Travel literature

{{Short description|Literary genre}} {{Redirect|Travel book|a listing of places to see at a destination|Guide book}} {{Literature}} The genre of '''travel literature''' or '''travelogue''' encompasses outdoor literature, guide books, nature writing, and travel memoirs.<ref>{{cite book |author=Cuddon, J. A. |title=The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar00cudd |url-access=registration |location=London |publisher=Penguin Books |date=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/penguindictionar00cudd/page/937 937]|isbn=9780140513639 }}</ref> Throughout history, many authors have contributed works to this genre through different forms of writing: poems, books, memoirs, biographies, novels, journals, online blogs, etc.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Travel literature {{!}} Literature and Writing {{!}} Research Starters|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2026-04-13|website=EBSCO|language=en}}</ref> Knowledge on key historic events, like slavery in the united states, have been expanded on through publishing and discoveries of personal travel accounts and literature. Authors native to a location or visiting from abroad make contributions to the local tourism through travel literature.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mansfield|first=Charlie|last2=Séraphin|first2=Hugues|last3=Wassler|first3=Philipp|last4=Potočnik Topler|first4=Jasna|date=2024|title=Travel Writing as a Tool for Sustainable Initiatives: Proposing a Dialogue Journaling Process Model|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00472875241269902|journal=Journal of Travel Research|language=en|volume=64|issue=2|pages=485–493|doi=10.1177/00472875241269902|issn=0047-2875}}</ref> Some travel literature is fictional adventures influenced by the author's personal experiences, while others, like guidebooks, only contain factual information about a given location.<ref name=":0" /> Historically, most travel narratives and guides were printed text, but in more modern years, many examples of travel literature can be found on the internet as travel blogs and informational websites.

==History== [[File:ColombusNotesToMarcoPolo.jpg|thumb|Handwritten notes by Christopher Columbus on a Latin edition of ''The Travels of Marco Polo'']]

Early examples of travel literature include the ''Periplus of the Erythraean Sea'' (generally considered a 1st-century CE work; authorship is debated), Pausanias' ''Description of Greece'' in the 2nd century CE, ''Safarnama'' (Book of Travels) by Nasir Khusraw (1003–1077), the ''Journey Through Wales'' (1191) and ''Description of Wales'' (1194) by Gerald of Wales, and the travel journals of Ibn Jubayr (1145–1214), Marco Polo (1254–1354), and Ibn Battuta (1304–1377), all of whom recorded their travels across the known world in detail. As early as the 2nd century CE, Lucian of Samosata discussed history and travel writers who added embellished, fantastic stories to their works.<ref>{{cite book|title=A True Story|author=Lucian of Samosata|translator=A. M. Harmon|publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons|location=New York|series=Loeb Classical Library|publication-date=1913|url=https://sacred-texts.com/cla/luc/true/tru00.htm|quote=Many others, with the same intent, have written about imaginary travels and journeys of theirs, telling of huge beasts, cruel men and strange ways of living.}}</ref> The travel genre was a fairly common genre in medieval Arabic literature.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Travel Genre in Arabic Literature: A Selective Literary and Historical Study|first=Fathi A.|last=El-Shihibi|publisher=Dissertation.com|location=Boca Raton, Fla|year=2006|isbn=1-58112-326-4|type=Originally presented as the author's thesis (Ph.D.--Boston University, 1998)}}</ref>

In China, 'travel record literature' ({{lang-zh|t=遊記文學|hp=yóujì wénxué}}) became popular during the Song dynasty (960–1279).<ref name="hargett 67">Hargett 1985, pp. 67.</ref> Travel writers such as Fan Chengda (1126–1193) and Xu Xiake (1587–1641) incorporated a wealth of geographical and topographical information into their writing, while the 'daytrip essay' ''Record of Stone Bell Mountain'' by the noted poet and statesman Su Shi (1037–1101) presented a philosophical and moral argument as its central purpose. Chinese travel literature of this period was written in a variety of different styles, including narratives, prose, essays and diaries, although most were written in prose.<ref name="hargett 67 93">Hargett 1985, pp. 67–93.</ref> Zhou Daguan's account of Cambodia in the thirteenth century is among the major sources for the city of Angkor in its prime.

One of the earliest known records of taking pleasure in travel, of travelling for the sake of travel and writing about it, is Petrarch's (1304–1374) ascent of Mont Ventoux in 1336. He states that he went to the mountaintop for the pleasure of seeing the top of the famous height. His companions who stayed at the bottom he called ''frigida incuriositas'' ("a cold lack of curiosity"). He then wrote about his climb, making allegorical comparisons between climbing the mountain and his own moral progress in life.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cassirer |first=Ernst |year=1943 |title=Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the Renaissance |jstor=2707236 |journal=Journal of the History of Ideas |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=49–74 |doi=10.2307/2707236}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/petrarch-ventoux.asp |title=Petrarch: The Ascent of Mount Ventoux |last=Halsall |first=Paul |date=August 1998 |website=fordham.edu |publisher=Fordham University |access-date=5 March 2014}}</ref>

