{{short description|Family of amphibians}} {{automatic taxobox | name = True toads | fossil_range = Late [[Paleocene]] – Recent<ref name=EoR/>
{{Fossilrange|57|0|earliest=98}} | image = Bufo marinus (2719074003).jpg | image_caption = [[Cane toad]] (''R. marina'') | taxon = Bufonidae | authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1825 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = {{center|Over 35 ''see text''}} | range_map = Bufonidae distrib.PNG | range_map_caption = Native distribution of Bufonidae (in black) }} [[File:Grodsång - Bufo bufo.ogg|thumb|Song of [[Common toad]] or European toad, ''Bufo bufo''.]] [[File:Vanlig padda - Bufo bufo.jpg|thumb|Common toad, [[female]] and [[male]] on her back.]] A '''true toad''' is any member of the [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] '''Bufonidae''', in the order [[Frog|Anura]] (frogs and toads). This is the only family of anurans in which all members are known as [[toad]]s, although some may be called frogs (such as [[Atelopus|harlequin frogs]]). The bufonids now comprise more than 35 genera, ''[[Bufo]]'' being the best known.
== History == [[File:Bufo americanus Side.JPG|thumb|right|[[American toad]] (''Anaxyrus americanus'')]] Bufonidae is thought to have originated in [[South America]]. Some studies date the origin of the group to after the breakup of [[Gondwana]], about 78–99 million years ago in the [[Late Cretaceous]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pramuk|first1=Jennifer B.|last2=Robertson|first2=Tasia|last3=Sites|first3=Jack W.|last4=Noonan|first4=Brice P.|date=2008|title=Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00348.x|journal=Global Ecology and Biogeography|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=72–83|doi=10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00348.x|bibcode=2008GloEB..17...72P |issn=1466-8238|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In contrast, other studies have dated the origin of the group to the early Paleocene.<ref name="Kok 2018 26–36">{{Cite journal|last1=Kok|first1=Philippe J. R.|last2=Ratz|first2=Sebastian|last3=MacCulloch|first3=Ross D.|last4=Lathrop|first4=Amy|last5=Dezfoulian|first5=Raheleh|last6=Aubret|first6=Fabien|last7=Means|first7=D. Bruce|date=2018|title=Historical biogeography of the palaeoendemic toad genus Oreophrynella (Amphibia: Bufonidae) sheds a new light on the origin of the Pantepui endemic terrestrial biota|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jbi.13093|journal=Journal of Biogeography|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=26–36|doi=10.1111/jbi.13093|bibcode=2018JBiog..45...26K |s2cid=90886846 |issn=1365-2699|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The bufonids likely radiated out of South America during the [[Eocene]], with the entire radiation occurring during the Eocene to Oligocene, marking an extremely rapid divergence likely facilitated by the Paleogene's changing climatic conditions.<ref name="Kok 2018 26–36"/>
== Taxonomy == The following phylogeny of most genera in the family is based on Portik and Papenfuss, 2015:,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Portik|first1=Daniel M.|last2=Papenfuss|first2=Theodore J.|date=2015-08-06|title=Historical biogeography resolves the origins of endemic Arabian toad lineages (Anura: Bufonidae): Evidence for ancient vicariance and dispersal events with the Horn of Africa and South Asia|url= |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=15|issue=1|page=152|doi=10.1186/s12862-015-0417-y|issn=1471-2148|pmc=4527211|pmid=26245197 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015BMCEE..15..152P }}</ref> Chan ''et al.'', 2016,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chan|first1=Kin Onn|last2=Grismer|first2=L. Lee|last3=Zachariah|first3=Anil|last4=Brown|first4=Rafe M.|last5=Abraham|first5=Robin Kurian|date=2016-01-20|title=Polyphyly of Asian Tree Toads, Genus Pedostibes Günther, 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae), and the Description of a New Genus from Southeast Asia|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|article-number=e0145903|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0145903|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4720419|pmid=26788854|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1145903C|doi-access=free}}</ref> Chandramouli ''et al.'', 2016,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chandramouli|first1=S. R.|last2=Vasudevan|first2=Karthikeyan|last3=Harikrishnan|first3=S.