{{Short description|German Benedictine abbot and polymath (1462–1516)}} {{Use Oxford spelling |date=May 2025}} {{Use dmy dates |date=May 2025}} {{Infobox scientist | name = Johannes Trithemius | image = Trithemiusmoredetail.jpg | caption = Detail of Tomb Relief of Johannes Trithemius by Tilman Riemenschneider | birth_date = 1 February 1462 | birth_place = Trittenheim, Electorate of Trier, Holy Roman Empire (now Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) | death_date = {{death date and age|1516|12|13|1462|2|1|df=y}} | death_place = Würzburg, Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg, Holy Roman Empire (now Bavaria, Germany) | residence = | citizenship = | alma_mater = University of Heidelberg | academic_advisors = | notable_students = {{ubli |Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa |Paracelsus }} | known_for = {{hlist |''Steganographia'' |''polygraphiae'' |Trithemius cipher }} | field = {{hlist |Theology |cryptography |lexicography |history |occultism }} | work_institution = {{ubli |Benedictine abbey of Sponheim |St. Jakob zu den Schotten }} }}
'''Johannes Trithemius''' ({{IPAc-en|t|r|ɪ|ˈ|θ|ɛ|m|i|ə|s}}; 1 February 1462 – 13 December 1516), born '''Johann Heidenberg''', was a German Benedictine abbot and a polymath who was active in the German Renaissance as a lexicographer, chronicler, cryptographer, and occultist.<ref name="h225">{{cite book | last=Brann | first=Noel L. | title=Trithemius and Magical Theology | publisher=SUNY Press | publication-place=Albany | date=1999-01-01 | isbn=978-0-7914-3962-3 | page=}}</ref> He is considered the founder of modern cryptography (a claim shared with Leon Battista Alberti) and steganography, as well as the founder of bibliography and literary studies as branches of knowledge.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holden |first=Joshua |title=The Mathematics of Secrets: Cryptography from Caesar Ciphers to Digital Encryption |date=2 October 2018 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-18331-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3SYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56 |access-date=20 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rodriquez |first1=Mercedes Garcia-Arenal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYSQWmuaLLgC&pg=PA383 |title=The Orient in Spain: Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism |last2=Mediano |first2=Fernando Rodríguez |date=15 April 2013 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-25029-1 |page=383 |language=en |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zambelli |first=Paola |title=White Magic, Black Magic in the European Renaissance |date=2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16098-9 |page=251 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tp6PhNsz43EC&pg=PA251 |access-date=20 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He had considerable influence on the development of early modern and modern occultism. His students included Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa and Paracelsus.
==Early life== The byname ''Trithemius'' refers to his native town of Trittenheim on the Moselle River, at the time part of the Electorate of Trier.
When Johannes was still an infant his father, Johann von Heidenburg, died. His stepfather, whom his mother Elisabeth married seven years later, was hostile to education and thus Johannes could only learn in secret and with many difficulties. He learned Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. When he was 17 years old he escaped from his home and wandered around looking for good teachers, travelling to Trier, Cologne, the Netherlands, and Heidelberg. He studied at the University of Heidelberg.
==Career== Travelling from the university to his home town in 1482, he was surprised by a snowstorm and took refuge in the Benedictine abbey of Sponheim near Bad Kreuznach. He decided to stay and was elected abbot in 1483, at the age of twenty-one. He often served as featured speaker and chapter secretary at the Bursfelde Congregation's annual chapter from 1492 to 1503, the annual meeting of reform-minded abbots. Trithemius also supervised the visits of the congregation's abbeys.