{{ill|Michault Taillevent|fr}}, a poet for the Duke of Burgundy, travelled through the Jura Mountains in 1430 and recorded his personal reflections, his horrified reaction to the sheer rock faces, and the terrifying thunderous cascades of mountain streams.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7yqsIYSNmLMC&pg=PA32 | title=Un poète bourguignon du XVe siècle, Michault Taillevent: édition et étude | publisher=Librairie Droz | author1=Deschaux, Robert | author2=Taillevent, Michault | year=1975 | pages=31–32 | isbn=9782600028318 | access-date=2015-10-18 | archive-date=2021-03-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301055352/https://books.google.com/books?id=7yqsIYSNmLMC&pg=PA32 | url-status=live }}</ref> Antoine de la Sale ({{Circa|1388|1462}}), author of ''Petit Jehan de Saintre'', climbed to the crater of a volcano in the Lipari Islands in 1407, leaving us with his impressions. "Councils of mad youth" were his stated reasons for going. In the mid-15th century, Gilles le Bouvier, in his ''Livre de la description des pays'', gave us his reason to travel and write:<ref>{{cite book |last=Le Bouvier |first=Gilles |date=1908 |title=Livre de la description des pays |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1120936/f34.item.texteImage |location=Paris |publisher= E. Leroux |page=29 |isbn=}}</ref> {{blockquote|Because many people of diverse nations and countries delight and take pleasure, as I have done in times past, in seeing the world and things therein, and also because many wish to know without going there, and others wish to see, go, and travel, I have begun this little book.}}

By the 16th century, accounts to travels to India and Persia had become common enough that they had been compiled into collections such as the {{lang|la|Novus Orbis}} ("''New World''") by Simon Grynaeus, and collections by Ramusio and Richard Hakluyt.<ref name=remy>{{cite book |last1=Remy |first1=Aruthur F. J. |title=Influence of India and Persia on Poetry of Germany |date=2008 |page=9}}</ref> 16th century travelers to Persia included the brothers Robert Shirley and Anthony Shirley, and for India Duarte Barbosa, Ralph Fitch, Ludovico di Varthema, Cesare Federici, and Jan Huyghen van Linschoten.<ref name=remy /> Humanist travellers in Europe also produced accounts, often noting monuments and inscriptions, e.g., Seyfried Rybisch's ''Itinerarium'' (1570s), Michel de Montaigne's ''Journal de voyage'' (1581), {{ill|Germain Audebert|fr|lt=Germain Audebert's}} ''Voyage d'Italie'' (1585) and Aernout van Buchel's ''Iter Italicum'' (1587–1588).<ref>{{cite journal |first=Jan L. de |last=Jong |title=Review of Hernard 2017 |year=2019 |journal=Daphnis |volume=47 |pages=679–687 |doi=10.1163/18796583-04703003|s2cid=186971253 |url=https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/les-voyages-de-seyfried-rybisch-etudiant-silesien(a2536452-9dca-480c-b820-6b224ae4f8fd).html |hdl=11370/a2536452-9dca-480c-b820-6b224ae4f8fd |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

In the 18th century, travel literature was commonly known as "books of travels", which mainly consisted of maritime diaries.<ref name="stolley 26">Stolley 1992, p. 26.</ref> In 18th-century Britain, travel literature was highly popular, and almost every famous writer worked in the travel literature form;<ref name="fussell 54">Fussell 1963, p. 54.</ref> ''Gulliver's Travels'' (1726), for example, is a social satire imitating one, and Captain James Cook's diaries (1784) were the equivalent of today's best-sellers.<ref>Glyndwr Williams, ''Captain Cook's Voyages: 1768–1779''. London: The Folio Society, 1997, p. xxxii.</ref> Alexander von Humboldt's ''Personal narrative of travels to the equinoctial regions of America, during the years 1799–1804'', originally published in French, was translated to multiple languages and influenced later naturalists, including Charles Darwin.

Other later examples of travel literature include accounts of the Grand Tour: aristocrats, clergy, and others with money and leisure time travelled Europe to learn about the art and architecture of its past. One tourism literature pioneer was Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894) with ''An Inland Voyage'' (1878), and ''Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes'' (1879), about his travels in the Cévennes (France), is among the first popular books to present hiking and camping as recreational activities, and tells of commissioning one of the first sleeping bags.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Backpackers as a Community of Strangers: The Interaction Order of an Online Backpacker Notice Board|journal=Qualitative Sociology Review|first=Barbara|last=Adkins|author2=Eryn Grant|year=2007|volume=3|issue=2|pages=188–201|doi=10.18778/1733-8077.3.2.10|s2cid=142306527|url=http://www.qualitativesociologyreview.org/ENG/Volume7/QSR_3_2_Adkins_Grant.pdf|access-date=December 18, 2016|archive-date=December 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220205906/http://www.qualitativesociologyreview.org/ENG/Volume7/QSR_3_2_Adkins_Grant.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalgrasshopper.com/ |title=Global Grasshopper Travels |access-date=December 18, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022050353/http://www.globalgrasshopper.com/ |archive-date=October 22, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''[https://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/gh5qCU47Ryyc2fOqSjKiLw Travel with a Donkey in the Cevennes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816141514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/gh5qCU47Ryyc2fOqSjKiLw |date=2011-08-16 }}'' (1879); Re the first sleeping bag in 1876</ref><ref> {{cite news | title=The Inventor of Traveling – The First Backpacker in the World? | url =http://www.infohostels.com/notizia.php?chiave=200 | access-date = December 18, 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071212000017/http://www.infohostels.com/notizia.php?chiave=200| archive-date= 12 December 2007| url-status= live}} </ref>

Other notable writers of travel literature in the 19th century include the Russian Ivan Goncharov, who wrote about his experience of a tour around the world in ''Frigate "Pallada"'' (1858), and Lafcadio Hearn, who interpreted the culture of Japan with insight and sensitivity.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/nonfictional-prose/Dialogues Nonfictional prose: Travel and epistolary literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802170732/https://www.britannica.com/topic/nonfictional-prose/Dialogues |date=2020-08-02 }} Encyclopedia Britannica</ref>

