{{Short description|Pacific typhoon in 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}} {{Infobox weather event | name = Typhoon Koto (Verbena) | image = Koto 2025-11-27 0140Z.jpg | caption = Koto at its peak intensity over the South China Sea on November 27 | formed = {{start date|2025|11|23}} | low = {{end date|2025|12|2}} | dissipated = {{end date|2025|12|3}} }}{{Infobox weather event/JMA | winds = 70 | pressure = 970 | gusts = }}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC | winds = 80 | pressure = 975 | basin = WPac }}{{Infobox weather event/Effects | fatalities = 2 | injuries = | missing = 2 | year = 2025 | damage = 9600000 | damage-prefix = | damage-suffix = | areas = Philippines, Vietnam | refs = | ibtracs = }}{{Infobox weather event/Footer | season = 2025 Pacific typhoon season }} '''Typhoon Koto''',{{refn|The name ''Koto'' was contributed by Japan (Japanese: コト, [[Help:IPA/Japanese|[ko̞to̞]]]) and refers to the constellation Lyra, the harp, in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web |date= February 23, 2021 |title=Replacement Names of FAXAI, HAGIBIS, KAMMURI, LEKIMA, PHANFONE, and YUTU in the Tropical Cyclone Name List |url=https://www.typhooncommittee.org/53rd/docs/item%2013/13.1%20Replacement%20of%20Typhoon%20Names%20-%20Clarence.pdf |access-date=April 26, 2026 |website=Typhoon Committee}}</ref>|group="nb"}} known in the Philippines as '''Severe Tropical Storm Verbena''', was a fairly strong and erratic tropical cyclone that impacted much of the Visayas and portions of Luzon and Mindanao in the Philippines in late November 2025. Koto was the twenty-seventh and last named storm and thirteenth typhoon of the 2025 Pacific typhoon season, Koto developed off the eastern coast of Mindanao on November 23, then tracked westward across the country, making seven landfalls before emerging over the South China Sea, where it strengthened into a typhoon. However, the system gradually weakened and became virtually stationary off the coast of Vietnam before fully dissipating on December 3.
In the Philippines, Koto, together with the prevailing shear line, triggered flooding and landslides in the Visayas region that left two people missing, compounding the impacts from the recent Typhoons Kalmaegi and Fung-wong.
== Meteorological history == {{storm path|Koto 2025 path.png|colors=new}} At 04:00 PHT (20:00 UTC the previous day) on November 23, PAGASA announced the entry of a low-pressure area to the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), carrying a high chance of development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-23 |title=LPA east of Mindanao enters PAR |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/weather/967105/lpa-east-of-mindanao-enters-par/story/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> At 12:00 UTC, the JMA also identified an area of low pressure.<ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 23, 2025|type=warning-and-summary|time=12|day=23|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ww/wwjp27.rjtd..txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123201135/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ww/wwjp27.rjtd..txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 23, 2025|access-date=November 23, 2025}}</ref> Three hours later, the JTWC designated the system as ''Invest 92W'', located roughly {{convert|171|nmi|km}} west-northwest of Palau, noting flaring convection and developing banding along the southern periphery of its circulation. The agency assessed environmental conditions as favorable, including low wind shear.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 23, 2025|type=abpw|designation=|time=15Z|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abpwweb.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251123201005/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/abpwweb.txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 23, 2025|access-date=November 23, 2025}}</ref> By 18:00 UTC, the JMA upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression east of Mindanao.<ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 23, 2025|type=warning-and-summary|time=18|day=23|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ww/wwjp27.rjtd..txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124020347/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ww/wwjp27.rjtd..txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 24, 2025|access-date=November 24, 2025}}</ref> At 02:00 PHT (18:00 UTC) on November 24, PAGASA likewise classified the system as a tropical depression and assigned the name ''Verbena.''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/weather/967176/lpa-off-hinatuan-surigao-del-sur-now-a-tropical-depression/story/|title=LPA off Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur now a tropical depression|website=GMA News Online|date=24 November 2025|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref> At 13:30 PHT (05:30 UTC), Verbena made its first landfall over Bayabas, Surigao del Sur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Codis |first=Denise Mae P. |date=2025-11-24 |title=‘Verbena’ makes landfall in Surigao del Sur, brings rains, gusty winds to Visayas |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/verbena-makes-landfall-in-surigao-del-sur-brings-rains-gusty-winds-to-visayas |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=SunStar Publishing Inc. |language=en}}</ref> At 06:00 UTC, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the system, citing generally favorable conditions.