Trithemius wrote extensively as a historian, starting with a chronicle of Sponheim and culminating in a two-volume work on the history of Hirsau Abbey. His work was distinguished by mastery of the Latin language and eloquent phrasing, yet it was soon discovered that he inserted several fictional passages into his works. Even during Trithemius's lifetime, several critics pointed out the invented sources he used.<ref name = ka-jt-1991>{{Cite book | title = Johannes Trithemius (1462–1516) | publisher = Schöningh | series = Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte des Bistums und Hochstifts Würzburg, 23 (English = Sources and research on the history of the diocese and bishopric of Würzburg, #23) | location = Würzburg | first = Klaus | last = Arnold | edition = 2. Aufl. | language = de | year = 1991 | pages = 144–157 | isbn = 978-3-877170-23-6 | oclc = 470202364 | quote = 2., bibliographisch und überlieferungsgeschichtlich neu bearb. Aufl. (English = 2nd Edition, updated bibliographical and historical lore) }}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=December 2020|reason=The quote from the source provides no index as to what passages were "invented" or anything of the sort}}{{sfn |Brann |1981 |p=95 }}{{sfn |Grafton |2009a |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6lE-OdAQPJsC&pg=PA56 56] }} His forgery regarding the connection between the Franks and the Trojans was part of a larger project to establish a link between the current dynasty of Austria with ancient heroes. While his colleagues like Jakob Mennel and Ladislaus Suntheim often inserted invented ancestors in their works, Trithemius invented entire sources, such as Hunibald, supposedly a Scythian historian.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wood |first=Christopher S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj4zOnmkbuEC&pg=PA115 |title=Forgery, Replica, Fiction: Temporalities of German Renaissance Art |date=15 August 2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-90597-6 |page=115 |language=en |access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bastress-Dukehart |first=Erica |title=The Zimmern Chronicle: Nobility, Memory, and Self-Representation in Sixteenth-Century Germany |date=19 August 2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-88018-3 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Hc-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT19 |access-date=23 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> For his research on monasteries, he utilized "Meginfrid", an imagined early chronicler of Fulda and Meginfrid's nonexistent treatise ''De temporibus gratiae'' to substantiate Trithemius's ideal of monastic piety and erudition, which were supposed to be the same values shared by the monks of the ninth century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muller |first1=Richard A. |last2=Thompson |first2=John L. |title=Biblical Interpretation in the Era of the Reformation: Essays Presented to David C. Steinmetz in Honor of His Sixtieth Birthday |date=20 August 2020 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-7252-8377-0 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHH8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |access-date=23 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Others opine that Meginfrid was not strictly forgery but the combination of wishful thinking with faulty memory.<ref>{{cite book |title=Amphora |date=1972 |publisher=Alcuin Society. |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijpVAAAAYAAJ |access-date=23 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
In the process though, Trithemius became a famous builder of libraries, which he created in Sponheim and Würzburg.{{sfn |Grafton |2009a |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6lE-OdAQPJsC&pg=PA56 56] }}{{sfn |Grafton |2009b |p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JbcuqZVJzlEC&pg=PA1 1] }} In Sponheim, he set out to transform the abbey from a neglected and undisciplined place into a centre of learning. In his time, the abbey library increased from around fifty items to more than two thousand.
His efforts did not meet with praise, and his reputation as a magician did not further his acceptance. Increasing differences with the convent led to his resignation in 1506, when he decided to take up the offer of the Bishop of Würzburg, Lorenz von Bibra (bishop from 1495 to 1519), to become the abbot of St. James's Abbey, the ''Schottenkloster'' in Würzburg. He remained there until the end of his life.
Trithemius seemed to have a falling out with Maximilian regarding their differences when the emperor wanted to organize a separate ecclesiastical council in 1511, in slight of Pope Julius II. The relationship recovered after Julius's death, though.{{sfn |Brann |1981 |p=98 }}
The German polymath, physician, legal scholar, soldier, theologian, and occult writer Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa (1486–1535) and the Swiss physician, alchemist, and astrologer Paracelsus (1493–1541) were among his pupils.
==Death== Trithemius was buried in St. James's Abbey's church; a tombstone by the famous Tilman Riemenschneider was erected in his honor. In 1825, the tombstone was moved to the Neumünster church, next to the cathedral. It was damaged in the firebombing of 1945, and subsequently restored by the workshop of Theodor Spiegel.