The 20th century's interwar period has been described as a heyday of travel literature when many established writers such as Graham Greene, Robert Byron, Rebecca West, Freya Stark, Peter Fleming and Evelyn Waugh were traveling and writing notable travel books.<ref>Casey Blanton ''Travel Writing'', Routledge 2013</ref>

In the late 20th century there was a surge in popularity of travel writing, particularly in the English-speaking world with writers such as Bruce Chatwin, Paul Theroux, Jonathan Raban, Colin Thubron, and others. While travel writing previously had mainly attracted interest by historians and biographers, critical studies of travel literature now also developed into an academic discipline in its own right.<ref>Alasdair Pettinger [https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199846719/obo-9780199846719-0119.xml Travel Writing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810204200/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199846719/obo-9780199846719-0119.xml |date=2020-08-10 }} Oxford Bibliographies</ref>

==Travel books== {{Further|List of travel books}}

Travel books come in styles ranging from the documentary, to the literary, as well as the journalistic, and from memoir to the humorous to the serious. They are often associated with tourism and include guide books.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B07L7DCQNT|title=Exploring the world through the experience of an unknown traveller : City of London - First in Series|last=Traveller|first=Unknown|language=en|access-date=2018-12-14|archive-date=2022-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003143130/https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B07L7DCQNT|url-status=live}}</ref> Travel writing may be found on web sites, in periodicals, on blogs and in books. It has been produced by a variety of writers, including travelers, military officers, missionaries, explorers, scientists, pilgrims, social and physical scientists, educators, and migrants.

Travelogues are a special kind of texts that sometimes are disregarded in the literary world. They weave together aspects of memoir, non-fiction, and occasionally even fiction to produce a story that is equally about the trip and the goal. Throughout history, people have told stories about their travels like the ancient tales of explorers and pilgrims, as well as blogs and vlogs in recent time. A "factual" piece detailing a trip to a distant country is that the travelogue emerged as a significant item in late nineteenth-century newspapers. Short stories genre of that era were influenced directly and significantly by the travelogues that shared many traits with short stories. Authors generally, especially Henry James and Guy de Maupassant, frequently wrote travelogues and short tales concurrently, often using the same countries as their settings.

Travel literature often intersects with philosophy or essay writing, as in V. S. Naipaul's ''India: A Wounded Civilization'' (1976), whose trip became the occasion for extended observations on a nation and people. This is similarly the case in Rebecca West's ''Black Lamb and Grey Falcon'' (1941),<ref>West, Rebecca, intr. Geoff Dyer, (2006). ''Black Lamb and Grey Falcon: A Journey Through Yugoslavia''. Edinburgh.</ref> focused on her journey through Yugoslavia, and in Robin Esrock's series of books about his discoveries in Canada, Australia and around the globe.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.cjnews.com/culture/books-and-authors/globetrotter-chases-one-kind-adventures|title = Globetrotter chases one-of-a-kind adventures|date = 19 December 2016|access-date = 12 January 2021|archive-date = 3 October 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221003143142/https://thecjn.ca/arts/books-and-authors/globetrotter-chases-one-kind-adventures/|url-status = live}}</ref> Fictional travel narratives may also show this tendency, as in Mark Twain's ''Adventures of Huckleberry Finn'' (1884) or Robert M. Pirsig's ''Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance'' (1974).

Sometimes a writer will settle into a locality for an extended period, absorbing a sense of place while continuing to observe with a travel writer's sensibility. Examples of such writings include Lawrence Durrell's ''Bitter Lemons'' (1957), Bruce Chatwin's widely acclaimed ''In Patagonia'' (1977) and ''The Songlines'' (1987),<ref>Albin Krebs [https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/19/obituaries/bruce-chatwin-48-travel-writer-and-author-of-songlines-dies.html Bruce Chatwin, 48, Travel Writer And Author of 'Songlines,' Dies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920182836/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/19/obituaries/bruce-chatwin-48-travel-writer-and-author-of-songlines-dies.html |date=2020-09-20 }} New York Times January 19, 1989</ref> Deborah Tall's ''The Island of the White Cow: Memories of an Irish Island'' (1986),<ref>Bonnie Gross, "'White Cow` Absorbing Account Of Irish Island The Island Of The White Cow: Memories Of An Irish Island. By Deborah Tall". March 2, 1986, ''News/Sun-Sentinel''.</ref> and Peter Mayle's best-selling ''A Year in Provence'' (1989) and its sequels.

Travel and nature writing merge in many of the works by Sally Carrighar, Gerald Durrell and Ivan T. Sanderson. Sally Carrighar's works include ''One Day at Teton Marsh'' (1965), ''Home to the Wilderness'' (1973), and ''Wild Heritage'' (1965). Gerald Durrell's ''My Family and Other Animals'' (1956) is an autobiographical work by the British naturalist. It tells of the years that he lived as a child with his siblings and widowed mother on the Greek island of Corfu between 1935 and 1939. It describes the life of the Durrell family in a humorous manner, and explores the fauna of the island. It is the first and most well-known of Durrell's "Corfu trilogy", together with ''Birds, Beasts, and Relatives'' and ''The Garden of the Gods'' (1978).

Ivan T. Sanderson published ''Animal Treasure'', a report of an expedition to the jungles of then-British West Africa; ''Caribbean Treasure'', an account of an expedition to Trinidad, Haiti, and Surinam, begun in late 1936 and ending in late 1938; and ''Living Treasure'', an account of an expedition to Jamaica, British Honduras (now Belize) and the Yucatán. These authors are naturalists, who write in support of their fields of study.