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 24, 2025|type=tcfa|designation=92W|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp9225web.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251124065148/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp9225web.txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 24, 2025|access-date=November 24, 2025}}</ref> The JMA noted that limited firmness of the system's structure along with an obscure low-level center kept the system from strengthening.<ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 24, 2025|type=prognostic-td|no=2|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt#selection-9.129-9.761|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251124085706/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt#selection-9.129-9.761|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 24, 2025|access-date=November 24, 2025|location=9.5N 127.1E}}</ref> As it tracked westward, clusters of deep convection began to wrap more consistently around the circulation.<ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 24, 2025|type=prognostic-td|no=3|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt#selection-9.720-9.1074|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251124140513/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt#selection-9.720-9.1074|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 24, 2025|access-date=November 25, 2025|location=9.6N 125.1E}}</ref> Verbena made a second landfall at 23:10 PHT (15:10 UTC) over Jagna, Bohol.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/weather/tropical-depression-verbena-shear-line-update-pagasa-forecast-november-25-2025-2am/#:~:text=MANILA%2C%20Philippines%20%E2%80%93%20Tropical%20Depression%20Verbena,1%3A30%20pm%20on%20Monday.|title=Tropical Depression Verbena makes second landfall in Bohol|first=Acor|last=Arceo|website=Rappler|date=24 November 2025|access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
The system made two more landfalls on November 25: at 02:40 PHT (18:40 UTC the previous day) over Talisay City, Cebu, and again at 05:50 PHT (21:50 UTC the previous day) over Vallehermoso, Negros Oriental.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/weather/tropical-depression-verbena-shear-line-update-pagasa-forecast-november-25-2025-8am/ |title=Tropical Depression Verbena makes third landfall in Cebu, fourth in Negros Oriental |first=Acor |last=Arceo |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical depression, designating it as ''33W'', and reported a developing central dense overcast (CDO) and a possible low-level circulation center within generally favorable environmental conditions.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 24, 2025|type=prognostic|category=TD|designation=33W|no=1|name=Thirtythree|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251125003919/https://archive.md/2025.11.25-003919/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 25, 2025|access-date=November 25, 2025}}</ref> 33W then made its fifth and sixth landfalls in Western Visayas—at 07:40 PHT (23:40 UTC the previous day) over San Lorenzo, Guimaras, and at 08:50 PHT (00:50 UTC) over Miagao, Iloilo.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/weather/tropical-depression-verbena-shear-line-update-pagasa-forecast-november-25-2025-11am/ |title=Tropical Depression Verbena hits Western Visayas, emerges over Sulu Sea |website=Rappler |first=Acor |last=Arceo |date=25 November 2025 |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref> As the circulation rapidly consolidated, deep convection persisted and organized into a symmetrical CDO.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 25, 2025|type=prognostic|category=TD|designation=33W|no=2|name=Thirtythree|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251125023813/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 25, 2025|access-date=November 26, 2025}}</ref> The JTWC subsequently upgraded the system to a tropical storm as curved rainbands tightened around the center.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 25, 2025|type=prognostic|category=TS|designation=33W|no=3|name=Thirtythree|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt#selection-9.813-9.1319|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251125092802/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt#selection-9.813-9.1319|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 25, 2025|access-date=November 26, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 25, 2025|type=prognostic|category=TS|designation=33W|no=3|name=Thirtythree|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325web.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251125085837/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325web.txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 25, 2025|access-date=November 26, 2025}}</ref> At 20:00 PHT (12:00 UTC), PAGASA also upgraded the system to a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sampang |first=Dianne |date=26 November 2025 |title=Verbena now a tropical storm, Signal No. 2 up in Palawan areas |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2146231/verbena-now-a-tropical-storm-wind-signal-no-2-up-in-palawan-areas/amp |access-date=26 November 2025 |website=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}</ref> At the same time, the JMA named the storm ''Koto'', which replaced the name Kammuri following its retirement after the 2019 season.<ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 25, 2025|type=warning-and-summary|time=12|day=25|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq50.rjtd..txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251125131723/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq50.rjtd..txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 25, 2025|access-date=November 26, 2025}}</ref> At 22:50 PHT (14:50 UTC), Koto made its seventh landfall over Linapacan, Palawan before tracking west-northwest away from the Philippines.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/weather/tropical-storm-verbena-shear-line-update-pagasa-forecast-november-26-2025-2am/|title=Tropical Storm Verbena makes seventh landfall in Palawan|first=Acor|last=Arceo|website=Rappler|date=26 November 2025|access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref>