==The Faust legend== Trithemius had a reputation as a necromancer.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dery |first=Mark |title=Flame Wars: The Discourse of Cyberculture |date=1994 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-1540-7 |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMk1hIxm-qgC&pg=PA41 |access-date=25 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The Faust legend is strongly based on a legend involving Maximilian of Austria, his first wife Mary of Burgundy and Trithemius. Through his 1507 account, Trithemius was the first author who mentioned the historical Doctor Faustus, or Johann Faust of Knittlingen. In a letter he wrote to the polymath Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, another famous occult writer and supposed magician{{snd}}he appeared to criticize the vanity of Faust, who possessed inferior skills and went against the teachings of the church. Literary scholar Andrew McCarthy opines that Trithemius considered himself a true necromancer, who studied in order to gain knowledge of the workings of the universe without attracting publicity.<ref>{{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=Andrew D. |title=Staging the Superstitions of Early Modern Europe |date=1 April 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-05068-1 |page=65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZbeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA65 |access-date=25 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
Being summoned to the emperor's court in 1506 and 1507, he also helped to "prove" Maximilian's Trojan origins. In the 1569 edition of his Tischreden, Martin Luther writes about a magician and necromancer, understood to be Trithemius, who summoned Alexander the Great and other ancient heroes, as well as the emperor's deceased wife Mary of Burgundy, to entertain Maximilian.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brann |first=Noel L. |title=Trithemius and Magical Theology: A Chapter in the Controversy over Occult Studies in Early Modern Europe |date=1999 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791439616 |page=165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jU81YW06ZH0C&pg=PA165 |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> In his 1585 account, Augustin Lercheimer (1522–1603) writes that after Mary's death, Trithemius was summoned to console a devastated Maximilian. Trithemius conjured a shade of Mary, who looked exactly like her when alive. Maximilian also recognized a birthmark on her neck, that only he knew about. He was distraught by the experience though, and ordered Trithemius never to do it again. An anonymous account in 1587 modified the story into a less sympathetic version. The emperor became Charles V, who, despite knowing about the risk of black magic, ordered Faustus to raise Alexander and his wife from death. Charles saw that the woman had a birthmark, which he had heard about.<ref>{{cite book |last=Baron |first=Frank |title=Faustus on Trial: The Origins of Johann Spies's 'Historia' in an Age of Witch Hunting |date=2013 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=9783110930061 |pages=95–103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ztQiAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA101 |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> Later, the woman in Goethe's Faust became Helen of Troy.<ref>{{cite book |last=Waas |first=Glenn Elwood |title=The Legendary Character of Kaiser Maximilian |date=1941 |publisher=Columbia University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-tdAAAAIAAJ|pages=153–162|access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> The story of Maximilian, Mary of Burgundy and the Abbot "Johannes Trithem" later appeared as one of the Grimms' Tales.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grimm |first1=Jacob |author-link1=Brothers Grimm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVgaAAAAYAAJ |title=The German Legends of the Brothers Grimm |last2=Grimm |first2=Wilhelm |author-link2=Brothers Grimm |date=1981 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Human Issues |isbn=978-0-915980-71-0 |page=116 |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>
According to John Henry Jones, the blooming of the Faustus myth was fuelled by the witch craze of the time.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=John Henry |title=The English Faust Book: A Critical Edition Based on the Text of 1592 |date=3 March 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-17503-6 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rJBG8k8kfv8C&pg=PA4 |access-date=2 February 2022}}</ref>