Another naturalist, Charles Darwin, wrote his famous account of the journey of HMS ''Beagle'' at the intersection of science, natural history and travel.<ref>"Review of Narrative of the Surveying Voyages of H.M.S. Adventure and Beagle between the Years 1826 and 1836 ... & Journal of Researches into the Geology and Natural History of the various Countries visited by H.M.S. Beagle ...". ''The Quarterly Review''. 65: 194–234. December 1839.</ref>

A number of writers famous in other fields have written about their travel experiences. Examples are Samuel Johnson's ''A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland'' (1775); Charles Dickens' ''American Notes for General Circulation'' (1842); Mary Wollstonecraft's ''Letters Written during a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark'' (1796); Hilaire Belloc's ''The Path to Rome'' (1902); D. H. Lawrence's ''Twilight in Italy and Other Essays'' (1916); ''Mornings in Mexico and Other Essays'' (1927); Rebecca West's ''Black Lamb and Grey Falcon'' (1941); and John Steinbeck's ''Travels with Charley: In Search of America'' (1962).<ref>[http://reason.com/archives/2011/04/04/sorry-charley "Sorry, Charley"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702160407/http://reason.com/archives/2011/04/04/sorry-charley |date=2017-07-02 }}, Bill Steigerwald, ''Reason'', April 2011 [https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/books/steinbecks-travels-with-charley-gets-a-fact-checking.html "A Reality Check for Steinbeck and Charley"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622013839/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/books/steinbecks-travels-with-charley-gets-a-fact-checking.html |date=2017-06-22 }}, Charles McGrath, ''New York Times'', April 3, 2011</ref>

British mountaineer and author Gwen Moffat wrote many novels and memoirs centered on her nomadic lifestyle and professional career, as the first woman certified as a mountain guide. Moffat used old diary entries from her mountain travels to write three memoirs about her struggles with injustices and discrimination in a male-dominated career: ''Space Below My Feet'' (1961), ''On My Own Ground'' (1964), and ''Survival Count'' (1972).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Grandi|first=Roberta|date=February 2026|title=A Woman’s Angle: An interview with Gwen Moffat, novelist and the first female mountain guide in Europe|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13505068251414351|journal=European Journal of Women's Studies|language=en|volume=33|issue=1|pages=153–163|doi=10.1177/13505068251414351|issn=1350-5068|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Moffat also wrote many fiction mystery novels that draw from her traveling lifestyle. Miss Pink Mystery Series (1973-2002)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moffat, Gwen |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/moffat-gwen|access-date=2026-04-14|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> is a 16 book series that follows a middle-aged detective while she solves murder cases in different locations ranging from Western Europe to Various cities in the U.S. The main characters ability to tackle new environments draws influence from Moffatt's profession as a mountain climber.<ref name=":2" />

The Dutch writer Cees Nooteboom is a prolific travel writer. Among his many travel books is the acclaimed ''Roads to Santiago''.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/mar/25/featuresreviews.guardianreview11 Journeys of the mind] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417215709/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/mar/25/featuresreviews.guardianreview11 |date=2021-04-17 }} The Guardian 25 March 2006</ref> Englishmen Eric Newby,<ref name=NYT>Margalit Fox, [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/24/obituaries/24newby.html "Eric Newby, 86, Acclaimed British Travel Writer, Dies"], ''The New York Times'', 24 October 2006. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012100032/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/24/obituaries/24newby.html |date=2017-10-12 }}.</ref> H. V. Morton, the Americans Bill Bryson and Paul Theroux, and Welsh author Jan Morris are or were widely acclaimed as travel writers (though Morris has frequently claimed herself as a writer of 'place' rather than travel ''per se'').<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Great Travel Writers Talk About Their Craft, Lives, and Inspiration |website=YouTube |author=Remember This |date=1 Sep 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erlAwDigNLg| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/erlAwDigNLg| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=dead |language=en|access-date=2021-09-03}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Canadian travel writer Robin Esrock has written a series of books<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vancouversun.com/travel/international-travel/meet-robin-esrock-author-of-the-great-canadian-bucket-list |first1=Dave |last1=Pottinger |date=Jan 19, 2019 |website=Vancouver Sun |title=Meet Robin Esrock author of the Great Canadian Bucket List|access-date=2021-01-12|archive-date=2019-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202112311/https://vancouversun.com/travel/international-travel/meet-robin-esrock-author-of-the-great-canadian-bucket-list|url-status=live}}</ref> about discovering unique experiences in Canada, Australia and around the world.

Bill Bryson in 2011 won the Golden Eagle Award from the Outdoor Writers and Photographers Guild.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.owpg.org.uk/2011/08/bill-bryson-wins-prestigious-golden-eagle-award/ |title=Bill Bryson Wins Prestigious Golden Eagle Award |website=Outdoor Writers and Photographers Guild |date=August 26, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809101823/http://www.owpg.org.uk/2011/08/bill-bryson-wins-prestigious-golden-eagle-award/ |archive-date=2016-08-09}}</ref> On 22 November 2012, Durham University officially renamed the Main Library the Bill Bryson Library for his contributions as the university's 11th chancellor (2005–2011).<ref>{{cite news|title=The Main Library is being renamed 'The Bill Bryson Library'!|date=2012-09-25|work=Durham University|url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/library/news/?itemno=15355|access-date=2012-11-27|archive-date=2012-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028213146/https://www.dur.ac.uk/library/news/?itemno=15355|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Bill Bryson Library renaming event, Tuesday 27 November 2012|date=2012-11-22|work=Durham University}}</ref> Paul Theroux was awarded the 1981 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for his novel ''The Mosquito Coast'', which was adapted for the 1986 movie of the same name. He was also awarded in 1989 the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award for ''Riding the Iron Rooster''.