|last4=Dutta|first4=Sushil Kumar|last5=Janani|first5=S. Jegath|last6=Sharma|first6=Richa|last7=Das|first7=Indraneil|last8=Aggarwal|first8=Ramesh|date=2016-01-20|title=A new genus and species of arboreal toad with phytotelmonous larvae, from the Andaman Islands, India (Lissamphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)|url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/6522/|journal=ZooKeys|language=en|issue=555|pages=57–90|doi=10.3897/zookeys.555.6522|pmid=26877687|pmc=4740822|bibcode=2016ZooK..555...57C |issn=1313-2970|doi-access=free}}</ref> and Kok ''et al.'', 2017<ref name="Kok 2018 26–36"/> {{clade |1=''[[Melanophryniscus]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Atelopus]]'' |2=''[[Oreophrynella]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Frostius]]'' |2=''[[Osornophryne]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Amazophrynella]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Dendrophryniscus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Nannophryne]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Peltophryne]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Rhaebo]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Rhinella]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Anaxyrus]]'' |2=''[[Incilius]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Didynamipus]]'' |2=''[[Poyntonophrynus]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Sclerophrys]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Nimbaphrynoides]]'' |2=''[[Vandijkophrynus]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=undescribed lineage |2={{clade |1=''[[Capensibufo]]'' |2=''[[Mertensophryne]]'' }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Nectophryne]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Werneria]]'' |2=''[[Wolterstorffina]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Barbarophryne]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Schismaderma]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Churamiti]]'' |2=''[[Nectophrynoides]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Pedostibes]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Adenomus]]'' |2=''[[Blythophryne]]'' |3={{clade |1=''[[Duttaphrynus]]'' ([[paraphyletic]]) |2={{clade |1= ''[[Bufoides]]'' |2=''[[Xanthophryne]]'' }} }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Bufotes]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Epidalea]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Bufo]]'' |2=''[[Strauchbufo]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Leptophryne]]'' |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Ingerophrynus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Phrynoidis]]'' |2=''[[Rentapia]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Ghatophryne]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Sabahphrynus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Ansonia (frog)|Ansonia]]'' |2= ''[[Pelophryne]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
''[[Ingerophrynus]]'' alongside ''[[Leptophryne]]'' was grouped as [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] to the clade containing all other [[Southeast Asia]]n toad genera and ''[[Ghatophryne]]'' by Portik and Papenfuss, but was found to group with ''[[Phrynoidis]]'' and ''[[Rentapia]]'' by Chan ''et al.'' ''Ghatophryne'' was grouped with ''Phrynoidis'' and ''Rentapia'' by Portik and Papenfuss but was found to group with ''[[Pelophryne]]'' and ''[[Ansonia (frog)|Ansonia]]'' by Chan ''et al.'' In addition, ''[[Sabahphrynus]]'' was grouped with ''[[Mongolian toad|Strauchbufo]]'' and ''[[Bufo]]'' by Portik and Papenfuss but was found to group with ''Pelophryne'', ''Ansonia'', and ''Ghatophryne'' by Chan ''et al.''
==Characteristics== True toads are widespread and are native to every continent except [[Australia]] and [[Antarctica]], inhabiting a variety of environments, from arid areas to rainforest. Most lay [[egg (biology)|eggs]] in paired strings that hatch into [[tadpole]]s, although, in the genus ''[[Nectophrynoides]]'', the eggs hatch directly into miniature toads.<ref name=EoR>{{cite book |editor=Cogger, H.G. |editor2=Zweifel, R.G.|author= Zweifel, Richard G.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages = 91–92|isbn= 978-0-12-178560-4}}</ref>
All true toads are toothless and generally warty in appearance. They have a pair of [[parotoid gland]]s on the back of their heads. These glands contain an [[alkaloid]] poison which the toads excrete when stressed. The poison in the glands contains a number of toxins causing different effects. [[Bufotoxin]] is a general term. Different animals contain significantly different substances and proportions of substances. Some, like the [[cane toad]] ''Rhinella marina'', are more toxic than others. Some "[[psychoactive toad]]s", such as the [[Colorado River toad]] ''Incilius alvarius'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref> have been used [[recreational drug|recreationally]] for the effects of their bufotoxin.