==''Steganographia''== [[Image:Polygraphiae.jpg|thumb|left|''Polygraphiae (1518)'' – the first printed book on cryptography]] [[File:Chart in the hand of Dr John Dee. Steganographiae.png|thumb|A chart from ''Steganographia'' copied by John Dee in 1591]] {{anchor|Steganographia}} {{Main|Steganographia}} Trithemius' most famous work, ''Steganographia'' (written {{c.}} 1499; published Frankfurt, 1606), was placed on the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' in 1609<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yq8XAAAAMAAJ&q=index+librorum+prohibitorum+trithemius&pg=PA309 |title=Indice de Libros Prohibidos (1877) |publisher=Vatican |year=1880 |language=es |trans-title=Index of Prohibited Books of Pope Pius IX (1877) |access-date=2 August 2009}}</ref> and removed in 1900.<ref>{{cite book |title = Index Librorum Prohibitorum (1900) |url = https://archive.org/details/indexlibrorumpr02unkngoog |quote = index librorum prohibitorum tricassinus. |page = [https://archive.org/details/indexlibrorumpr02unkngoog/page/n326 298] |language = la |trans-title=Index of Prohibited Books of Pope Leo XIII (1900) |access-date = 2 August 2009 |publisher = Vatican|year = 1900 }}</ref> This book is in three volumes, and appears to be about magic—specifically, about using spirits to communicate over long distances. Since the publication of the decryption key to the first two volumes in 1606, they have been known to be actually concerned with cryptography and steganography. Until the 1990s, the third volume was widely still believed to be solely about magic, but the "magical" formulae have now been shown to be covertexts for yet more cryptographic content.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reeds|first=Jim|title=Solved: The ciphers in book III of Trithemius's Steganographia|journal=Cryptologia|date=1998|volume=22|issue=4|pages=191–317|doi=10.1080/0161-119891886948}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ernst|first=Thomas|title=Schwarzweiße Magie: Der Schlüssel zum dritten Buch der Stenographia des Trithemius|journal=Daphnis: Zeitschrift für Mittlere Deutsche Literatur|date=1996|volume=25|issue=1|pages=1–205}}</ref> However, mentions of the magical work within the third book by such figures as Agrippa and John Dee still lend credence to the idea of a mystic-magical foundation concerning the third volume.<ref>Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas, ''The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction'' (Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 50-55</ref><ref>Walker, D. P. ''Spiritual & Demonic Magic from Ficino to Campanella'' (Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003), pp. 86-90</ref> Additionally, while Trithemius's steganographic methods can be established to be free of the need for angelic–astrological mediation, still left intact is an underlying theological motive for their contrivance. The preface to the ''Polygraphia'' equally establishes that the everyday practicability of cryptography was conceived by Trithemius as a "secular consequent of the ability of a soul specially empowered by God to reach, by magical means, from earth to Heaven".<ref>Brann, Noel L., "Trithemius, Johannes", in ''Dictionary of Gnosis & Western Esotericism'', ed. Wouter J. Hanegraff (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2006), pp. 1135-1139.</ref> Robert Hooke suggested, in the chapter ''Of Dr. Dee's Book of Spirits'', that John Dee made use of Trithemian steganography to conceal his communication with Queen Elizabeth I.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hooke |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xVTAAAAcAAJ |title=The Posthumous Works of Robert Hooke |publisher=Richard Waller, London |year=1705 |page=203}}</ref> Amongst the codes used in this book is the Ave Maria cipher, where each coded letter is replaced by a short sentence about Jesus in Latin.<ref>{{Citation|last=Predel|first=B.|chapter=Cr-Cs (Chromium-Caesium)|pages=1|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=3540560734|doi=10.1007/10086090_968|title=Cr-Cs – Cu-Zr|volume=5d|series=Landolt-Börnstein - Group IV Physical Chemistry|year=1994}}</ref> {{Clear}}
The reason for ''Polygraphia'' and ''Steganographia'' as covertexts being written are unknown. Possible explanations are that either its real target audience was the selected few such as Maximilian, or that Trithemius wanted to attract public attention to a tedious field.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Muchembled |first1=Robert |last2=Bethencourt |first2=Francisco |last3=Monter |first3=William |last4=Egmond |first4=Florike |title=Cultural Exchange in Early Modern Europe |date=March 2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84548-9 |page=286 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FtidiZurzAgC&pg=PA286 |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brann |first=Noel L. |title=Trithemius and Magical Theology: A Chapter in the Controversy over Occult Studies in Early Modern Europe |date=1 January 1999 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3962-3 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaRJ-ytSNQgC&pg=PA106 |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ellison |first=Katherine |title=A Cultural History of Early Modern English Cryptography Manuals |date=10 June 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-45820-5 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2KNTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 |access-date=23 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