Deep convection remained displaced slightly from the center as cloud tops cooled,<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 25, 2025|type=prognostic|category=TS|designation=33W|no=4|name=Koto|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt#selection-9.807-9.1512|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251125154134/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt#selection-9.807-9.1512|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 25, 2025|access-date=November 26, 2025}}</ref> and the JTWC later noted a slight northward tilt in the vortex on November 26.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 26, 2025|type=prognostic|category=TS|designation=33W|no=6|name=Koto|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn31.pgtw..txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251126023810/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn31.pgtw..txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 26, 2025|access-date=November 26, 2025}}</ref> At 11:00 PHT (03:00 UTC), PAGASA upgraded Koto to a severe tropical storm.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=November 26, 2025|name=Verbena|intl-name=Koto|type=tcb|no=18|category=STS|url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%2318_verbena.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126000000/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%2318_verbena.pdf|archive-date=November 26, 2025}} [https://archive.org/download/pagasa-25-TC22/PAGASA_25-TC22_Verbena_TCB%2318.pdf Alt URL]</ref> At 12:00 UTC, the JMA upgraded Koto to a typhoon,<ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 26, 2025|type=tca|time=12|day=26|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq50.rjtd..txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251126124629/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq50.rjtd..txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 26, 2025|access-date=November 26, 2025}}</ref> while cirrus filaments expanded and the CDO flared at the center of the circulation.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 26, 2025|type=prognostic|designation=33W|name=Koto|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt#selection-9.938-9.1432|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251126145744/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt#selection-9.938-9.1432|no=8|category=TS|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 26, 2025|access-date=November 28, 2025}}</ref> At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC likewise upgraded Koto to a typhoon as radial outflow strengthened.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 26, 2025|type=prognostic|designation=33W|name=Koto|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325web.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251127005208/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325web.txt|no=9|category=TY|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 27, 2025|access-date=November 28, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 26, 2025|type=prognostic|designation=33W|name=Koto|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127015115/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|no=9|category=TY|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 27, 2025|access-date=November 29, 2025}}</ref> An exposed low-level circulation center with shear deep convection, the JTWC reported that the system's structure was weakened with dry air in the eastern quadrant, aiding in its weakening.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 27, 2025|type=prognostic|designation=33W|name=Koto|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251127145911/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|no=12|category=TY|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 27, 2025|access-date=November 29, 2025}}</ref> At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC downgraded Koto into a tropical storm while the JMA downgraded Koto into a severe tropical storm likewise.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 27, 2025|type=prognostic|designation=33W|name=Koto|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpn31.pgtw..txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251128023931/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpn31.pgtw..txt|no=13|category=TS|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 28, 2025|access-date=November 29, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 27, 2025|type=tca|name=2527 Koto (2527)|url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20251127/210000/A_WTPQ50RJTD272100_C_RJTD_20251127214248_1.