Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

{{redirect|Toyohara}} {{Infobox Russian inhabited locality | en_name = Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk | ru_name = Южно-Сахалинск | loc_name1 = | loc_lang1 = | loc_name2 = | loc_lang2 = | loc_name3 = | loc_lang3 = | loc_name4 = | loc_lang4 = | other_name = | other_lang = | image_skyline = Южно Сахалинск коллаж.jpg | image_caption = '''Top''': Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ, Gorny Vozduh Resort Cablecar<br/>'''Center''': Sakhalin Regional Museum<br/>'''Bottom''': Yuzhino-Sakhalinsk Gagarin Park, Anton Chekhov Museum and monument (all of item from left to right) | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|46|58|N|142|44|E|display=inline,title}} | image_flag = Flag of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Sakhalin oblast).svg | flag_caption = | image_coa = Coat of Arms of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.svg | coa_caption = | anthem = | anthem_ref = | holiday = | holiday_ref =  | federal_subject = Sakhalin Oblast | federal_subject_ref = <ref name="Ref407" /> | adm_district_jur = | adm_district_jur_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = city of oblast significance of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = <ref name="Ref407" /> | adm_citydistrict_type = | adm_selsoviet_jur = | adm_selsoviet_type = | adm_selsoviet_jur_ref = | capital_of = | capital_of_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = Sakhalin Oblast | adm_ctr_of1_ref = <ref name="Ref407" /> | adm_ctr_of2 = city of oblast significance of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk | adm_ctr_of2_ref = <ref name="Ref407" /> | inhabloc_cat = City | inhabloc_cat_ref = <ref name="Ref407" /> | inhabloc_type = | inhabloc_type_ref =  | mun_district_jur = | mun_district_jur_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Urban Okrug | urban_okrug_jur_ref = <ref name="Ref882">Law #524</ref> | urban_settlement_jur = | urban_settlement_jur_ref = | rural_settlement_jur = | rural_settlement_jur_ref = | inter_settlement_territory = | inter_settlement_territory_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Urban Okrug | mun_admctr_of1_ref = <ref name="Ref882" /> | mun_admctr_of2 = | mun_admctr_of2_ref = | leader_title = Head | leader_title_ref = | leader_name = Sergey Nadsadin | leader_name_ref = <ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Сергей Надсадин вступил в должность мэра Южно-Сахалинска |url=http://astv.ru/news/politics/43782 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227052915/http://astv.ru/news/politics/43782 |archive-date=December 27, 2015 |access-date=December 26, 2015 |website=astv.ru |language=ru}}</ref> | representative_body = | representative_body_ref =  | elevation_m = | area_km2 = 164.7 | area_km2_ref = | pop_2010census = 181728 | pop_2010census_rank = 99th | pop_2010census_ref = <ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> | pop_latest = | pop_latest_date = | pop_latest_ref = | population_demonym =  | established_date = 1882 | established_title = | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = 1905 | current_cat_date_ref = <ref name="endic"/> | abolished_date = | abolished_date_ref =  | postal_codes = 693000 | postal_codes_ref = | dialing_codes = 4242; +7 424 | dialing_codes_ref = <ref>[http://www.hella.ru/code/city/sakhalin_code.htm Телефонные коды Сахалина - Dialing codes of Sakhalin] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> | website = {{URL|http://www.yuzhno-sakh.ru}} }}

'''Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk''' ({{langx|ru|Ю́жно-Сахали́нск}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈjuʐnə səxɐˈlʲinsk|IPA|Ru-Южно-Сахалинск.ogg}}, {{lit|South Sakhalin City}}) is a city and the administrative center of Sakhalin Oblast, Russia. It is located on the island of Sakhalin in the Russian Far East, north of Japan.<ref name="worldatlas">{{Cite web |title=Where is Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/eu/ru/sak/where-is-yuzhno-sakhalinsk.html |access-date=2018-09-25 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en}}</ref> Population: {{ru-census2021|181,587|.}}

The city was called '''Vladimirovka''' ({{lang|ru|Влади́мировка}}) from 1882 to 1905, then {{nihongo|'''Toyohara'''|豊原市|Toyohara-shi|lead=yes}} under Imperial Japanese control from 1905 to 1946. Gas and oil extraction as well as processing are amongst the main industries on the island.

==History== Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk began as a small Russian settlement called '''Vladimirovka''', founded by convicts in 1882.<ref name="endic">{{Cite web |title=Южно-сахалинск – Исторический словарь – Словари и Энциклопедии |url=http://endic.ru/history/JUzhno-Sahalinsk-49677.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912101921/http://endic.ru/history/JUzhno-Sahalinsk-49677.html |archive-date=September 12, 2017 |access-date=June 5, 2016}}</ref> The Treaty of Portsmouth in 1905, which brought an end to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, awarded the southern half of the island of Sakhalin to Japan. Vladimirovka was renamed '''Toyohara''' ({{lit|bountiful plain}}), and was the prefectoral capital of the Japanese Karafuto Prefecture.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Amano |first1=Naoki |title=Sakhalin/Karafuto |url=https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-673;jsessionid=BFF794CC16B08764EF292A33CE9E547E?rskey=tAWqhl&result=15#:~:text=From%201905%20to%201945%2C%20the,as%20it%20was%20then%20named.&text=(Photo%20by%20Author%2C%20September%202019%2C%20Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk). |access-date=11 May 2024 |website=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