==Works== [[File:Trithemiuswhole.jpg|thumb|Tomb relief of Johannes Trithemius by Tilman Riemenschneider]] thumb|''Catalogus illustrium virorum Germaniae'', 1495
* Exhortationes ad monachos, 1486 * De institutione vitae sacerdotalis, 1486 * De regimine claustralium, 1486 * De visitatione monachorum, about 1490 * Catalogus illustrium virorum Germaniae, 1491–1495 * De laude scriptorum manualium, 1492 (printed 1494) ''Zum Lob der Schreiber''; Freunde Mainfränkischer Kunst and Geschichte e. V., Würzburg 1973, (Latin/German) * De viris illustribus ordinis sancti Benedicti, 1492 * In laudem et commendatione Ruperti quondam abbatis Tuitiensis, 1492 * De origine, progressu et laudibus ordinis fratrum Carmelitarum, 1492 * Liber penthicus seu lugubris de statu et ruina ordinis monastici, 1493 * De proprietate monachorum, before 1494 * De vanitate et miseria humanae vitae, before 1494 * Liber de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis, 1494 * De laudibus sanctissimae matris Annae, 1494 * De scriptoribus ecclesiasticis, 1494<ref>[http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/digilib/trithemius.htm Digital Version MGH-Bibliothek] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630105805/http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/digilib/trithemius.htm |date=2007-06-30 }}</ref> * Chronicon Hirsaugiense, 1495–1503 * Chronicon Sponheimense, c. 1495-1509 - ''Chronik des Klosters Sponheim, 1024-1509''; Eigenverlag Carl Velten, Bad Kreuznach 1969 (German) * De cura pastorali, 1496 * De duodecim excidiis oberservantiae regularis, 1496 * De triplici regione claustralium et spirituali exercitio monachorum, 1497 * Steganographia, c. 1499 * Chronicon successionis ducum Bavariae et comitum Palatinorum, c. 1500-1506 * Nepiachus, 1507 * De septem secundeis id est intelligentiis sive spiritibus orbes post deum moventibus, c. 1508<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EaRRAAAAcAAJ|title=De septem secunda Deis id est intelligentiis sive spiritibus moventibus ... - Johannes Trithemius - Google Books|work=google.com|last=Trithemius|first=Johannes|year=1522}}</ref> (''The Seven Secondary Intelligences'', 1508), a history of the world based on astrology; * Antipalus maleficiorum, 1508 * Polygraphia, written 1508, published 1518 * Annales Hirsaugienses, 1509–1514. The full title is ''Annales hirsaugiensis...complectens historiam Franciae et Germaniae, gesta imperatorum, regum, principum, episcoporum, abbatum, et illustrium virorum'', Latin for "The Annals of Hirsau...including the history of France and Germany, the exploits of the emperors, kings, princes, bishops, abbots, and illustrious men". Hirsau was a monastery near Württemberg, whose abbot commissioned the work in 1495, but it took Trithemius until 1514 to finish the two-volume, 1,400-page work. It was first printed in 1690. Some consider this work to be one of the first humanist history books. * Compendium sive breviarium primi voluminis chronicarum sive annalium de origine regum et gentis Francorum, c. 1514 * De origine gentis Francorum compendium, 1514 - ''An abridged history of the Franks / Johannes Trithemius''; AQ-Verlag, Dudweiler 1987; {{ISBN|978-3-922441-52-6}} (Latin/English) * Liber octo quaestionum, 1515 ;Compilations * Marquard Freher, ''Opera historica'', Minerva, Frankfurt/Main, 1966 * Johannes Busaeus, ''Opera pia et spiritualia'' (1604 and 1605) * Johannes Busaeus, ''Paralipomena opuscolorum'' (1605 and 1624)
== See also == *Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg * Humanism in Germany * Minuscule 96 – written by the hand of Trithemius * Tabula recta * Trithemius cipher * Theban alphabet
==References== {{Reflist |30em}}
==Sources== {{Refbegin |30em |indent=yes}} *{{cite book |last=Brann |first=Noël L. |year=1981 |title=The Abbot Trithemius (1462-1516): The Renaissance of Monastic Humanism |publisher=Brill |series=Studies in the History of Christian Traditions |volume=24 |isbn=978-90-04-06468-3 |lccn=82125202 |oclc=8088783 |ol=OL3035882M |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qkgXAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA95 |access-date=23 November 2021 }} *{{cite book |last=Grafton |first=Anthony |year=2009a |title=Worlds Made by Words: Scholarship and Community in the Modern West |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03257-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lE-OdAQPJsC |access-date=23 November 2021 }} *{{cite book |last=Grafton |first=Anthony |date=30 June 2009b |title=Christianity and the Transformation of the Book: Origen, Eusebius, and the Library of Caesarea |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03786-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbcuqZVJzlEC |access-date=23 November 2021 }} {{Refend}}