In 2005, Jan Morris was awarded the Golden PEN Award by English PEN for "a Lifetime's Distinguished Service to Literature".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.englishpen.org/prizes/golden-pen-award-for-a-lifetimes-distinguished-service-to-literature |title=Golden Pen Award, official website |publisher=English PEN |access-date=3 December 2012 |archive-date=21 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121020544/http://www.englishpen.org/prizes/golden-pen-award-for-a-lifetimes-distinguished-service-to-literature/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Traveling Genius: The Writing Life of Jan Morris |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wHMEVRxWx6UC&pg=PR20 |author=Gillian Fenwick |publisher=Univ of South Carolina Press |chapter=Chronology |page=XX |year=2008 |isbn=9781570037474 |access-date=3 December 2012 |archive-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226014021/https://books.google.com/books?id=wHMEVRxWx6UC&pg=PR20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The French writer, Lucie Azema, has noted that the majority of travel writing is by men and even when women have written travel books, these tend to be forgotten. In her book ''Les femmes aussi sont du voyage'' (Women are also travellers), she has argued that male travel writing gives an unequal, colonialist and misogynistic view of the world.<ref name=Manifesto>{{cite news |title=Le avventuriere di Lucie Azema |url=https://ilmanifesto.it/le-avventuriere-di-lucie-azema |access-date=10 April 2024 |publisher=Il Manifesto |date=10 March 2023}}</ref>

==Adventure literature== In the world of sailing Frank Cowper's ''Sailing Tours'' (1892–1896)<ref name="TYM_291">{{Cite magazine |title=Obituary: Frank Cowper |magazine=The Yachting Monthly |issue=291 |volume=XLIX |date=July 1930 |access-date=2016-03-27 |url=http://www.smallcraft.net/research/the_sailors/frank_cowper/ |archive-date=2016-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405183628/http://www.smallcraft.net/research/the_sailors/frank_cowper/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and Joshua Slocum's ''Sailing Alone Around the World'' (1900) are classics of outdoor adventure literature.<ref>[http://www.joshuaslocumsocietyintl.org Joshua Slocum Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110215230/http://www.joshuaslocumsocietyintl.org/ |date=2010-01-10 }}.</ref>

Jules Verne's adventure novels are classical examples of adventure literature. Some of his most famous novels are Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World in Eighty Days.

==Guide books== {{main|Guide book}}

[[Image:Claife Station.jpg|right|thumb|Claife Station, built at one of Thomas West's 'viewing stations' to allow visiting tourists and artists to better appreciate the picturesque English Lake District]] A guide book or travel guide is "a book of information about a place, designed for the use of visitors or tourists".<ref>''New Oxford American Dictionary''</ref> An early example is Thomas West's guide to the English Lake District, published in 1778.<ref>Thomas West, (1821) [1778]. ''A Guide to the Lakes in Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire''. Kendal: W. Pennington.</ref> Thomas West, an English priest, popularized the idea of walking for pleasure in his guide to the Lake District of 1778. In the introduction he wrote that he aimed: <blockquote>to encourage the taste of visiting the lakes by furnishing the traveller with a Guide; and for that purpose, the writer has here collected and laid before him, all the select stations and points of view, noticed by those authors who have last made the tour of the lakes, verified by his own repeated observations.<ref name=West2>{{cite book |last=West |title=A Guide to the Lakes |page=2}}</ref> </blockquote> To this end he included various 'stations' or viewpoints around the lakes, from which tourists would be encouraged to appreciate the views in terms of their aesthetic qualities.<ref name=development>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakedistrict.uk7.net/tourist_development.html |title=Development of tourism in the Lake District National Park |access-date=2008-11-27 |publisher=Lake District UK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011064752/http://www.lakedistrict.uk7.net/tourist_development.html |archive-date=October 11, 2008 }}</ref> Published in 1778 the book was a major success.<ref name=NPA>{{cite web |url=http://www.lakedistrict.gov.uk/learning/lakedistrictfacts/archaeologyhistory/archaeologydiscoveryzone/archaeologyindepth/archaeologyviewing-stations-2 |title=Understanding the National Park — Viewing Stations |access-date=2008-11-27 |publisher=Lake District National Park Authority |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212541/http://www.lakedistrict.gov.uk/learning/lakedistrictfacts/archaeologyhistory/archaeologydiscoveryzone/archaeologyindepth/archaeologyviewing-stations-2 |archive-date=2014-01-04 }}</ref> Mariana Starke popularized what became the standard travel guide, a reference book that can include information relating to accommodation, restaurants, transportation, and activities. Maps of varying detail and historical and cultural information are also often included. Different kinds of guide books exist, focusing on different aspects of travel, from adventure travel to relaxation, or aimed at travelers with different incomes, or focusing on sexual orientation or types of diet. Travel guides can also take the form of travel websites.

==Travel journals== thumb|upright|Goethe's Italian Journey between September 1786 and May 1788 A travel journal, also called road journal, is a record made by a traveller, sometimes in diary form, of the traveler's experiences, written during the course of the journey and later edited for publication. This is a long-established literary format; an early example is the writing of Pausanias (2nd century CE) who produced his ''Description of Greece'' based on his own observations. James Boswell published his ''The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides'' in 1786 and Goethe published his ''Italian Journey'', based on diaries, in 1816. Fray Ilarione da Bergamo<ref>''Daily Life in Colonial Mexico: The Journal of Friar Ilarione da Bergamo, 1761-1768''. Translated by William J. Orr. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 2000</ref> and Fray Francisco de Ajofrín wrote travel accounts of colonial Mexico in the 1760s. Fannie Calderón de la Barca, the Scottish-born wife of the Spanish ambassador to Mexico 1839–1842, wrote ''Life in Mexico'', an important travel narrative of her time there, with many observations of local life.

