Trematosauridae

{{Short description|Extinct family of temnospondyls}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Trematosaurids | fossil_range = [[Triassic]] (Possible Jurassic record), {{Fossil range|251.9|220|latest=Jurassic}} | image = Trematolestes hagdorni.JPG | image_caption = Fossil of ''[[Trematolestes|Trematolestes hagdorni]]'' in the [[State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart]] | taxon = Trematosauridae | authority = [[David Meredith Seares Watson|Watson]], 1919 | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies and genera | subdivision = }}

==Appearance and lifestyle== Trematosaurids are one of the most derived families of the [[Trematosauroidea]] superfamily in that they are the only family that have fully marine lifestyles.<ref name=SJS02/> Long, slender snouts that are characteristic of the trematosaurids, with some members having [[rostrum (anatomy)|rostra]] resembling those of modern-day [[gavial]]s.

Traditionally, two subfamilies within Trematosauridae can be identified, the relatively short-nosed [[Trematosaurinae]] and the long-nosed [[Lonchorhynchinae]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Damani |first=Ross |year=2004 |title=Cranial anatomy and relationships of ''Microposaurus casei'', a temnospondyl from the Middle Triassic of South Africa |journal= Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=533–541|doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0533:CAAROM]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0272-4634 |s2cid=131215804 }}</ref> A third subfamily, [[Tertreminae]], was named in [[2000 in paleontology|2000]] and includes broad-snouted forms like ''[[Tirraturhinus]]''.

==Fossil record== Trematosaurids first appeared during the [[Induan]]<ref name="Scheyer et al 20142">{{cite journal |last1=Scheyer |first1=Torsten M. |last2=Romano |first2=Carlo |last3=Jenks |first3=Jim |last4=Bucher |first4=Hugo |date=19 March 2014 |title=Early Triassic Marine Biotic Recovery: The Predators' Perspective |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=9 |issue=3 |article-number=e88987 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...988987S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0088987 |pmc=3960099 |pmid=24647136 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[age (geology)|age]] ([[Wordie Creek Formation]], Greenland) of the [[Early Triassic]] [[epoch (geology)|epoch]]. The family existed until around the [[Carnian]] age of the [[Late Triassic]] epoch,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schoch |first1=Rainer R. |last2=Milner |first2=Andrew R. |last3=Hellrung |first3=Hannah |year=2002 |title=The last trematosaurid amphibian ''Hyperokynodon keuperinus'' revisited |journal=Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) |volume=321 |pages=1–9 |issn=0341-0153|url=http://www-alt.naturkundemuseum-bw.de/stuttgart/pdf/b_pdf/B321.pdf}}</ref> although by then they were very rare. By the [[Middle Triassic]] they had become widespread throughout [[Laurasia]] and [[Gondwana]] with fossils being found in Europe, Asia, Madagascar, and Australia. A possible trematosaurid has been found in the [[Toutunhe Formation]] in the [[Junggar Basin]]. If this analysis is accurate, it renders Trematosauridae one of the longest lived lineages of the [[Temnospondyli]], having lasted as recently as the late Jurassic.<ref>(Maisch et al. 2004, p. 582)</ref>

In 2006, a new Middle Triassic genus ''[[Trematolestes]]'' from southern Germany has been reported. It was the sister taxon of the subfamily [[Lonchorhynchinae]] and its closest relative was ''[[Tertremoides]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Rainer R. Schoch |year=2006 |title=A Complete Trematosaurid Amphibian From The Middle Triassic Of Germany|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=29–43 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[29:ACTAFT]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=85829091 |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26%5B29%3AACTAFT%5D2.0.CO%3B2|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Phylogeny== Below is a [[cladogram]] from Steyer (2002) showing the [[phylogenetic]] relationships of trematosaurids:<ref name=SJS02>{{cite journal |last=Steyer |first=J. S. |year=2002 |title=The first articulated trematosaur 'amphibian' from the Lower Triassic of Madagascar: implications for the phylogeny of the group |journal=Palaeontology |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=771–793 |doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00260|bibcode=2002Palgy..45..771S |s2cid=83515233 }}</ref>

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:85% |label1='''Trematosauridae''' |1={{clade |label1=[[Trematosaurinae]] |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Tertrema]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Lyrocephaliscus]]'' |2=''[[Platystega]]''}} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Luzocephalus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Trematosaurus]]'' |2=''[[Trematosuchus]]''}} }} }} |label2=[[Lonchorhynchinae]] |2={{clade |1=''[[Aphaneramma]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Erythrobatrachus]]'' |2=''[[Cosgriffius]]'' |3={{clade |1=''[[Stoschiosaurus]]'' |2=''[[Wantzosaurus]]''}} }} }} }} }}

A cladogram after Novikov (2018) with only Early Triassic Eastern Europe taxa included:<ref name=Novikov2018>{{cite book|author=Novikov A.V.|year=2018|url=https://new.ras.ru/upload/iblock/7de/j85vtubof3mlf81izrqq9u9oh9eb5lrh.pdf|title=Early Triassic amphibians of Eastern Europe: evolution of dominant groups and peculiarities of changing communities|publisher=Moscow: RAS|page=138|lang=ru|isbn=978-5-906906-71-7}} {{cite web|url=https://new.ras.ru/upload/iblock/7de/j85vtubof3mlf81izrqq9u9oh9eb5lrh.pdf |title=Archive copy |date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208092959/https://new.ras.ru/upload/iblock/7de/j85vtubof3mlf81izrqq9u9oh9eb5lrh.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-08 }}</ref>

{{clade |label1='''Trematosauridae''' |1={{clade |1=''[[Prothoosuchus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Thoosuchus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Trematotegmen]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Angusaurus]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Inflectosaurus]]'' |2=''[[Trematosaurus]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }}

==References== {{Reflist}}

== External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090328190158/http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/160Temnospondyli/160.450.html Trematosauridae] at [[Palaeos]]

[[Category:Trematosauridae]] [[Category:Temnospondyl families]] [[Category:Early Triassic first appearances]] [[Category:Carnian extinctions]]