Depending on the species, male or female toads may possess a [[Bidder's organ]], a trait unique to all bufonids except genera ''Melanophryniscus'' and ''Truebella''.<ref>Piprek, Rafal P., et al. "Bidder's Organ – Structure, Development and Function." The International Journal of Developmental Biology, vol. 58, no. 10-11–12, 2014, pp. 819–27. Crossref, doi:10.1387/ijdb.140147rp.</ref> Under the right conditions, the organ becomes an active ovary.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Federico D.|last2=Del Pino|first2=Eugenia M.|last3=Krohne|first3=Georg|date=December 2002|title=Bidder's organ in the toad Bufo marinus: Effects of orchidectomy on the morphology and expression of lamina-associated polypeptide 2|journal=Development, Growth & Differentiation|language=en|volume=44|issue=6|pages=527–535|doi=10.1046/j.1440-169X.2002.00665.x|pmid=12492511|s2cid=44753338|issn=1440-169X|doi-access=free}}</ref>
The loss of teeth has arisen in frogs independently over 20 times. Notably, all members of Bufonidae are toothless. Another Anuran family with a comparable degree of edentulism is the family Microhylidae.<ref>Paluh, Daniel J., et al. "Rampant Tooth Loss Across 200 Million Years of Frog Evolution." BioRxiv, 2021. Crossref, doi:10.1101/2021.02.04.429809.</ref>
==Reproduction== [[Internal fertilization]] occurs in four bufonid genera.<ref name=VittCaldwell>{{cite book|title=Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles |edition=4th |first1=Laurie J. |last1=Vitt |first2=Janalee P. |last2=Caldwell |publisher=Academic Press |year=2014 |page=122}}</ref> *''[[Mertensophryne]]'' (some species) *''[[Nectophrynoides]]'' (presumably all species) *''[[Altiphrynoides malcolmi]]'' (one out of two species in the genus ''[[Altiphrynoides]]'') *''[[Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis]]'' (the sole species in the monotypic genus ''[[Nimbaphrynoides]]'')
''[[Ascaphus]]'' (all species) and ''[[Eleutherodactylus]]'' (two species, ''[[Eleutherodactylus coqui|E. coqui]]'' and ''[[Eleutherodactylus jasperi|E. jasperi]]'') are the only other frog genera that have internal fertilization.<ref name=VittCaldwell/> ''[[Limnonectes larvaepartus]]'' also has internal fertilization.<ref name="Iskandar2014">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0115884| title = A novel reproductive mode in frogs: a new species of fanged frog with internal fertilization and birth of tadpoles | journal = PLOS ONE| volume = 9| issue = 12| article-number = e115884| year = 2014| last1 = Iskandar | first1 = D. T. | last2 = Evans | first2 = B. J. | last3 = McGuire | first3 = J. A. | pmid = 25551466 | pmc = 4281041 | bibcode = 2014PLoSO...9k5884I | doi-access = free }}</ref>
==Taxonomy and genera== The family Bufonidae contains over 570 species among 52 genera.