A British traveller, Mrs Alec Tweedie, published a number of travelogues, ranging from Denmark (1895) and Finland (1897), to the U.S. (1913), several on Mexico (1901, 1906, 1917), and one on Russia, Siberia, and China (1926). A more recent example is Che Guevara's ''The Motorcycle Diaries''. A travelogue is a film, book written up from a travel diary, or illustrated talk describing the experiences of and places visited by traveller.<ref>''New Oxford American Dictionary''.</ref> American writer Paul Theroux has published many works of travel literature, the first success being ''The Great Railway Bazaar''.

In addition to published travel journals, archive records show that it was historically common for travellers to record their journey in diary format, with no apparent intention of future publication, but as a personal record of their experiences. This practice is particularly visible in nineteenth-century European travel diaries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UoB Calmview5: Search results|url=https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XMS93|access-date=2021-03-29|website=calmview.bham.ac.uk|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212631/https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XMS93|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UoB Calmview5: Search results|url=https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XMS307|access-date=2021-03-29|website=calmview.bham.ac.uk|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211455/https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XMS307|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UoB Calmview5: Search results|url=https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XMS529|access-date=2021-03-29|website=calmview.bham.ac.uk|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417205527/https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XMS529|url-status=live}}</ref>

Anglo-American Bill Bryson is known for ''A Walk in the Woods'', made into a Hollywood film of the same name.<ref name="variety.com">{{cite news|last1=McNary|first1=Dave|title='99 Homes,' 'A Walk in the Woods' Set for September Releases|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/99-homes-a-walk-in-the-woods-release-date-broad-green-1201468864/|access-date=April 9, 2015|work=variety.com|date=April 8, 2015|archive-date=April 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410030623/http://variety.com/2015/film/news/99-homes-a-walk-in-the-woods-release-date-broad-green-1201468864/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Slave travel narratives== {{main|Slave narrative}}

The writings of escaped slaves of their experience under slavery and their escape from it is a type of travel literature that developed during the 18th and 19th centuries, detailing how slaves escaped the restrictive laws of the southern United States and the Caribbean to find freedom. As John Cox says in ''Traveling South'', "travel was a necessary prelude to the publication of a narrative by a slave, for slavery could not be simultaneously experienced and written".<ref name="john cox 65">Cox, John D. 2005, p. 65</ref>

A particularly famous slave travel narrative is Frederick Douglass' autobiographical ''Narrative'', which is deeply intertwined with his travel experiences, beginning with his travels being entirely at the command of his masters and ending with him traveling when and where he wishes.<ref name="john cox 66">Cox, John D. 2005, pp. 66-67</ref> Solomon Northup's ''Twelve Years a Slave'' is a more traditional travel narrative, and he too overcomes the restrictions of law and tradition in the south to escape after he is kidnapped and enslaved.<ref name="john cox 68">Cox, John D. 2005, p. 68</ref> Harriet Ann Jacobs' ''Incidents'' includes significant travel that covers a small distance, as she escapes one living situation for a slightly better one, but also later includes her escape from slavery to freedom in the north.<ref name="john cox john 127">Cox, John D. 2005, pp. 127-129</ref>

==Fiction== Some fictional travel stories are related to travel literature. Although it may be desirable in some contexts to distinguish fictional from non-fictional works, such distinctions have proved notoriously difficult to make in practice, as in the famous instance of the travel writings of Marco Polo or John Mandeville. Examples of fictional works of travel literature based on actual journeys are: * Joseph Conrad's ''Heart of Darkness'' (1899), which has its origin in an actual voyage Conrad made up the River Congo<ref>{{cite book|last=Conrad|first=Joseph|editor-last=Najder|editor-first=Zdzisław|title=The Congo Diary and Other Uncollected Pieces|url=https://archive.org/details/congodiaryotheru00conr|url-access=registration| date= 1978|publisher=Doubleday |isbn=9780385007719}}</ref> *Jack Kerouac's ''On the Road'' (1957) and ''The Dharma Bums'' (1958) are fictionalized accounts of his travels across the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s *Travel writer Kira Salak's novel, ''The White Mary'' (2008), a contemporary example of a real-life journey transformed into a work of fiction, which takes place in Papua New Guinea and the Congo.<ref name=NatGeoWhiteMary>{{cite web|last=FinkelFinkel|first=Michael|title=Kira Salek: The White Mary|url=http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2008/08/kira-salak/michael-finkel-text|work=National Geographic Adventure|access-date=12 November 2010|date=August 2008|archive-date=4 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004175404/http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/2008/08/kira-salak/michael-finkel-text|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=WallStreetWhiteMary>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121702303930685891?mod=2_1167_1 |title=Imaginary Journey |work=The Wall Street Journal |first=Jeffrey A. |last=Trachtenberg |date=26 July 2008 |access-date=12 November 2010 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000601/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121702303930685891?mod=2_1167_1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=amazon_entryWhiteMary>{{cite book|title=The White Mary: A Novel|isbn=978-0805088472|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/whitemarynovel00sala|last1=Salak|first1=Kira|date=5 August 2008|publisher=Henry Holt and Company }}</ref>