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251128023551/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20251127/210000/A_WTPQ50RJTD272100_C_RJTD_20251127214248_1.txt|category=STS|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 28, 2025|access-date=November 29, 2025}}</ref> The former cited rapidly warming cloud tops along with strong southeasterly wind shear enabling the decoupling of the central convection in an increasingly hostile environment;<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 27, 2025|type=prognostic|designation=33W|name=Koto|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn31.pgtw..txt#selection-9.792-9.1111|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251128023938/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn31.pgtw..txt#selection-9.792-9.1111|no=13|category=TS|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 28, 2025|access-date=November 29, 2025}}</ref> the latter, meanwhile reported an unfavorable environment caused by low sea surface temperatures and an increased vertical wind shear.<ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 28, 2025|type=prognostic-aftertd|name=2527 Koto (2527)|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt#selection-9.341-9.671|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251128022456/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt#selection-9.341-9.671|no=17|category=STS|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 28, 2025|access-date=November 28, 2025}}</ref>
At 12:00 UTC on November 28, the JMA downgraded Koto into a tropical storm citing an unfavorable environment due to less tropical cyclone heat potential; the typhoon remained almost stationary due to a weak steering flow.<ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 28, 2025|type=tca|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq50.rjtd..txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251128125200/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq50.rjtd..txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 28, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 28, 2025|type=prognostic-aftertd|name=2527 Koto (2527)|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt#selection-9.734-9.803|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251128150933/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt#selection-9.734-9.803|no=19|category=TS|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 28, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025}}</ref> Over time, deep convection started to regenerate over the low-level circulation center yet dry air and cooler water prevented major development.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 28, 2025|type=prognostic|designation=33W|name=Koto|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251128151711/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|no=16|category=TS|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 28, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025}}</ref> At 18:00 UTC, the JMA upgraded the system into a severe tropical storm once again due to a favorable environment with weak vertical wind shear and good upper-level outflow.<ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 28, 2025|type=tca|url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20251128/180000/A_WTPQ50RJTD281800_C_RJTD_20251128184940_28.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251129030457/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20251128/180000/A_WTPQ50RJTD281800_C_RJTD_20251128184940_28.txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 29, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 28, 2025|type=prognostic-aftertd|name=2527 Koto (2527)|url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20251128/180000/A_WTPQ30RJTD281800_C_RJTD_20251128194423_93.txt#selection-9.448-9.592|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251129030516/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20251128/180000/A_WTPQ30RJTD281800_C_RJTD_20251128194423_93.txt#selection-9.448-9.592|no=20|category=STS|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 29, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025}}</ref> The system was eventually declared as well-organized as broad cyclonic rotation was spotted; as the central dense overcast collapsed, the system's structure was disorganized as environmental conditions were declared as marginally favorable.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 29, 2025|type=prognostic|designation=33W|name=Koto|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251129030614/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|no=18|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 29, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025}}</ref> Eventually, moderate convection began to redevelop over the low-level circulation center as a cluster of deep, dry air impinged on the outer fringes of the system.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 30, 2025|type=prognostic|designation=33W|name=Koto|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251130043526/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|no=22|category=TS|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 30, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025}}</ref> At 09:00 UTC on November 30, the JMA downgraded Koto into a tropical storm as an unfavorable environment coalesced with low tropical cyclone heat potential and dry air.<ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 30, 2025|type=tca|url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20251130/090000/A_WTPQ50RJTD300900_C_RJTD_20251130094715_250.txt#selection-9.98-9.108|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251130145028/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/RJTD/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20251130/090000/A_WTPQ50RJTD300900_C_RJTD_20251130094715_250.txt#selection-9.98-9.108|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 30, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=November 30, 2025|type=prognostic-aftertd|name=2527 Koto (2527)|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251130144841/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt|no=27|category=TS|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 30, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025}}</ref> Weak convection was placed to the south of a partially exposed low-level circulation center with the system majorly weakening due to upwelling effects.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=November 30, 2025|type=prognostic|designation=33W|name=Koto|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251130151425/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|no=24|category=TS|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 30, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025}}</ref> Eventually, the low-level circulation center became fully exposed while a layer of dry air pushed to the vortex originating northwest. Outflow was described as non-existent due to lack of convection while the environment has begun to deteriorate.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=December 1, 2025|type=prognostic|designation=33W|name=Koto|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251201030256/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp3325prog.txt|no=26|category=TS|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 1, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025}}</ref> At 06:00 UTC on December 1, the JMA downgraded Koto into a tropical depression due to an unfavorable environment as it barely moved due to weak steering flow.<ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=December 1, 2025|type=tca|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq50.rjtd..txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251201064347/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq50.rjtd..txt|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 1, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite JMA typhoons|date=December 1, 2025|type=prognostic-td|url=https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt|archive-url=https://archive.today/20251201073725/https://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq30.rjtd..txt|no=30|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 1, 2025|access-date=December 1, 2025|location=15N 112E}}</ref>
==Preparations, impact, and aftermath== ===Philippines=== On 05:00 PHT (21:00 UTC) on November 24, PAGASA issued Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal No. 1 in Aklan, Antique including Caluya Islands, Biliran, Bohol, Camotes Islands, Capiz, Dinagat Islands, Guimaras, Iloilo, Leyte, mainland Masbate, Romblon, Southern Leyte, Surigao del Norte including Siargao Island and Bucas Grande Island, the northern portions of Agusan del Norte, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental and Surigao del Sur, northern and central Cebu, the central and southern portions of Eastern Samar and Samar, and the southern portions of Occidental Mindoro and Oriental Mindoro.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=November 24, 2025|name=Verbena|type=tcb|no=1|category=TD|url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%231_verbena.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124000000/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%231_verbena.pdf|archive-date=November 24, 2025}} [https://archive.org/download/pagasa-25-TC22/PAGASA_25-TC22_Verbena_TCB%2301.pdf Alt URL]</ref> Signal No. 1 was also issued on 08:00 PHT (00:00 UTC), in Camiguin, Siquijor, the remaining parts of Agusan del Norte, Cebu, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, the northern portions of Agusan del Sur and Palawan including the Calamian Islands and Cuyo Islands, and northeastern Misamis Oriental,<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=November 24, 2025|name=Verbena|type=tcb|no=2|category=TD|url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%232_verbena.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124000000/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%232_verbena.pdf|archive-date=November 24, 2025}} [https://archive.org/download/pagasa-25-TC22/PAGASA_25-TC22_Verbena_TCB%2302.pdf Alt URL]</ref> on 11:00 PHT (03:00 UTC), in Cagayancillo Island, and the remaining parts of Eastern Samar, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, and Samar,<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=November 24, 2025|name=Verbena|type=tcb|no=3|category=TD|url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%233_verbena.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124000000/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%233_verbena.pdf|archive-date=November 24, 2025}} [https://archive.org/download/pagasa-25-TC22/PAGASA_25-TC22_Verbena_TCB%2303.pdf Alt URL]</ref> and then on 14:00 PHT (06:00 UTC), in the remaining parts of Agusan del Sur, Misamis Oriental and Surigao del Sur, and also in northern Bukidnon.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=November 24, 2025|name=Verbena|type=tcb|no=4|category=TD|url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%234_verbena.