{{Short description|Truce ending the Third Crusade}} [[File:Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192).jpg | thumb | right | Richard I of England at the Battle of Jaffa]] The '''Treaty of Jaffa''', more seldom referred to as the '''Treaty of Ramla'''<ref name=Sayed/><ref name=Stark>{{cite book |first= Rodney |last= Stark |title= God's Battalions: The Case for the Crusades |publisher= Harper Collins e-books |year= 2009 |page= 115 |edition= digital |isbn= 978-0-06-194298-3 |url= http://ebooks.rahnuma.org/religion/Christianity/Gods_Battalions-_The_Case_for_the_Crusades.pdf |access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=Poole>{{cite book |first= Stanley |last= Lane-Poole |author-link= Stanley Lane-Poole |title= A History of Egypt in the Middle Ages |volume= VI, The Middle Ages |publisher= Methuen & Co. |location= London |year= 1901 |page=213 |url= https://archive.org/details/historyofegypt06petr/page/n239/mode/2up?q=Treaty+of+Ramla |access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref> or the '''treaty of 1192''',<ref name=Amitai>{{cite journal |first= Reuven |last= Amitai |title= The Development of a Muslim City in Palestine: Gaza under the Mamluks |editor-first1= Stephan |editor-last1= Conermann |editor-first2= Bethany |editor-last2= Walker |journal= ASK Working Paper 28 |publisher= University of Bonn, Annemarie Schimmel Kolleg: History and Society during the Mamluk Era (1250–1517) |date= July 2017 |page= 5 |location= Bonn |issn= 2193-925X |url= https://www.mamluk.uni-bonn.de/publications/working-paper/ask-wp-28-reuven-amitai.pdf |access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref> was a truce agreed to during the [[Crusades]]. It was signed on 1<ref name=Sayed>{{cite book |first= Ali Ahmed Mohamed |last= El-Sayed |title= Islamic Awqaf related to Peace-Building Among Nations: Tamim Al-Dari Hospice as a Model |series= Relations between East and West: Various Studies: Medieval and Contemporary Ages |publisher= Dar al-Kitab al-Gamey |location= Cairo |year= 2017 |pages= 45–74 [60] |url= https://www.academia.edu/42142861 |access-date=22 June 2020}}</ref> or 2 September 1192 [[Anno Domini|A.D.]] (20th of Sha'ban 588 [[Hijri year|AH]]) between [[Saladin]], Sultan of Egypt and [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]], King of England, shortly after the July–August 1192 [[Battle of Jaffa (1192)|Battle of Jaffa]]. The treaty, negotiated with the help of [[Balian of Ibelin]], guaranteed a three-year truce between the two armies. This treaty ended the [[Third Crusade]].

==Provisions== The treaty mainly addressed two main issues: the status of Jerusalem and pilgrimage rights for Christians, and the extent of sovereignty of the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] in the [[Holy Land]]. In the first regard, the treaty guaranteed safe passage of Christians and Muslims through [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], stating that [[Jerusalem]] would remain under [[Islamic]] control, while it would be open to [[Christians|Christian]] pilgrimages. In the second issue, it stated that the Christians would hold the coast from [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] to [[Jaffa]], The Kingdom of Jerusalem, which had lost almost all of its territory following the [[Battle of Hattin]] in 1187, was restored as essentially a coastal strip that extended between these two cities. [[Ashkelon|Ascalon's]] fortifications were to be demolished and the town returned to Saladin.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Neither Saladin nor King Richard were fond of the overall accord, but had little other choice. The Islamic ruler had been weakened by the trials and expense of war, and each had to deal with threats to his kingdom at home. Richard left [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] on 9 October 1192.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

==Distinction from 1229 treaty== In 1229 a somewhat similar double treaty was signed, one in Tell el-Ajjul and one in Jaffa, which together brought to an end the [[Sixth Crusade]]. The [[Treaty of Jaffa and Tell Ajul|treaties of Tell Ajjul and Jaffa]] settled the territorial disputes between the competing [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] rulers of [[Egypt]], [[Syria]] and various smaller principalities, allowing to Sultan [[Al-Kamil]] of Egypt to close a diplomatic deal with the leader of the Sixth Crusade, Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]].<ref name="Boas2001">{{cite book |title= Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City Under Frankish Rule |author= Adrian J. Boas |year= 2001 |location=London |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page= 1 |isbn= 978-0415230001 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0TuCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |access-date= 10 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus 1193–1260 |author= Humphreys, R. Stephen |year= 1977 |publisher= State University of New York (SUNY) Press |pages= 197–198 |isbn= 0873952634 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXl5kvabhoC&q=ajul |access-date=10 May 2015 }}</ref>

==See also== *[[List of treaties]]

==References== {{Reflist}}

==Bibliography== * Richard, Jean (1999). ''The Crusades'', p.&nbsp;328. ISBN 978-0521625661 * [[Tyerman, Christopher]]. ''The Crusades''. pp.&nbsp;461, 471 {{ISBN?}} * Riley-Smith, Jonathan. ''The Crusades'', p.&nbsp;146 {{ISBN?}} * Axelrod, Alan and Charles L. Phillips, editors. "Encyclopedia of Historical Treaties and Alliances, Vol. 1". Zenda Inc., New York, 2001. {{ISBN|0816030901}}.{{page?|date=September 2023}}

[[Category:Third Crusade]] [[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Jerusalem]] [[Category:Richard I of England]] [[Category:12th-century treaties]] [[Category:1192]] [[Category:Military history of Jaffa]] [[Category:Saladin]]