{{Short description|Royal collegiate church in Edinburgh, Scotland}} {{Use British English|date=June 2017}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} [[File:Trinity College Kirk c.1647.JPG|thumb|Trinity College Kirk c. 1647]] [[Image:Trinity College Kirk 01.jpg|thumb|Engraved colour drawing of the church, done in 1825]] [[Image:Trinity College Kirk 03.jpg|thumb|Watercolour from the early 1840s depicting the church from the north side]] [[Image:Trinity College Kirk 02.jpg|thumb|1848 [[calotype]] by [[Hill & Adamson]], shortly before its destruction]] [[File:Plan of Trinity College Church 1814.png|thumb|Plan of Trinity College Church 1814]] [[File:Trinity College Church as intact and sitting on Jeffrey Street in 1895.png|thumb|350px|New Trinity College Church on Jeffrey Street (with reconstruction of the choir and apse to the rear) in 1895]] [[File:Trinity College Kirk on Jeffrey Street (pre-curtailment).png|thumb|Trinity College Kirk on Jeffrey Street showing the new church to front with reconstructed "Apse" to rear - new church demolished 1960s for office development - now a hotel.]] [[File:Trinity College Church - North Aisle 1852.jpg|thumb|North Aisle]] [[Image:Trinity Altarpiece.jpg|thumb|The [[Trinity Altarpiece]] ''(ca. 1478 – 1479)'' by [[Hugo van der Goes]], ''[[National Gallery of Scotland]], Edinburgh'']]
'''Trinity College Kirk''' was a [[Scottish monarchy|royal]] [[collegiate church]] in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland. The [[Kirk (word)|kirk]] and its adjacent [[almshouse]], '''Trinity Hospital''', were founded in 1460 by [[Mary of Guelders]] in memory of her husband, King [[James II of Scotland|James II]] who had been killed at the [[Capture of Roxburgh (1460)|siege of Roxburgh Castle]] that year.<ref>Rachel M. Delman, 'Mary of Guelders and the Architecture of Queenship in Fifteenth-Century Scotland', ''Scottish Historical Review'', 102:2 (2023), pp. 211–231. {{doi|10.3366/shr.2023.0611}}</ref><ref>[[Duncan Macmillan (art historian)|Duncan Macmillan]], ''Scottish Art, 1460–1990'' (Mainstream, 1990), p. 18.</ref> Queen Mary was interred in the church, until her coffin was moved to [[Holyrood Abbey]] in 1848.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_037/37_252_257.pdf |title=Notes on the disputed tomb of Mary of Guelders |volume= XVII }}</ref>
The original church design was never completed. Only the [[apse]], [[Choir (architecture)|choir]] (with [[Aisle#Church architecture|aisles]]) and [[transept]]s were completed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/52414/edinburgh-leith-wynd-trinity-college-church-and-hospital |title=Edinburgh, Leith Wynd, Trinity College Church And Hospital |work=Canmore |publisher=Historic Environment Scotland |accessdate=2020-05-10 }}</ref>
The church was located in the valley between the [[Old Town, Edinburgh|Old Town]] and [[Calton Hill]], but was systematically dismantled in 1848 due to the construction of [[Waverley Station]] on its site. Although its stones were numbered in anticipation of rebuilding and were stored in a yard on Calton Hill, by 1872, when a replacement church was built on the newly formed Jeffrey Street, only a third were left which were used to construct a version of the choir and apse which was the hall of the new church.
