Turkistan, although the results are disputed.<ref>Check the page itself for a better understanding.</ref>
In 1719, another Russian expedition occurred, in which he sent Galdan Tseren to attack them at Zaysan lake, in which succeeded.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baabar |first=Unknown |title=“History of Mongolia” “From World Power to Soviet Satellite” |date=2000 |publisher=Baabar |pages=84}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Российско-казахские отношения в XVI–XIX вв. |language=Russian |trans-title=Russian-Kazakh Relations in the 16th–19th Centuries}}</ref> Later, the Qing Dynasty sent a larger force to Tibet, in which removed the Dzungar occupation of Tibet and established the Qing rule in Tibet soon. After the war with the Qing Dynasty, He was now able to focus his troops unto Kazakh Khanate which he declared war and started the fifth war,<ref>{{cite book |last=Moiseev |first=V. A. |title=The Dzungar Khanate and the Kazakhs (17th–18th Centuries) |date=1991 |publisher=Gylym, Moiseev V. A. |year=1991 |location=Almaty |publication-date=1991 |page=71 |language=ru |trans-title=The Dzungar Khanate and the Kazakhs (17th–18th Centuries)}}</ref> in which his commander and son — Lobsangtur managed to ravage the Kazakh Steppe and form an occupation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Moiseev |first=V. A. |title=The Dzungar Khanate and the Kazakhs (17th–18th Centuries) |date=1991 |publisher=Gylym, Moiseev V. A. |year=1991 |location=Almaty |publication-date=1991 |page=72|language=ru |trans-title=The Dzungar Khanate and the Kazakhs (17th–18th Centuries)}}</ref>
== Death and aftermath == In 1727, he died, causing a war between his two sons Galdan Tseren and Lobsangtur, which Galdan Tseren had won and killed Lobsangtur in the process and inherited the Dzungar Khanate as his successor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Adle |first=Chahryar |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date=2003 |publisher=UNESCO, Adle Chahrayar |year=2003 |isbn=978-8120820463 |edition=5th |publication-date=2003 |pages=150–151}}</ref> During that the war on Kazakhstan turned into a turmoil with the Kazakhs winning on Battles of Bulanty and Anrakai.
==See also== * Dzungar–Qing War
==References== {{reflist}}
===Bibliography=== *{{cite ECCP |title=Tsewang Araptan |first=Fang |last=Chao-ying |ref={{harvid|Hummel|1944}} |date=1944}} *{{cite book|last=Mullin|first=Glenn H.|authorlink=Glenn H. Mullin|title=The Fourteen Dalai Lamas: A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9CRPQAACAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Clear Light Publishers|isbn=978-1-57416-092-5}} *{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Warren W.|title=Tibetan nation: a history of Tibetan nationalism and Sino-Tibetan relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SbHtAAAAMAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Westview Press|isbn=978-0-8133-3155-3}}
{{s-start}} {{s-hou|House of Choros (the 14th century-1755)||||1727}} {{s-reg|}} {{s-bef|before=Galdan Boshugtu Khan}} {{s-ttl|title=Khan of the Dzungar Khanate|years=1697–1727}} {{s-aft|after=Galdan Tseren}} {{end}}
{{Khong Tayijis of Dzungar Khanate}} {{Oirat topics|state=collapsed}} {{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tsewang, Rabtan}} Category:History of Kalmykia Category:18th-century monarchs in Asia Category:17th-century Mongol khans Category:1643 births Category:1727 deaths