{{Short description|Tripoint boundary monument for New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania}} {{Infobox monument |monument_name = Tri-States Monument |native_name = |image = NJ-NY-PA Tri-States Monument - 2009 detail.jpg |caption = Tri-States Monument, 2009 |coordinates = {{coord|41.3573|-74.6947|region:US-NY_type:city|display=inline,title}} |location = [[Tripoint]] for the states of [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], and [[Pennsylvania]] |designer = |type = |material = [[Granite]] |length = |width = |height = |begin = |complete = |open = |dedicated_to = |extra = }} The '''Tri-States Monument''' (also known as '''Tri-State Rock''') is a granite monument that marks the [[tripoint]] of the state boundaries of [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], and [[Pennsylvania]]. It is at the northwestern end of the boundary between New Jersey and New York, the northern end of the boundary between New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and the eastern end of the boundary between New York and Pennsylvania. The monument is located at the confluence of the [[Delaware River|Delaware]] and [[Neversink River|Neversink]] rivers.<ref name=njgs>{{cite journal |url=http://www.njgeology.org/enviroed/newsletter/v2n2.pdf |title=Sentinels at the Northern Border |first=Bill |last=Graff |journal=Unearthing New Jersey |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1–3 |date=Summer 2006 |publisher=New Jersey Geological Survey|quote=Tri-States Monument ... this small granite slab serves as both the northern end of our boundary with Pennsylvania and the northwestern end with New York.}}</ref><ref name=nypa>{{cite web |title=The Laws Of New York. Article 2: State Boundaries. Section 6: Pennsylvania boundary line|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/STL/6 |publisher=[[New York State Senate]]|quote=thence down the center of the Delaware river about eighty-five miles to its junction with the Neversink river; each of the states of New York and Pennsylvania having concurrent jurisdiction within and upon the waters of that portion of the main channel of the Delaware river between the lines of low water at either bank thereof; then S. 51° E. on prolongation of boundary line between New York and New Jersey, to "tri-state monument," set in 1882 by joint commission}}</ref><ref name=nynj>{{cite web |title=The Laws Of New York. Article 2: State Boundaries. Section 7: New Jersey boundary line|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/STL/7 |publisher=New York State Senate|quote=Commencing at the said "tri-state monument," and running thence along the line laid out by a joint commission from the states of New York and New Jersey in 1774, and which was more definitely marked with monuments by another joint commission in 1882,}}</ref><ref name=pany>{{cite web |title=Act No. 245 of 1887: Boundary Between Pennsylvania and Other States Confirmed|url=https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/CH/Public/ucons_pivot_pge.cfm?session=1887&session_ind=0&act_nbr=0245. |date=June 6, 1887|publisher=[[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] |quote=The channel of the Delaware river, from a line drawn across said channel, from a granite monument erected upon the eastern bank of said river in the year one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two, by the joint boundary commission of the States of New Jersey and New York to mark the western extremity of the boundary line between said States of New Jersey and New York, in a westerly prolongation of said boundary line up and along said channel of said Delaware river}}</ref> This location is also known as [[Carpenter's Point, New York|Carpenter's Point]].<ref name=orange>{{cite book |last1=Ruttenber |first1=E. M. |last2=Clark |first2=L. H. |title=History of Orange County, New York |date=1881 |publisher=Everts & Peck |location=Philadelphia |page=739|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028832693#page/739/mode/2up |chapter=Tri-States Rock}}</ref>
The nearby '''Witness Monument''', also known as the Reference Monument or the western State Line Monument, is a taller upright granite monument located south of the Laurel Grove Cemetery in [[Port Jervis, New York]], and under a bridge for [[Interstate 84 (Pennsylvania–Massachusetts)|Interstate 84]]. It is not directly on any state boundary, but instead witnesses the location of two points: this tripoint and the corner boundary point between New York and Pennsylvania in the Delaware River.<ref name=njgs/>
The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] summarized the boundaries of these three states with respect to this monument in ''New Jersey v. New York'', 283 U.S. 336 (1931):<ref>{{cite web |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/283/336/ |title=New Jersey v. New York, 283 U.S. 336 (1931) |publisher=[[Justia]]}}</ref> {{quote|... where it (the Delaware) forms a boundary between New York and Pennsylvania. The Delaware continues its course as such boundary to Tristate Rock, near Port Jervis in New York, at which point Pennsylvania and New York are met by New Jersey. From there the river marks the boundary between Pennsylvania and New Jersey until Pennsylvania stops at the Delaware state line, and from then on the river divides Delaware from New Jersey until it reaches the Atlantic between Cape Henlopen and Cape May.}}