{|style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #999999; " |-style="background:#CCCC99; text-align: center; " ! Genus name and author!!Common name!!Species |- |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Adenomus]]'' {{small|Cope, 1861}} ||Dwarf toads ||{{align|center|2}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Altiphrynoides]]'' {{small|Dubois, 1987}} || Ethiopian toads ||{{align|center|2}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Amazophrynella]]'' {{small|Fouquet et al., 2012}} || ||{{align|center|12}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Anaxyrus]]'' {{small|Tschudi, 1845}} || ||{{align|center|23}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Ansonia (frog)|Ansonia]]'' {{small|Stoliczka, 1870}} || Stream toads ||{{align|center|34}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Atelopus]]'' {{small|Duméril & Bibron, 1841}} || Stubfoot toads ||{{align|center|96}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Barbarophryne]]'' {{small|Beukema, de Pous, Donaire-Barroso, Bogaerts, Garcia-Porta, Escoriza, Arribas, El Mouden, and Carranza, 2013 (1 sp.)}} || Tiznit toad; Brongersma's toad ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Blythophryne]]'' {{small|Chandramouli et al., 2016}}<ref>S. R. Chandramouli, Karthikeyan, Vasudevan, S Harikrishnan, Sushil Kumar Dutta, S Jegath Janani, Richa Sharma, Indraneil Das, Ramesh Aggarwal. "A new genus and species of arboreal toad with phytotelmonous larvae, from the Andaman Islands, India (Lissamphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)" ZooKeys (2016) 555: 57–90, https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.555.6522</ref> || Andaman bush toads ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Bufo]]'' {{small|Garsault, 1764}} || Toads ||{{align|center|18}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Bufoides]]'' {{small|Pillai & Yazdani, 1973}} || Mawblang toads; Rock toads ||{{align|center|2}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Bufotes]]'' {{small|Rafinesque, 1815}} || Palearctic green toads ||{{align|center|15}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Capensibufo]]'' {{small|Grandison, 1980}} || Cape toads ||{{align|center|5}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Churamiti]]'' {{small|Channing & Stanley, 2002}} || ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Dendrophryniscus]]'' {{small|Jiménez de la Espada, 1871}} || Tree toads ||{{align|center|16}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Didynamipus]]'' {{small|Andersson, 1903}} || Four-digit toad ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Duttaphrynus]]'' {{small|Frost et al., 2006}} || Dutta's toads ||{{align|center|23}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Epidalea]]'' {{small|Cope, 1864}} || Natterjack toad ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" |''[[Firouzophrynus]]'' {{small|Safaei-Mahroo and Ghaffari, 2020}}|| |Firouz's toads ||{{align|center|5}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Frostius]]'' {{small|Cannatella, 1986}} || Frost's toads ||{{align|center|2}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Ghatophryne]]'' {{small|Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Giri, Loader, and Bossuyt, 2009}} || ||{{align|center|2}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Incilius]]'' {{small|Cope, 1863}} || Central American toads; Middle American toads; Cerro Utyum toads ||{{align|center|39}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Ingerophrynus]]'' {{small|Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006}} || Hainan toads||{{align|center|12}} |- |''[[Kenyaphrynoides]]'' <small>Liedtke, Malonza, Wasonga, Müller & Loader, 2023</small> ||Mount Kenya forest toads ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Laurentophryne]]'' {{small|Tihen, 1960}} || Parker's tree toad ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Leptophryne]]'' {{small|Fitzinger, 1843}} || Indonesia tree toads ||{{align|center|3}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Melanophryniscus]]'' {{small|Gallardo, 1961}} || South American redbelly toads ||{{align|center|29}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Mertensophryne]]'' {{small|Tihen, 1960}} || Snouted frogs ||{{align|center|14}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Metaphryniscus]]'' {{small|Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994}} || ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Nannophryne]]'' {{small|Günther, 1870}} || ||{{align|center|4}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Nectophryne]]'' {{small|Buchholz & Peters, 1875}} || African tree toads ||{{align|center|2}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Nectophrynoides]]'' {{small|Buchholz & Peters, 1875}} || African live-bearing toads ||{{align|center|13}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Nimbaphrynoides]]'' {{small|Dubois, 1987}} || Nimba toads ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Oreophrynella]]'' {{small|Boulenger, 