During the Soviet–Japanese War within World War II, the city was recaptured by Soviet troops. Ownership of the city was transferred to the Soviet Union and it was renamed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk. Town status was granted to it in 1946.<ref name="endic"/>

<gallery> File:Vladimirovka.gif|Early days of Vladimirovka File:Japanese SL D51-22.jpg|This Japanese D51 steam locomotive stands outside the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Railway Station File:Католическая церковь в Южно-Сахалинске. (1).JPG|Catholic church in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk </gallery>

==Administrative and municipal status== thumb|right|Administrative borders of the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk District within Sakhalin Oblast Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is the administrative center of the oblast.<ref name="Ref407">Law #25-ZO</ref> Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with ten rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.<ref name="Ref407" /> As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is incorporated as Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Urban Okrug.

==Economy and infrastructure== Due to significant investment from oil companies like ExxonMobil and Shell, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk has experienced substantial economic growth. Although this growth has primarily occurred in the northern part of the island, both companies maintain headquarters and residential complexes in the city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk itself. The demand for natural resources by the Japanese, Chinese, and South Koreans has ensured continued prosperity in the foreseeable future for the entire island.

There has been significant criticism, including from Presidential Envoy Kamil Iskhakov, that Sakhalin is not caring for its citizens. Despite sizable gas deposits and incoming investments from gas companies, the regional administration does not yet have plans for the installation of gas services on the island. However, several improvements in the city have been made and it continues to grow in various aspects every year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Сахалинская область заняла 7 место в рейтинге качества жизни |trans-title=Sakhalin Oblast took 7th place in the quality of life rating |url=https://astv.ru/news/society/2025-01-24-sahalinskaya-oblast-zanyala-7-mesto-v-rejtinge-kachestva-zhizni |publisher=ASTV}}</ref>

One of the very few remaining Japanese buildings in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk now functions as the local museum. The building was designed in the Emperor's Crown Style by Japanese architect Yoshio Kaizuka, and completed in 1937.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakhalin Regional Museum |url=http://www.russianmuseums.info/M1096}}</ref>

<gallery> File:Downtown Yuzhno.jpg|Central part of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk File:Toyohara museum.jpg|Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk museum during Japanese rule File:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Museum July 2012.jpg|Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk museum in 2012 </gallery>

===Transportation=== The city hosts the head office of Aurora Airline, subsidiary of Aeroflot. It is served by the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport. The city is also the hub for the island's narrow gauge railway network that underwent conversion to Russian broad gauge in August 2019.<ref>"Российская колея по всему Сахалину: движение открыто".</ref> In addition to railways, the town is also a hub for roadways, such as the A-391 (which travels south to Korsakov) and the A-392 (which travels west to Kholmsk).

Due to restrictions, foreigners wishing to leave Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in order to travel to any other part of the Sakhalin Oblast and its internal and territorial waters are required to seek permission from the Federal Security Service (FSB) and the Border Guard. Scuba diving and recreating on the seacoast is permitted only in places defined by the Border Guard.<ref>[http://sakhalinindependent.com/ Freedom of movement for foreigners on Sakhalin restricted]</ref>

<gallery mode="packed"> Yuzhno Sakhalinsk train station.JPG|Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Railway Station 22090307285-yuzhno-sakhalinsk-airport-2015-russia.jpg|Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Airport Aurora_Airbus_A319_at_SVO.jpg|Airbus A319 of Aurora Airline Проспект Победы. Вид снизу. (1).JPG|Toyohara Avenue </gallery>

==Education== Institutes of elementary and middle education included Sakhalin International School until its closure in March 2022.

Institutes of higher education in the city include Sakhalin State University and Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Institute of Economics, Law and Informatics. There are also some branches of other universities: *Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk institute (branch) of Russian State trade-economics university *Branch of Far East State university of railways *Branch of Modern Academy of the humanities *Branch of The Pacific State economics university *Branch of Russian economics academy named after G.V. Plekhanov *Branch of Far East law institute