==Further reading== {{Refbegin |30em}} *{{cite book |last=Kahn |first=David |year=1996 |orig-year=1967 |title=The Codebreakers: the Story of Secret Writing |edition=2nd |pages=130–137 |isbn=0-684-83130-9 }} *{{cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Rudolf |year=1968 |title=Großer Führer durch Würzburgs Dom und Neumünster: mit Neumünster-Kreuzgang und Walthergrab |page=108 }} *{{cite book |title= Secret Writing: the Craft of the Cryptographer|last= Wolfe|first= James Raymond|year= 1970 |publisher= McGraw-Hill|location= New York|pages=112–114}} *{{cite journal |first=Christel |last=Steffen |year=1969 |title=Untersuchungen zum 'Liber de scriptoribus ecclesiasticis' des Johannes Trithemius |journal=Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens |volume=10 |issue=Lfg 4 - 5, ''1969'' |pages=1247–1354 }} {{Refend}}
== External links == * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Johannes Trithemius}} * [https://www.esotericarchives.com/tritheim/stegano.htm Steganographia (Latin). Digital Edition, 1997] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=fQdCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP1 Steganographia (Latin). Google Books, 1608 edition] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=gQdCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP1 Steganographia (Latin). Google Books, 1621 edition] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050129212947/http://www.dtc.umn.edu/~reedsj/trit.pdf Solved: The Ciphers in Book iii of Trithemius's ''Steganographia''], PDF, 208 kB <!--moved but can't find where yet--> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120331051844/http://www.hmml.org/exhibits10/Trithemius/Introduction.html Hill Monastic Manuscript Library article on Trithemius] (includes links to photographs of various Trithemius first editions.) * {{in lang|it}} [https://www.danieleassereto.it/tritemio/default.asp The complete and solved Steganography books] * {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Trithemius, Johannes|volume=27}} * {{CathEncy|wstitle=John Trithemius}} *[https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/fabyan.17914.1 Polygraphiae libri sex Ioannis Trithemij] From [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/073.html George Fabyan Collection] at the Library of Congress *[https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/fabyan.09096.1 Steganographia qvæ hvcvsqve a nemine intellecta] From [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/073.html George Fabyan Collection] at the Library of Congress *[https://trithemius.com Trithemius Redivivus] Translations and resources pertaining to the ''Steganographia'' of Johannes Trithemius * {{DNB-Portal|118642960}} * {{DDB|Person|118642960}} * {{Geschichtsquellen Person|118642960}} * [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/bibliography/t.html Latin works] in the [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/bibliography/ Analytic Bibliography of On-Line Neo-Latin Texts] * [https://www.anthroweb.info/erweiterungen/quellen/de-septem-secundeis-deutsch.html De septem secundeis in German translation (Über die sieben Erzengel, die nach dem Willen Gottes die Planeten bewegen und die Geschicke der Welt lenken)] * [http://www.trittenheim.de/tourismus/geschichte/johannes-trithemius/ Johannes Trithemius] Gemeinde Trittenheim
{{Subject bar |auto=y |portal1=Germany |portal2=Biography }} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Trithemius, Johannes}} Category:1462 births Category:1516 deaths Category:German Roman Catholics Category:People from Bernkastel-Wittlich Category:15th-century German clergy Category:15th-century German writers Category:16th-century German writers Category:16th-century German male writers Category:16th-century writers in Latin Category:German Benedictines Category:German occult writers Category:Medieval German astrologers Category:German Renaissance humanists Category:Medieval German theologians Category:Creators of writing systems Category:People from the Electorate of Trier Category:Medieval cryptographers Category:German cryptographers Category:15th-century writers in Latin Category:Steganography Category:Angelologists Category:Heidelberg University alumni Category:German male non-fiction writers Category:16th-century cryptographers