==Style==
The church was built of local sandstone from a quarry which was discovered only 500m to the west at the site of the [[Scott Monument]] on [[Princes Street]]. It was created in the cosmopolitan Scottish late Gothic style.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-65163553 Angie Brown, 'Mystery carvings came from dismantled royal church', BBC News, 9 April 2023]</ref> As was the taste of the time, water was discharged from the roof via [[gargoyle]]s. Unusually it is said the church had several monkeys within its decorations.<ref>James Grant, ''Old and New Edinburgh'', vol. 2, p. 304</ref>
==Foundation== Trinity College comprised Trinity College Church, Trinity Hospital, and the Manses of the Prebendaries. The foundation of the college was for a provost, eight [[Prebendary|prebendaries]] and two clerks each being assigned particular benefices and land for their support.<ref>Rachel M. Delman, "Always at the Gate? Unlocking Medieval Women's Stories in Modern-day Edinburgh", Janay Nugent, Cathryn Spence, Mairi Cowan, ''Gender in Scotland 1200–1800: Place, Faith and Politics'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2024), pp. 78-79.</ref> Income was derived from several sources in Scotland, either by the endowment of [[Mary of Guelders]] (from her own allotted incomes), or added later. Incomes were received from Uthrogal, a leper colony at [[Monimail]] in Fife, and the parish church of [[Easter Wemyss]] in Fife. In 1502 a Dean and Sub-Dean were appointed, their stipends paid from the parish of [[Dunnottar]] in [[Kincardineshire]]. In 1529 incomes were added from the parishes of [[Soutra]], [[Fala, Midlothian|Fala]], Lampetlaw, [[Kirkurd]], [[Ormiston]] and [[Gogar]].<ref>James Grant, ''Cassell's Old and New Edinburgh'', vol. 2, pp 303–304</ref>
==Early history== The church and hospital of [[Soutra Aisle]] dedicated to the [[Holy Trinity]], was held as a [[prebend]] of the chancellor of [[St Andrews Cathedral|St Andrews]].<ref name=Cowan-192>Cowan & Easson, ''Medieval Religious Houses'', p. 192</ref> In 1459/60 the chancellorship was vacant allowing the [[dowager]] queen to supplicate [[Pope Pius II]] for the annexation of Soutra to her Trinity College foundation – the sanctioning [[Papal bull|bull]] was published on 23 October 1460.<ref name=Cowan-192/> Queen [[Mary of Guelders]] (widow of James II) issued a [[Royal charter]] on 25 March 1462 detailing the constitution for Trinity College in which the [[Provost (religion)|provost]] was to hold Soutra church as a prebend but had to maintain three [[bedesmen]] in the Soutra hospital.<ref name=Cowan-192/>
[[John Halkerston]] was made Master of Works.<ref>David P. Bowler, [https://tafac.org.uk/perth.pdf ''Perth: The Archaeology and Development of a Scottish Burgh''] – Tayside and Fife Archaeological Committee, Perth, 2004, p. 21</ref> The foundation was confirmed by [[James Kennedy (bishop)|James Kennedy]], [[Archbishop of St Andrews]] on 1 April 1462, as Mary of Guelders' establishment in memory of James II, and "for the weal" (wellbeing) of his soul, "as well of all the Kings and Queens of Scotland deceased, and for the health of the most illustrious prince, James King of Scotland, our son".<ref>Bryony Coombs, ''Visual Arts and the Auld Alliance'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2024), p. 39.</ref>
In August 1463 Pope [[Pius II]] declared by [[Papal bull]] that religious visitors to the church during the feast of the Holy Trinity on 10 July and the following eight days, over the next five years, would be granted a plenary indulgence, if they contributed to the fund for completion of the building according to their financial ability.<ref>Louise Olga Fradenburg, ''City, Marriage, Tournament: Arts of Rule in Late Medieval Scotland'' (University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), p. 23.</ref> The money was to be put in a locked box with two keys kept by the Provost and the Papal Collector for Scotland. A third of the receipts were to be given to the Catholic church for its general work.<ref>[[James David Marwick]], ''Charters relating to the city of Edinburgh'' (Edinburgh, 1871), pp. 115-119.</ref>
The church was famed for its [[Trinity Altarpiece|triptych altarpiece]] by [[Hugo van der Goes]] completed in 1479, now displayed in the [[National Gallery of Scotland]]. The four surviving panels depict [[James III of Scotland|James III]], King of Scots, flanked by [[St. Andrew]] and his son, the future [[James IV]], and his wife, [[Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland|Margaret of Denmark]]. The donor, the first Provost of the Trinity foundation, Edward Bonkil, and his coat of arms also feature.<ref>Jill Harrison, "Fresh Perspectives on Hugo van Goes' Portrait of Margaret of Denmark and the Trinity Altarpiece", ''The Court Historian'', 24:2 (2019), pp. 120-138. {{doi|10.1080/14629712.2019.1626108}}</ref>