1895}} || Bush toads ||{{align|center|8}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Osornophryne]]'' {{small|Ruiz-Carranza & Hernández-Camacho, 1976}} || Plump toads ||{{align|center|11}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Parapelophryne]]'' {{small|Fei, Ye & Jiang, 2003}} || ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Pedostibes]]'' {{small|Günther, 1876}} || Asian tree toads ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Pelophryne]]'' {{small|Barbour, 1938}} || Flathead toads ||{{align|center|13}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Peltophryne]]'' {{small|Fitzinger, 1843}} || Caribbean toads ||{{align|center|14}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Phrynoidis]]'' {{small|Fitzinger in Treitschke, 1842}} || Rough toads ||{{align|center|2}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Poyntonophrynus]]'' {{small|Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006}} || Pygmy toads ||{{align|center|11}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Pseudobufo]]'' {{small|Tschudi, 1838}} || False toad ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Rentapia]]'' {{small|Chan, Grismer, Zachariah, Brown, and Abraham, 2016}} || ||{{align|center|2}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Rhaebo]]'' {{small|Cope, 1862}} || Cope toads ||{{align|center|13}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Rhinella]]'' {{small|Fitzinger, 1826}} || Beaked toads ||{{align|center|94}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Sabahphrynus]]'' {{small|Matsui, Yambun, and Sudin, 2007}} || Sabah earless toad ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Schismaderma]]'' {{small|Smith, 1849}} || African split-skin toad ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Sclerophrys]]'' {{small|Tschudi, 1838}} || ||{{align|center|44}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Sigalegalephrynus]]'' {{small|Smart, Sarker, Arifin, Harvey, Sidik, Hamidy, Kurniawan, and Smith, 2017}}|| Puppet toads ||{{align|center|5}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Strauchbufo]]'' {{small|Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 2012}} || Siberian toad; Mongolian toad ||{{align|center|1}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Truebella]]'' {{small|Graybeal & Cannatella, 1995}} || ||{{align|center|2}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Vandijkophrynus]]'' {{small|Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan, Raxworthy, Campbell, Blotto, Moler, Drewes, Nussbaum, Lynch, Green, and Wheeler, 2006}} ||Van Dijk's toads ||{{align|center|6}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Werneria]]'' {{small|Poche, 1903}} || Smalltongue toads ||{{align|center|6}} |-style="background:#EEEEEE;" | ''[[Wolterstorffina]]'' {{small|Mertens, 1939}} || Wolterstorff toads ||{{align|center|3}} |-style="background:#FFFDFF;" | ''[[Xanthophryne]]'' {{small|Biju, Van Bocxlaer, Giri, Loader & Bossuyt, 2009}} || ||{{align|center|2}} |- |} The family also contains an ''[[incertae sedis]]'' species, [["Bufo" scorteccii|"''Bufo''" ''scorteccii'']] {{small|Balletto & Cherchi, 1970}}.
==References== {{Reflist}} * {{cite web | title=Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 - Bufonidae | url=http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/names.php?taxon=&family=Bufonidae&subfamily=&genus=&commname=&authority=&year=&geo=0&dist=&comment= | access-date=2008-04-10 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715231112/http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/names.php?taxon=&family=Bufonidae&subfamily=&genus=&commname=&authority=&year=&geo=0&dist=&comment= | archive-date=2012-07-15 }} * [[Robert C. Stebbins|Stebbins, Robert]]. ''Western Reptiles & Amphibians'' (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003. * Halliday, Tim R., and Kraig Adler (editors). ''The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles & Amphibians''. Facts on File, New York, 2002.
==External links== {{Commons category|Bufonidae}} {{Wikispecies|Bufonidae}} {{Wiktionary|toad}} *[http://tolweb.org/Bufonidae Tolweb.org: Bufonidae] *[http://www.bufonidae.com Bufonidae.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411000224/http://www.bufonidae.com/ |date=2022-04-11 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110903232255/http://www.amphibia.my/page.php?pageid=Browse%20Species%20Guide&family=Bufonidae%20(Toads) Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - Family Bufonidae] *[http://www.fs.fed.us/r4/amphibians/family_bufonidae.htm FED.us] *[http://sounds.bl.uk/Browse.aspx?category=Environment&collection=Amphibians&browseby=Browse+by+family&choice=Bufonidae Bufonidae recordings] from the [[British Library Sound Archive]]
{{Anura}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q55372}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:True toads| ]] [[Category:Extant Thanetian first appearances]] [[Category:Amphibian families]] [[Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray]]