==Travel blogs== In the 21st century, travel literature became a genre of social media in the form of travel blogs, with travel bloggers using outlets like personal blogs, Pinterest, Twitter, Facebook, Instagram and travel websites to convey information about their adventures, and provide advice for navigating particular countries, or for traveling generally.<ref name="TJEPIC">F. Hanusch, E. Fürsich, ''Travel Journalism: Exploring Production, Impact and Culture'' (2014), p. 100-101.</ref> Travel blogs were among the first instances of blogging, which began in the mid-1990s.<ref name="TJEPIC"/>

Notable travel bloggers include Matthew Kepnes, Johnny Ward,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-15|title=Top Travel Blogs of 2020 - Best Travel Blogs in the World|url=https://everything-everywhere.com/best-travel-blogs/|access-date=2021-08-20|website=Everything Everywhere Travel Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729223605/https://everything-everywhere.com/best-travel-blogs/|url-status=live}}</ref> and Drew Binsky.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-22|title=World's Top Male Travel Bloggers|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/janet-newenham/worlds-top-male-travel-bloggers_b_9048436.html|access-date=2021-04-03|website=HuffPost UK|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413115835/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/janet-newenham/worlds-top-male-travel-bloggers_b_9048436.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Francesca Street|title=World's top 10 travel influencers, according to Forbes|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/forbes-travel-top-influencers/index.html|access-date=2021-04-03|website=CNN|date=21 June 2017 |language=en|archive-date=2022-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530125913/https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/forbes-travel-top-influencers/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Tourism == Travel literature has a social, economic, and environmental impact on tourism. Today, these impacts show in both positive and negative ways.<ref name=":1"/> Growing attention on the impact of via tourism, especially with respect to local environments, has called for research teams to develop new methodologies, such as the ''Diagnostic Journaling Process Mode''l (DJPM) for stakeholders looking to identify and promote sustainable tourism practices through travel literature.<ref name=":1" />

==Scholarship==

The systematic study of travel literature emerged as a field of scholarly inquiry in the mid-1990s, with its own conferences, organizations, journals, monographs, anthologies, and encyclopedias. Important, pre-1995 monographs are: ''Abroad'' (1980) by Paul Fussell, an exploration of British interwar travel writing as escapism; ''Gone Primitive: Modern Intellects, Savage Minds'' (1990) by Marianna Torgovnick, an inquiry into the primitivist presentations of foreign cultures; ''Haunted Journeys: Desire and Transgression in European Travel Writing'' (1991) by Dennis Porter, a close look at the psychological correlatives of travel; ''Discourses of Difference: An Analysis of Women's Travel Writing'' by Sara Mills, an inquiry into the intersection of gender and colonialism during the 19th century; ''Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation'' (1992), Mary Louise Pratt's influential study of Victorian travel writing's dissemination of a colonial mind-set; and ''Belated Travelers'' (1994), an analysis of colonial anxiety by Ali Behdad.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/belatedtravelers0000behd|title=Belated travelers : orientalism in the age of colonial dissolution|last=Behdad|first=Ali|date=1994|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0822314711|location=Durham, North Carolina|oclc=29468460|url-access=registration}}</ref>

==Travel awards==

Prizes awarded annually for travel books have included the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award, which ran from 1980 to 2004, the Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature, and the Dolman Best Travel Book Award, which began in 2006. The Lowell Thomas Travel Journalism Awards, which began in 1985, are given by the SATW Foundation, and include two awards for travel books and travel guidebooks, as well as awards for travel coverage in publications, websites, and broadcast and audio-visual formats, and for magazine, newspaper, and website articles in a variety of categories. The National Outdoor Book Awards also recognize travel literature in the outdoor and adventure areas, as do the Banff Mountain Book Awards. The North American Travel Journalists Association holds an annual awards competition honoring travel journalism in a multitude of categories, ranging across print and online media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natja.memberclicks.net/competition-guidelines|title=Competition Rules and Guidelines|last=Leon|first=Yanira|website=natja.memberclicks.net|language=en-us|access-date=2017-05-07|archive-date=2016-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326100957/https://natja.memberclicks.net/competition-guidelines|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==

*{{annotated link|Adventure travel}} *{{annotated link|British Guild of Travel Writers}} *{{annotated link|Imaginary voyage}} *{{annotated link|Rihla}} *{{annotated link|Travel documentary}}, a documentary film or television program that describes travel * {{annotated link|Travel itinerary}} * {{annotated link|Travelogues of Palestine}} * ''Letters from several parts of Europe and the East''