Early records of the construction of the church are lost. In 1463 a steward of Mary of Guelders, [[Henry Kinghorn]] paid the master of works [[John Halkerston]] for one account of his building work at Trinity Kirk.<ref>George Burnett, ''Exchequer Rolls of Scotland'', vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1884), pp. liii, 167-8.</ref> In April 1501, James Oliphant, Provost of the Trinity College was asked to produce the "infestment and mortification" charters of the College in a dispute with the merchant [[Walter Chepman]].<ref>Alma Calderwood, ''Acts of the Lords of Council: 1501–1503'' (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1993), p. 23.</ref>
On 8 April 1531 the Provost Master John Dingwall contracted with a mason Robert Dennis that Dennis would work to complete the building for his lifetime. Dingwall wished to complete the church conforming to the choir. To help finance the building, [[James V of Scotland|James V]] wrote to the Pope [[Clement VII]] asking if Dingwall could grant [[indulgences]] to visitors to the church and college on the feast of Holy Trinity and [[Octave (liturgy)|Octave]] who made contributions to the work.<ref>James David Marwick, ''Charters relating to the city of Edinburgh'' (Edinburgh, 1871), pp. 209–210.</ref> After Dingwall's death in 1533, the masons pursued his legacy left for completing the work. Only the apse, choir and transepts were finished. A nearby house, demolished in 1642, was called "Dingwall Castle" probably after the Provost Master.
After the [[Scottish Reformation]] in 1560 the church as a building passed from religious control to the Crown. Apparently the church was unused until November 1567 when the whole of the property attaching to Trinity Kirk and Hospital was passed by [[Regent Moray]] to the Provost of Edinburgh, [[Simon Preston of Craigmillar]] who then passed it to the community of Edinburgh for the purposes of a hospital for the poor and infirm. Building materials for alterations were to be brought from the demolished Blackfriars monastery to the south. The master of work for building the new hospital, Adam Fullarton, sold stones, lime, and sand in the Blackfriars kirkyard to the masons Thomas Jackson and [[Murdoch Walker]].<ref>[[James David Marwick]], ''Extracts from the records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1557-1571'' (Edinburgh, 1875), pp. 242-4, 246.</ref> In April 1568 the council sent four men, including [[Nicol Uddert]], to find charitable donations for the hospital.<ref>James David Marwick, ''Extracts from the records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1557-1571'' (Edinburgh, 1875), pp. 247-8.</ref>
The endowed income of the altar of Saint James in Saint Giles' Kirk was promised to the Hospital in 1568. This included the rents of houses at the Overbow and Castlehill.<ref>[[Marguerite Wood]], "Domestic Affairs of the Burgh, 1554-1589", ''Book of the Old Edinburgh Club'', 15 (Edinburgh, 1927), p. 34.</ref> The provosts (ending with [[Robert Pont]]) continued to have a financial interest in the structure until 1585. For about seventeen years it appears that the church was the church for the hospital until in 1584 it was made the official church serving the north-east quarter of Edinburgh. This lasted until closure.<ref name="ReferenceA">''Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae''; by Hew Scott</ref>
From 1813 to 1833, the minister of Trinity College was the Rev. Walter Tait. In 1833 it was reported that he ''"had given countenance to certain extraordinary interruptions of public worship in his church on the Monday immediately after the communion by a person pretending to speak in the spirit"''. That person was said to be 'the apostle' [[Thomas Carlyle (lawyer)|Thomas Carlyle]]. Tait was deposed in that year and went on to become the pastor of the [[Catholic Apostolic Church]] in Edinburgh, until his death in 1841.<ref>* Mitchell, Anne (1993), "The People of Calton Hill", p. 101 [[Mercat Press]], James Thin, Edinburgh, {{ISBN|1-873644-18-3}}</ref>
==Dismantling and reconstruction== [[File:Trinity College Kirk from Chalmers Close.jpg|thumb|Trinity Apse from Chalmers Close]] [[File:Trinity Apse Ceiling DSCN1544.jpg|thumb|Ceiling of Trinity Apse]]
In 1844 the [[North British Railway]] received its Act of Parliament giving it the power of compulsory purchase over property in the area of its proposed railway station. This led to the demolition of the Trinity College Kirk and its Hospital, the nearby [[Lady Glenorchy's Church]] and the [[Modern Two#History|Orphan Hospital of Edinburgh]].