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124000000/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%234_verbena.pdf|archive-date=November 24, 2025}} [https://archive.org/download/pagasa-25-TC22/PAGASA_25-TC22_Verbena_TCB%2304.pdf Alt URL]</ref> Signal No. 1 was also issued on 17:00 PHT (09:00 UTC) in the northern portions of Misamis Occidental and Zamboanga del Norte,<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=November 24, 2025|name=Verbena|type=tcb|no=5|category=TD|url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%235_verbena.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124000000/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%235_verbena.pdf|archive-date=November 24, 2025}} [https://archive.org/download/pagasa-25-TC22/PAGASA_25-TC22_Verbena_TCB%2305.pdf Alt URL]</ref> and on 20:00 PHT (12:00 UTC), in central Palawan.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=November 24, 2025|name=Verbena|type=tcb|no=6|category=TD|url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%236_verbena.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124000000/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%236_verbena.pdf|archive-date=November 24, 2025}} [https://archive.org/download/pagasa-25-TC22/PAGASA_25-TC22_Verbena_TCB%2306.pdf Alt URL]</ref> As the system intensified into a tropical storm, PAGASA issued Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal No. 2 at 20:00 PHT (12:00 UTC) on November 25, in the Calamian Islands and extreme northern Palawan<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=November 25, 2025|name=Verbena|type=tcb|no=14|category=TS|url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%2314_verbena.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125000000/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%2314_verbena.pdf|archive-date=November 25, 2025}} [https://archive.org/download/pagasa-25-TC22/PAGASA_25-TC22_Verbena_TCB%2314.pdf Alt URL]</ref> while on 05:00 PHT the next day (21:00 UTC the previous day), Signal No. 1 was issued in the Kalayaan Islands.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=November 26, 2025|name=Verbena (Koto)|type=tcb|no=17|category=TS|url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%2317_verbena.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126000000/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%2317_verbena.pdf|archive-date=November 26, 2025}} [https://archive.org/download/pagasa-25-TC22/PAGASA_25-TC22_Verbena_TCB%2317.pdf Alt URL]</ref> At 11:00 PHT (03:00 UTC), the Kalayaan Islands was the only area which remained in Signal No. 1.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=November 26, 2025|name=Verbena|intl-name=Koto|type=tcb|no=18|category=STS|url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%2318_verbena.pdf}} [https://dn710103.ca.archive.org/0/items/pagasa-25-TC22/PAGASA_25-TC22_Verbena_TCB%2318.pdf Alt URL]</ref> At 23:00 PHT (15:00 UTC) on November 27, PAGASA issued their final report.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=November 27, 2025|name=Verbena|intl-name=Koto|type=tcb|no=24-FINAL|category=TY|url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%2324_verbena.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127000000/https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/TCB%2324_verbena.pdf|archive-date=November 27, 2025}} [https://dn710103.ca.archive.org/0/items/pagasa-25-TC22/PAGASA_25-TC22_Verbena_TCB%2324.pdf Alt URL]</ref>
Lapu-Lapu City activated its Emergency Operations Center as the government was in heightened alert. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Codis |first=Denise Mae P. |date=2025-11-24 |title=Lapu-Lapu City activates EOC as Signal No. 1 raised due to ‘Verbena’ |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/lapu-lapu-city-activates-eoc-as-signal-no-1-raised-due-to-verbena |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=SunStar Publishing Inc. |language=en}}</ref> The city also assessed a Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment (PDRA) by mayor Cynthia Chan in the Sangguniang Panlungsod Session Hall.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Inso|first=Futch Anrthony|url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/672662/lapu-lapu-city-braces-for-verbena|title=Lapu-Lapu City braces for Verbena, orders massive cleanup of drains|website=Cebu Daily News|date=24 November 2025|access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref> Roll-on/roll-off vessels were only permitted to sail if they had a tonnage more than 300.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Alexander |date=2025-11-24 |title=TD Verbena dampens Caraga; travels, classes suspended |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1263813 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Philippine News Agency |language=en}}</ref> On November 24, 13 ports suspended sea trips nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-24 |title=LIST: Canceled sea trips as of November 24, 2025 due to Verbena |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/serbisyopubliko/transportation/967195/list-canceled-sea-trips-as-of-november-24-2025-due-to-verbena/story/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> Flood-prone barangays in Liloan were preemptively evacuated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bongcac |first=Doris C. |date=2025-11-24 |title=Liloan orders preemptive evacuation as TD Verbena nears |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/672426/liloan-orders-preemptive-evacuation-as-td-verbena-nears |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Cebu Daily News |language=en}}</ref> Negros Occidental also performed preemptive evacuation to centers with stocked food and water.