Also, it is the northernmost point of New Jersey, in [[Montague Township, New Jersey|Montague Township]], [[Sussex County, New Jersey|Sussex County]].<ref name=ccvn>{{cite book|first1=C. Clarkson |last1=Vermeule|author-link=Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule I |editor1-last=Cook |editor1-first=George H. |editor-link=George Hammell Cook |title=Final Report of the State Geologist|chapter=Geographical Position |date=1888 |page=39 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1oMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA39|publisher=Geological Survey of New Jersey|location=Trenton, New Jersey |volume=1|quote=The northernmost point of the State is the Tri-States rock, at the forks of the Delaware and Navesink rivers, just south of Port Jervis, New York.}}</ref>
==Background== In 1664, [[King Charles II of England]] granted his brother, [[James II of England|James, the Duke of York]], a Royal colony that covered what had been [[New Netherlands]]. Later in 1664, the Duke of York divided this area between the [[Hudson River]] and the Delaware River to Sir [[George Carteret]] and [[John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton|Lord Berkeley of Stratton]]. The western and northern border was to be:<ref name=vzny>{{cite book |last1=Van Zandt |first1=Franklin K. |title=Boundaries of the United States and the several States |date=1976 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Publishing Office]]|location=Washington, D.C. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ/page/n83 74]–78 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ |chapter=New York|oclc=69426475}}</ref><ref name=vznj>{{cite book |last1=Van Zandt |first1=Franklin K. |title=Boundaries of the United States and the several States |date=1976 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Publishing Office]]|location=Washington, D.C. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ/page/n88 79]–80 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ |chapter=New Jersey|oclc=69426475}}</ref> {{quote|along said River or Bay (the Delaware) to the northward as far as the northward most branch of the said Bay or River, which is in latitude 41 degrees, 40 minutes and crosseth over thence in a straight line to the [[41st parallel north|latitude 41 degrees]] on Hudson's River: which said tract of land is hereafter to be called by the name of New Caeserea or New Jersey.}}
==History== In December 1872, the New Jersey Geological Survey had the State Geologist, [[George H. Cook]], survey the boundary between New Jersey and New York.<ref name=cook1874>{{cite book |last1=Cook |first1=George H. |author-link=George Hammell Cook|title=Report on a Survey of the Boundary Line between New Jersey and New York, Made in July and August, 1874 |date=1874 |publisher=Geological Survey of New Jersey |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5B6cmN0EzcC&pg=PA5 |oclc=77578350}}</ref> In 1874, the [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|United States Coast Survey]] recovered the previous crow foot cut marking the station location and placed a lead-filled copper pipe in a deep hole drilled into the bedrock. In 1882, this copper bolt was replaced with a granite monument similar to the witness monument, but ice floes broke off the upper portion by the spring of 1883. The remaining monument was then reworked on May 21, 1885, to its current description.<ref name=joint1891/>
Older [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) maps show the three states converging [[Thalweg#Thalweg principle|in the middle of the Delaware channel]] instead of at the monument.<ref name="Historic Aerials">{{cite map|title=Historic Aerials|url=https://historicaerials.com/?layer=map&zoom=12&lat=41.3573&lon=-74.6947|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=1967|series=7 1/2-minute quadrangle maps|scale=1:24,000|access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> However, New York and Pennsylvania law describing the state boundary both explicitly refer to the monument as its eastern terminus.<ref name="NYS State Law">{{cite web|title=New York State State Law, Chapter 57, Article 2, Section 6: Pennsylvania boundary line|url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/STL/6|publisher=[[New York State Senate]]|date=September 22, 2014|access-date=September 15, 2024|quote=First. The channel of the Delaware river, from a line drawn across said channel, from a granite monument erected upon the eastern bank of said river in the year eighteen hundred and eighty-two, by the joint boundary commission of the states of New Jersey and New York to mark the western extremity of the boundary line between said states of New Jersey and New York}}</ref><ref name="PA law">{{cite web|title=71 Pa. Stat. § 1858, Boundary on the Delaware|url=https://casetext.com/statute/pennsylvania-statutes/statutes-unconsolidated/title-71-ps-state-goverfnment/part-iv-state-boundaries/chapter-19-new-york-boundary-line/section-1858-boundary-on-the-delaware|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916030404/https://casetext.com/statute/pennsylvania-statutes/statutes-unconsolidated/title-71-ps-state-goverfnment/part-iv-state-boundaries/chapter-19-new-york-boundary-line/section-1858-boundary-on-the-delaware|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 16, 2024|publisher=[[Casetext]]|date=2024|access-date=September 15, 2024|quote=The channel of the Delaware river, from a line drawn across said channel, from a granite monument erected upon the eastern bank of said river in the year 1882, by the joint boundary commission of the states of New Jersey and New York to mark the western extremity of the boundary line between said states of New Jersey and New York ...}}</ref> Since 1972, USGS maps reflecting the construction of [[Interstate 84 (east)|Interstate 84]], which crosses the two rivers just north of the monument, have shown the state lines meeting there.<ref name="Historic Aerials" />