The Act required the North British to rebuild and restore the Church exactly as they had found it or, alternatively, they could choose to provide to the Town Council, as trustees of the charity, a sum of money in compensation.
The [[Gothic architecture|gothic]] kirk, and its associated hospital, were demolished in 1848 under the supervision of the Edinburgh architect [[David Bryce]], despite a formal protest from the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]], to allow for the construction of [[Waverley Station]]. [[Hill & Adamson|David Octavius Hill and Robert Adamson]] photographed the kirk before its demise.<ref>''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/881805 A Calotype View of Trinity College Church, Edinburgh], by [[Hill & Adamson]]'', Graham Smith, the [[Burlington Magazine]], Vol. 126, No. 981</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.capitalcollections.org.uk/index.php?a=advanced&MANAGER_ID=4074&&_qf__advanced= |title=Calotype of Trinity College Church |location=Edinburgh |work=City of Edinburgh Council – Capital Collections}}</ref>
To enable any future rebuilding, the stones of the church were numbered prior to demolition and stored on a site on Calton Hill. However, the railway company chose instead to pay the Town Council £18,000 the estimated cost of rebuilding.
In the event, due to delays caused by litigation before the [[Court of Session]] and the [[Judicial functions of the House of Lords|House of Lords]], nothing was done for nearly thirty years during which time much of the stored stones were stolen.
As most of the congregation left, joining the Free Church, those remaining in the established Church of Scotland following the [[Disruption of 1843]], only about eighty members, were allocated the Calton Convening Rooms on Waterloo Place as a temporary place of worship. Around 1857 the Town Council moved them to John Knox's Free Church at the Netherbow (close to the eventually built replacement church) and in 1861 moved them to a corner of the internally divided [[St Giles Cathedral]].
The chosen site for the replacement church was on the newly created Jeffrey Street which had been developed in terms of the City Improvement Schemes. The church was the first building on the street.
The church opened for worship to the long-displaced congregation in October 1877 and held up to 900 people. The medieval font from the original church was repositioned in the church just before reopening.<ref>Grant's Old and New Edinburgh vol.2 p.287</ref>
The new church fronting Jeffrey Street was wholly new and was designed by [[John Lessels]] who incorporated several architectural features from the original kirk. The remaining salvaged stones (about one third) from the original College Church were used to construct a version of the original choir and apse (called the '''Trinity Apse''') attached to the rear of the new church and served as the hall of the church. In the 1960s, Lessels' church was demolished for an office development leaving the Trinity Apse in isolation on Chalmers Close. The office development has since been converted to a hotel.
In the 1980s Trinity Apse housed the '''Edinburgh Brass Rubbing Centre''', under the auspices of the [[City of Edinburgh Council]].