== References == {{Reflist}}

==Bibliography== * {{cite book | title=Travel Literature Through the Ages: An Anthology | publisher=Garland | year=1988 | location=New York and London | isbn=0-8240-8503-5 | editor=Adams, Percy G.}} * {{cite book | author=Adams, Percy G. | title=Travel Literature and the Evolution of the Novel | location=Lexington | publisher=University press of Kentucky | year=1983 | isbn=0-8131-1492-6}} * Barclay, Jennifer and Logan, Amy (2010). ''AWOL: Tales for Travel-Inspired Minds'': Random House of Canada. {{ISBN|9780307368416}}. * {{cite book |title=Pleasurable Instruction: Form and Convention in Eighteenth-Century Travel Literature|last= Batten|first=Charles Lynn|author-link=Charles Lynn Batten|year=1978|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn= 978-0-520-03260-6|oclc=4419780}} * {{cite book |title=The Evolution of the Grand Tour: Anglo-Italian Cultural Relations Since the Renaissance|last=Chaney|first=Edward|year=1998|publisher=Frank Cass|location=London|isbn=978-0-7146-4577-3|oclc=38304358}} * {{cite book |title=Griechenland, Zypern, Balkan und Levante: eine kommentierte Bibliographie der Reiseliteratur des 18. Jahrhunderts|last=Chatzipanagioti-Sangmeister|first=Julia|year=2006|publisher= Lumpeter and Lasel|location=Eutin|isbn= 978-3-9810674-2-2|oclc=470750661|language=de}} * {{cite book |title= A Reference Guide To The Literature Of Travel. Including Voyages, Geographical Descriptions, Adventures, Shipwrecks and Expeditions|last=Cox|first=Edward Godfrey|year=1935|publisher= University of Washington|location= Seattle}} [https://archive.org/details/referenceguideto030515mbp Vol. 1] via Internet Archive * {{cite book|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/11495|title=Traveling South: Travel Narratives and the Construction of American Identity|last=Cox|first=John D.|date=2005|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=9780820330860|language=en}} * Diekmann, Anya and Hannam, Kevin (2010). ''Beyond Backpacker Tourism: Mobilities and Experiences'': Channel View Publications. {{ISBN|1845412060}}. * {{cite book |title= Abroad: British Literary Traveling Between the Wars|last= Fussell|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Fussell|year=1980|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= New York|isbn=0195027671}} * {{cite book |title= Literature As a Mode of Travel|last= Fussell|first=Paul|year=1963|publisher= New York Public Library|location= New York|oclc=83683507|pages=53–67|chapter=Patrick Brydone: The Eighteenth-Century Traveler As Representative Man}} * {{cite journal |last1= Hargett|first1= James M. |year=1985 |title= Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960-1279)|journal= Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews|volume= 7|issue= 1/2|pages=67–93 |jstor=495194 |doi= 10.2307/495194}} * Henríquez Jiménez, Santiago J. ''Going the Distance: An Analysis of Modern Travel Writing and Criticism''. Barcelona: Kadle Books. 1995. * Henríquez Jiménez, Santiago J. ''Travel Essentials. Collected Essays on Travel Writing'' (ed.). Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: Chandlon Inn Press. 1998. * Links, J. G. ''Travellers in Europe: Private Records of Journeys by the Great and the Forgotten, from Horace to Pepys''. London: The Bodley Head, 1980. * {{cite book |title=Bibliographer's Manual of English Literature |author=William Thomas Lowndes |author-link=William Thomas Lowndes |editor= Henry G. Bohn |editor-link= Henry George Bohn |location= London |publisher= Bell and Daldy |year= 1869 |chapter=Voyages and Travels |chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/bibliographersma05lown#page/2796/mode/1up |volume=5 }} * {{cite book |title= Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia |editor-last=Speake |editor-first=Jennifer |editor-link=Jennifer Speake |year=2003 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |location=New York |isbn= 1-57958-247-8 |oclc=55631133 }} * {{cite book |title= El lazarillo de ciegos caminantes: un itinerario crítico|last=Stolley|first=Karen|year=1992|publisher= Ediciones del Norte|location= Hanover, New Hampshire|isbn= 978-0-910061-49-0|oclc=29205545|language=es}}

==Further reading== * {{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/224/0701.html |title=Essay on travel literature|work=The Cambridge History of English and American Literature (1907–1921)|date=26 June 2022 }} * Bangs, Jeremy D.: "The Travels of Elkanah Watson" (McFarland & Company, 2015) * Beautiful England (series of travel books from 1910 to 1950s) * Hannigan, Tim: ''The Travel Writing Tribe'' (C Hurst & Co, 2021) 360 p Essay {{ISBN|978-178738470-5}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title=The Travel Writing Tribe by Tim Hannigan review – an elitist genre? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/07/the-travel-writing-tribe-by-tim-hannigan-review-an-elitist-genre |access-date=2021-07-08 |website=theguardian.com |archive-date=2021-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707171926/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/jul/07/the-travel-writing-tribe-by-tim-hannigan-review-an-elitist-genre |url-status=live }}</ref> * Lawless, Jill (2000). ''Wild East: Travels in the New Mongolia''. ECW Press. {{ISBN|1-55022-434-4}} * Mueller, C., & Salonia, M. (2022). ''[https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/57002/978-981-19-0124-9.pdf?sequence=1 Travel Writings on Asia: Curiosity, Identities, and Knowledge Across the East, c. 1200 to the Present]''. Palgrave Series in Asia and Pacific Studies. * ''Picador Travel Classics'' * Roy, Pinaki. "Reflections on the Art of Producing Travelogues". ''Images of Life: Creative and Other Forms of Writing''. Ed. Mullick, S. Kolkata: The Book World, 2014 ({{ISBN|978-93-81231-03-6}}). pp. 111–29. * Salzani, Carlo & Tötösy de Zepetnek, Steven. [https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweblibrary/travelstudiesbibliography "Bibliography for Work in Travel Studies."] CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture (''Library'') (2010–). * Thompson, Carl (2011). ''Travel Writing''. Routledge. {{ISBN|1136720804}}

==External links== {{Wiktionary|itinerary}} {{Wikivoyage|Travel writing}} {{Commons|Travel literature}}

* [http://www.americanjourneys.org/texts.asp American Journeys], collection of primary exploration accounts of the Americas. * [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/travellers Historical British travel writers]: an extensive open access library on the [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk Vision of Britain] site. * {{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/224/0700.html |title=The Literature of Travel, 1700–1900|website=Bartleby.com|date=26 June 2022 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Travel Literature}} Category:Travel novels Category:Non-fiction literature Category:Travel writing