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subsilla |first=Bernard |date=2025-11-24 |title=NegOcc orders preemptive evacuation amid TD Verbena threat |url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/negocc-orders-preemptive-evacuation-amid-td-verbena-threat/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Philippine Information Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> The Mandaue city government started the evacuation of residents in preparation for the approach of the storm, as its water absorption capacity caused flooding risks to increase, after Typhoon Kalmaegi (Tino) affected the city last November 4.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sagarino |first=Mary Rose |date=2025-11-24 |title=Mandaue residents evacuate before Verbena arrives |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/672614/mandaue-residents-evacuate-before-verbena-arrives |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Cebu Daily News |language=en}}</ref> Overnight, more than 4,700 people evacuated from Cebu City while 81 barangay health centers remained on active duty.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-25 |title=Cebu City evacuates 4,700 residents as Tropical Depression Verbena triggers heavy rains |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2025/11/25/cebu-city-evacuates-4700-residents-as-tropical-depression-verbena-triggers-heavy-rains |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref> Authorities and emergency responders in Bicol were placed on high alert as heavy rains affected the area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Delgado |first=Ernie |date=2025-11-25 |title=Bicol authorities on high alert as ‘Verbena’ dumps heavy rains |url=https://pia.gov.ph/news/bicol-authorities-on-high-alert-as-verbena-dumps-heavy-rains/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Philippine Information Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> According to acting Philippine National Police Chief Jose Melencio Nartatez, disaster response units were alerted in areas included in Signal No. 1.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Espiritu |first=Rex |last2=Araja |first2=Rio N. |last3=Ombion |first3=Edwin G. |date=2025-11-25 |title=‘Verbena’ dumps rains, flooding many villages |url=https://manilastandard.net/news/314672537/verbena-dumps-rains-flooding-many-villages.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Manila Standard |language=en-US}}</ref>
The Southern Visayas Coast Guard reported that 390 passengers were stranded in the area on November 24 in 27 vessels and 169 rolling cargoes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sugimoto |first=Maiko |date=2025-11-24 |title=Southern Visayas passengers, vessels stranded due to Verbena |url=https://visayas.politiko.com.ph/2025/11/24/southern-visayas-passengers-vessels-stranded-due-to-verbena/daily-feed/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Politiko |language=en-US}}</ref> As alerts rose in parts of the Philippines, the Philippine Coast Guard, on November 25, reported 5,576 passengers stranded nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clores |first=Keith |date=2025-11-25 |title=PCG: Over 5,000 passengers stranded in ports due to Verbena |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2145853/pcg-over-5000-passengers-stranded-in-ports-due-to-verbena |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Philippine Daily Inquirer |language=en}}</ref> As heavy rains and floods coalesced in Negros Occidental;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santiago |first=Jay-r |date=2025-11-25 |title=Tropical Depression Verbena Brings Flooding to Parts of Negros Occidental |url=https://philnews.ph/2025/11/25/tropical-depression-verbena-brings-flooding-to-parts-of-negros-occidental/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=PhilNews |language=en-US}}</ref> four transmission lines in the Visayas archipelago were downed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villuanueva |first=Joann |date=2025-11-25 |title=Verbena downs 4 transmission lines |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1263901 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Philippine News Agency |language=en}}</ref> Floodwaters rose fast in Antequera, Bohol, submerging numerous houses. Floods in Bohol served waist-deep while rivers overflowed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udtohan |first=Leo |date=2025-11-25 |title=Homes submerged, rivers overflow as Verbena spawns rains in Bohol |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2146049/homes-submerged-rivers-overflow-as-verbena-spawns-rains-in-bohol |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Philippine Daily Inquirer |language=en}}</ref> A vessel was stuck for an hour due to damage to its steering wheel in Padre Burgos, Southern Leyte; an airplane struggled to land in Roxas Airport due to inclement weather.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Escaniel |first=Rolen |last2=Docdocan |first2=Ranulfo |last3=Subaldo |first3=Romeo |last4=Perez |first4=Annie |last5=Tocmo |first5=Hernel |last6=Salonga |first6=Kaxandra |date=2025-11-25 |title=Verbena spawns floods and damage in Philippines |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/regions/2025/11/25/verbena-spawns-floods-and-damage-in-philippines-1459 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> In Olango Island, 22 houses were damaged due to light construction materials used in the island's houses as well as the island's proximity to the coast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Codis |first=Denise Mae P. |date=2025-11-25 |title=22 houses damaged in Pangan-an, Olango as ‘Verbena’ brings heavy rains |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/22-houses-damaged-in-pangan-an-olango-as-verbena-brings-heavy-rains |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=SunStar Publishing Inc. |language=en}}</ref> Floods in Bacolod reached from knee to hip-deep while in several barangays, flooding reached rooftops. Widespread flooding was also reported in numerous towns in southern Negros.