The rebuilt Apse, together with carved stone fragments and the boundary wall, is registered as a Category A [[listed building]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edinburghmuseums.org.uk/Venues/Brass-Rubbings-Centre-(1)|title = Venues|date = 31 October 2017}}</ref>
Statuary and stone ornament from the church stand in the gardens of [[Craigcrook Castle]] in west Edinburgh (but it is unclear if these were moved at the point of demolition or "salvaged" during the period of being dismantled).<ref>Scottish Garden Buildings by Tim Buxbaum p.64</ref>
==List of provosts== *Sir Edward Bonkle or Bonkel: 1462 – 1495 x 1496 *James Oliphant: 1499 – 1525 *John Brady: 1502 – 1525 *John Dingwall: 1525 – 1532 x 1533 (given a seat in the Scottish parliament in 1526) *William Cunningham: 1533 – 1539 *Thomas Erskine: 1539 *Robert Erskine: 1539 – 1540 *George Clapperton: 1540 – 1566 *Laurence Clapperty: 1566 – 1571 x 1572 *[[Robert Pont]]: 1572 – 1585, who was paid 300 [[merk (coin)|merks]] to resign the office to the town.<ref>[[James David Marwick]], ''Extracts from the records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1573-1589'' (Edinburgh, 1882), p. 433.</ref>
'''Source:''' Watt & Murray ''Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae''
===List of ministers===
'''Note:''' One of the founding members of the [[College of Justice]], John Dingwall, was Provost of Trinity College; and several [[Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]] came from the Trinity College Kirk:
*1598 to 1616 - [[Walter Balcanquhall (divine)|Walter Balcanquhal]] (1548-1617) *1626 to 1634 - [[Thomas Sydserf]] (1581-1666) *1639 to 1641 - [[William Colvill]] MA, translated to the [[Tron Kirk]] in 1641 *1644 to 1648 - [[Robert Laurie (bishop)|Robert Laurie]], translated to the [[Tron Kirk]] in 1648 *1649 to 1660 - Hew McKail/Hugh McKaile (d.1660) *1661 to 1667 - John Glennie (as assistant minister) went to [[Rock of Cashel|Cashel]] in Ireland *1662 to 1673 - Joshua Meldrum (d.1673) buried in [[Greyfriars Kirkyard]] *1673 to 1675 - [[Andrew Cant (educator)|Andrew Cant]] *1674 to 1678 - Robert Laurie MA (d.1678) *1679 to 1689 - [[Andrew Cant (bishop)|Andrew Cant]] (nephew of previous Andrew Cant?) *1687 to 1692 - [[Hugh Kennedie]] AM (Moderator of the General Assembly 1690-1692) *1692 to ? - John Moncrieff (d.1709) *1714 to 1756 - [[James Bannatine]] (d.1756) Moderator of the General Assembly in 1739 *1756 to 1799 - Henry Lundie *1799 to 1801 - David Dickson *1802 to 1804 - Robert Anderson *1804 to 1810 - Robert MacKnight *1810 to 1813 - [[Andrew Grant (minister)|Rev Dr Andrew Grant]] DD *1813 to 1833 - Walter Tait (1771-1841) moved to the [[Catholic Apostolic Church]] *1834 to 1843 - [[William Cunningham (theologian)|William Cunningham]] (1805-1861) Moderator of the Free Church of Scotland in 1859 *1843 to 1857 - [[William Steven]] (d.1857) second charge since 1829 and Headmaster of [[George Heriot's School]] -minister of congregation in various temporary venues *1857 to 1860 - William Smith minister of congregation in temporary venues *1860 to 1868 - Robert Wallace, minister to the relocated church on Jeffrey St *1869 to 1870 - Cornelius Griffen, at Jeffrey St *1879 to 1908 - Alexander Kennedy (1840-1908) at Jeffrey St *1908 to ? - William Main (b.1867) *1936 to 1958 - William Wilson Morrell (1898-1958) at Jeffrey St (The last minister before the demolition of Jeffrey St)