==Description== [[File:NJ-NY-PA Tri-States Monument - 2013 top view.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Top view of the Tri-States Monument]] The Tri-States Monument is {{convert|2|ft|4|in|cm}} long, {{convert|1|ft|4|in|cm}} wide, and {{convert|1|ft|5|in|cm}} high above the bedrock. The top surface is engraved with the initials of the names of the three states and with grooves representing the state boundaries. "Tri States Monument" is engraved on the north side. It is by the water's edge near the high-water mark of the rivers.<ref name=joint1891>{{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=George I. |last2=Hopper |first2=Charles |editor-last=Bogart |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Bogart|title=Annual Report of the State Engineer and Surveyor |date=1891 |location=Albany, New York |pages=365–6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-0aAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP401 |chapter=Joint Report on the Examination of the Monuments Marking the Boundary Line Between the States of New York and New Jersey}}</ref> A bronze [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]] [[survey marker]] stamped LAUREL NO. 2 1942 was in the center of the top surface until 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=LY2604: TRI STATES |url=https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=LY2604 |publisher=[[U.S. National Geodetic Survey]]}}</ref> It was a reference mark for the triangulation station, LAUREL, that was {{convert|25|ft|m}} from the Witness Monument. Both were set in 1942.<ref>{{cite web |title=LY2611: LAUREL |url=https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=LY2611 |publisher=U.S. National Geodetic Survey}}</ref>
{{Multiple image|width=130|caption_align=center |image1=Witness Monument for NJ-NY-PA tripoint - New Jersey side.jpg|caption1=New Jersey side |image2=Witness Monument for NJ-NY-PA tripoint - New York side.jpg|caption2=New York side |footer=Witness Monument|footer_align=center }} The Witness Monument is inscribed "Boundary Monument" and dated 1882 on both sides. "Witness Monument" is engraved on the east side. The New Jersey (south) side details the location of the tripoint:{{quote|South 64 degrees W. {{frac|72|1|4}} feet from this is the Tri State Rock which is the northwest end of the New York & New Jersey Boundary & the north end of the New Jersey & Pennsylvania Boundary.}} It also lists the commissioners from New Jersey: Abraham Browning, Thomas N. McCarter, and [[George H. Cook]]; and surveyor Edward A. Bowser. The New York (north) side details the location of the corner boundary point between New York and Pennsylvania:{{quote|The corner between New York & Pennsylvania is in the centre of the Delaware River 475 feet due west of the Tri State Rock.}} And lists the commissioners from New York: [[Henry R. Pierson]], [[Chauncey M. Depew]], [[Elias W. Leavenworth]]; and surveyor H. W. Clarke.<ref name=ccv>{{cite book|first1=C. Clarkson |last1=Vermeule|author-link=Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule I |editor1-last=Cook |editor1-first=George H. |editor-link=George Hammell Cook |title=Final Report of the State Geologist|chapter=Physical Description of New Jersey: Northern Boundary Between New Jersey and New York |date=1888 |pages=66–67 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n1oMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA66|publisher=Geological Survey of New Jersey|location=Trenton, New Jersey |volume=1}}</ref>
==Gallery== <gallery heights=180px widths=270px mode="nolines"> File:NJ-NY-PA Tri-States and Witness Monuments - looking southwest.jpg|Overlooking the Tri-States Monument and the Delaware River from the Witness Monument File:NJ-NY-PA Tri-States Monument - looking southwest.jpg|Looking southwest along the Delaware River, with Sussex County, New Jersey on the left and [[Pike County, Pennsylvania]] on the right File:NJ-NY-PA Tri-States Monument - looking north.jpg|Looking north under the Interstate 84 bridge and along the Delaware River toward [[Matamoras, Pennsylvania]] File:Tri-State Rock, showing line of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania States (62085).jpg|Postcard view File:USGS Port Jervis South (1995), NJ-NY-PA Tri-States Monument detail.jpg|[[Topographic map]] showing state boundaries </gallery>
==See also== * [[New York – New Jersey Line War]] * [[New York–Pennsylvania border]] * [[List of extreme points of U.S. states and territories]] * [[List of tripoints of U.S. states]]
==References== {{Reflist}}
==External links== {{commons category}} * {{wikisource-inline|New Jersey v. New York (283 U.S. 336)/Opinion of the Court|single=true}}
[[Category:Borders of New Jersey]] [[Category:Borders of New York (state)]] [[Category:Borders of Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Monuments and memorials in New Jersey]] [[Category:Monuments and memorials in New York (state)]] [[Category:Monuments and memorials in Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Boundary markers]] [[Category:Tripoints of U.S. states]]