<ref name=":0" /> The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) said that 275,458 people across the Philippines were affected by Koto, of which 82,827 were displaced. At least 13 houses were destroyed while 82 others were damaged. At least 37 road sections and five bridges were rendered impassable. Seventy-nine seaports were closed, stranding 3,727 passengers and 158 maritime vessels. In the Negros Island Region, two people were reported missing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rita |first=Joviland |date=2025-11-26 |title=2 missing in Negros Island Region amid Verbena, shear line —NDRRMC |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/967482/2-missing-in-negros-island-region-amid-verbena-shear-line-ndrrmc/story/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> More than 3,000 people were displaced in Bacolod.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedreso |first=Aileen |date=2025-11-26 |title=Verbena displaces over 3,000 individuals in Bacolod City |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/regions/967478/verbena-displaces-over-3-000-individuals-in-bacolod-city/story/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=GMA News Online |language=en}}</ref> while at least 2,000 were displaced in Bohol and at least 13,831 were displaced in Negros Occidental.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-26 |title=Verbena’s heavy rain unleashes floods across Visayas |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2146302/verbena-rains-unleash-floods-across-visayas |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Philippine Daily Inquirer |language=en}}</ref> A state of calamity was declared in Naujan, Oriental Mindoro due to flooding.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Datu |first=Dennis |date=December 2, 2025 |title=Flood-hit Naujan town placed under state of calamity |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/regions/2025/12/2/flood-hit-naujan-town-placed-under-state-of-calamity-1506 |access-date=December 2, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN}}</ref>
===Vietnam=== The National Civil Defense Steering Committee instructed People's Committees of provinces and cities from Quang Tri to Lam Dong to organize disaster response plans for Koto.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-26 |title=Yêu cầu 8 tỉnh, 9 bộ ứng phó với bão số 15 (bão Koto) |url=https://thanhnien.vn/yeu-cau-8-tinh-9-bo-ung-pho-voi-bao-so-15-bao-koto-185251126100158783.htm |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Báo Thanh Niên |language=vi}}</ref>
As Koto made landfall over Khánh Hòa Province as a remnant low, it triggered heavy rainfall in South Central Vietnam. At Phan Dũng station in Lâm Đồng, rainfall was recorded at 195mm, and at Khánh Hiệp in Khánh Hòa, rainfall was recorded at 189mm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-04 |title=Nam bộ mưa trùng kỳ triều cường, miền Trung tiếp tục mưa lớn |url=https://www.sggp.org.vn/nam-bo-mua-trung-ky-trieu-cuong-mien-trung-tiep-tuc-mua-lon-post826792.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=SGGP |language=vi}}</ref> In Cam Ly river in Lâm Đồng, the flood peak at Thanh Binh station breaks the 2019 record.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-04 |title=Lâm Đồng sơ tán khẩn gần 900 hộ dân do nước lũ lên nhanh |url=https://congluan.vn/lam-dong-so-tan-khan-gan-900-ho-dan-do-nuoc-lu-len-nhanh-10320402.html |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Cong Luan |language=vi}}</ref>
As of December 22, damage in Lâm Đồng by Koto and flooding in early December reached 242 billion dong (US$9.6 million) and 2 people were dead.<ref name=ldo>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-23 |title=Năm 2025, Lâm Đồng hứng chịu 38 đợt thiên tai, thiệt hại 1.840 tỉ đồng |url=https://laodong.vn/xa-hoi/nam-2025-lam-dong-hung-chiu-38-dot-thien-tai-thiet-hai-1840-ti-dong-1629513.ldo |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Lao Dong |language=vi}}</ref><ref name=":54">{{Cite web |last=Minh Hậu |first= |date=2025-12-05 |title=Hơn 6.000 căn nhà ở Lâm Đồng bị ngập, thiệt hại 113 tỷ đồng |url=https://dantri.com.vn/thoi-su/hon-6000-can-nha-o-lam-dong-bi-ngap-thiet-hai-113-ty-dong-20251205202703865.htm |access-date=2025-12-06 |website= Dân Trí |language=vi}}</ref> In this province, 8,000 houses were flooded, approximately 5,200 hectares of crops were affected; 30 fishing boats sank.<ref name=ldo/>
== See also == {{Portal|Tropical cyclones|Philippines}} * Weather of 2025 * Tropical cyclones in 2025 * Typhoons in the Philippines {{clear}}
== Notes == {{reflist|group=nb}}
== References == {{reflist}} {{clear}}
== External links == *{{Commons category-inline}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Koto}} Category:2025 disasters in the Philippines Category:2025 disasters in Vietnam Category:2025 Pacific typhoon season Category:November 2025 in the Philippines Category:December 2025 in Vietnam Category:Typhoons in the Philippines Category:Typhoons in Vietnam