===Second charge=== Not only was the church large enough to need two ministers but (more unusually) the second charge ministers often obtained fame in their own right including at least one rising to be [[Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]]. This is unique to Trinity College Church. This second charge was operational from 1597 to 1782, when the building of [[St Andrew's and St George's West Church|St Andrew's Church]] in the New Town took a large section of the congregation, no longer necessitating second services. Notable second charges were:
* 1597 to 1604 - George Robertson, son of Patrick Robertson, Regent of Edinburgh University * 1625 to 1628 - John Maxwell MA, translated from St Giles * 1628 to 1629 - Henry Rollock MA translated to [[Greyfriars Kirk]] * !634 to 1640 - James Elliot MA DD * 1641 to 1647 - [[William Bennet (minister)|William Bennet]] MA, his son George Bennet became a baronet in 1671 * 1648 to 1662 - John Smith (d.1667) captured by English Army in 1651 * 1663 to 1668 - Alexander Cairncross (b.1637) * 1668 to 1689 - John MacQueen (d.1733) also Sub Dean of Chapel Royal * 1701 to 1708 - [[Archibald Riddell (minister)|Archibald Riddell]] (1635-1708) son of Sir Walter Riddell, prisoner on [[Bass Rock]] and minister in USA * 1710 to 1719 - [[James Grierson (minister, born 1662)|James Grierson]] (1662-1732) Moderator in 1719 (the second Second Charge to become Moderator) * 1732 to 1755 - [[George Logan (minister)|George Logan]] (1678-1755) Moderator in 1740 (the third Second Charge to become Moderator) * 1758 to 1782 - Rev Dr Robert Dick DD MA (1722-1792)
==Notable burials==
In the floor of the original kirk:
*[[Mary of Guelders]] (1463) re-interred at [[Holyrood Abbey]] in 1840 *Bishop [[Thomas Spens]] (d.1480) *Lady Sophia Ruthven (1592) first wife of [[Ludovic Stewart, 2nd Duke of Lennox]] *Lady Jane Hamilton (1596) first wife of [[Hugh Montgomerie, 3rd Earl of Eglinton]]
==See also== *[[Berwick Castle]], most of which was also demolished in 1847, to allow for the construction of the Edinburgh – Newcastle railway
==Notes== {{Reflist|30em}}
==References== * Colston, James, (1896/1897),''Trinity College and Trinity Hospital Edinburgh'', Magistrates and Town Council Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 2 Volumes. * Cowan, Ian B. & Easson, David E., (1976), ''Medieval Religious Houses Scotland'', Longman, London. {{ISBN|0-582-12069-1}} * Marwick, James, (1891), ''History of the Church of Holy Trinity and Hospital'', Edinburgh, Burgh Records Society, Edinburgh. * Watt, D.E.R.and Murray, A. L. (2003), ''Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae Medii Aevi Ad Annum 1638''', The Scottish Record Society, Edinburgh. {{ISBN|0-902054-19-8}}
==External links== {{Commons category}} *[http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/results.php?field=where&searchterm=%22Trinity+College%22&searchdb=scran Photographs] of a communion plate, 2 communion cups and 2 communion flagons associated with Trinity College Kirk, Edinburgh; [[National Museums Scotland]] *[http://www.rcahms.gov.uk/pls/portal/NEWCANMORE.NEWCANDIG_COLL_LIST.show?p_arg_names=pnumlink&p_arg_values=52414&p_arg_names=pcat&p_arg_values=C Archive of images] of the kirk, held by the [[Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland]] *[http://www.treasuredplaces.org.uk/gallery/detail.php?id=96&view=®ion=1 Image of Trinity Hospital], held by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061013021548/http://www.arthist.arts.gla.ac.uk/gothic_open/img_html/trnty5.htm Photograph] of a transept window, [[University of Glasgow]] *[https://www.cac.org.uk/ Brass Rubbing Centre], the City of Edinburgh Museums & Galleries
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