==Sport== There exist numerous sport venues and clubs in Sakhalin. FC Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, PSK Sakhalin, Vostok-65, Sakhalin Sharks, Sakhalin for football,<ref>{{Cite web |title=О клубе |url=http://fc-sakhalin.ru/about.php}}</ref> hockey, basketball,<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 27, 2017 |title=Суперлига. Сергей Гришаев назначен новым главным тренером "Сахалина" |url=https://www.sports.ru/basketball/1047869652.html}}</ref> youth hockey and volleyball<ref>{{Cite web |title=Глава Сахалинской области просит допустить ВК "Сахалин" к участию в Суперлиге / Россия – Женская лига / VolleyballNews.ru: Все новости волейбола |url=http://volleyballnews.ru/blog/russiawomenleag/5112.html}}</ref> respectively. Mount Bolshevik provides the Gorny Vozdukh ("Mountain Air") ski resort which is qualified for international competitions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gorny Vozdukh (Mountain Air) |url=https://gosakhalin.ru/en/activities/gorny-vozdukh-mountain-air/}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed"> 2015-sakhalin-oji_eagles.jpg|PSK Sakhalin players in Crystal Ice Palace Spartak_Stadium_Yuzhno_Sakhalinsk.JPG|Spartak Stadium of FC Sakhalin Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Горный воздух Южно-Сахалинске.JPG|Gorny Vozdukh ski resort Gondola_lift_to_Skiing_resorts_"Gorny_Vozdukh"_in_summer._Sakhalin,_Russia.jpg|Ski lifts of Gorny Vozdukh ski resort Арена-Сити. Южно-Сахалинск..JPG|Arena City Ice Palace </gallery>

==Media== ===Television===

*3 – 1TV Russia *5 – Rossiya-24 (Russia-24) *10- Rossiya-1 (Russia-1) *12 – ASTV (Alternative Sakhalin Television) *21 – The first multiplex digital TV DVB T2 *23 – Che *27 – Domashny / OTV (Sakhalin Regional Television) *30 – NTV Russia *33 – STS *35 – Ren-TV / Echo of Sakhalin *43 – Match TV Russia (ex. Russia-2) *46 – Petersburg–Channel 5 *49 – Rossiya-K (Russia-K) *51 – The second multiplex of digital TV DVB T2

===Radio=== *87,9 Autoradio (plan) *88,3 Retro FM *88,9 Radio Record *89,9 Russian Radio *101,7 Radio Chanson *102,5 Europa Plus *102,9 Humor FM *103,5 Mayak *104,4 Love Radio *105,1 Radio Dacha (plan) *105,5 Radio ASTV *106,0 Radio Rossii *106,5 Dorognoe Radio *107,2 Vesti FM

== Demographics == {{Historical populations|7=1959|8=85510|9=1970|10=105840|11=1979|12=139861|13=1989|14=159299|15=2002|16=175085|17=2010|18=181728|19=2021|20=181587|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}

=== Population === Most residents are ethnic Russians, but there also exists a sizable population of Korean Russians. Of the 43,000 Sakhalin Koreans, half are estimated to live in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, comprising roughly 12% of the city's population. A smaller number of indigenous minorities, such as Ainu, Nivkhs and Oroks can be found.

=== Religion === The majority of the population are Russian Orthodox.

==Geography== The city is located on the Susuya River. It is the largest city on the island, and the only one with more than 100,000 inhabitants. The straight-line distance to Moscow is {{convert|6660|km|sp=us}}.

===Climate=== The climate is humid continental (Köppen ''Dfb'') with mild summers and cold winters. Maritime influences can be seen in that precipitation is much higher than in interior Russia and that summers are distinctly cooler than in Khabarovsk or Irkutsk, while winters are much milder. Summers are frequently foggy, reducing the amount of sunshine. Considering its southerly maritime position winters are very cold, albeit warmer than expected for surrounding inland areas affected by the Siberian High. Snowfall is more frequent than in those areas, due to said maritime influence bringing moisture to the coastline. Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is relatively sunny compared to Hokkaido locations, but gloomy by the lower latitudes of the Russian Far East's standards.

{{Weather box |location = Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (1991–2020, extremes 1942–present) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 4.3 |Feb record high C = 7.1 |Mar record high C = 13.0 |Apr record high C = 22.9 |May record high C = 29.6 |Jun record high C = 30.8 |Jul record high C = 34.4 |Aug record high C = 34.7 |Sep record high C = 29.0 |Oct record high C = 23.5 |Nov record high C = 18.1 |Dec record high C = 9.0 |year record high C = 34.7 |Jan avg record high C = 0.8 |Feb avg record high C = 2.8 |Mar avg record high C = 6.8 |Apr avg record high C = 16.0 |May avg record high C = 23.7 |Jun avg record high C = 26.3 |Jul avg record high C = 28.0 |Aug avg record high C = 28.9 |Sep avg record high C = 25.9 |Oct avg record high C = 19.7 |Nov avg record high C = 12.4 |Dec avg record high C = 3.9 |year avg record high C = 29.8 |Jan high C = -6.0 |Feb high C = -4.8 |Mar high C = 0.2 |Apr high C = 6.9 |May high C = 13.8 |Jun high C = 17.7 |Jul high C = 21.0 |Aug high C = 22.3 |Sep high C = 19.4 |Oct high C = 12.5 |Nov high C = 3.5 |Dec high C = -3.5 |year high C = 8.6 |Jan mean C = -11.5 |Feb mean C = -11.2 |Mar mean C = -5.2 |Apr mean C = 1.7 |May mean C = 7.5 |Jun mean C = 11.9 |Jul mean C = 15.9 |Aug mean C = 17.3 |Sep mean C = 13.5 |Oct mean C = 6.7 |Nov mean C = -1.2 |Dec mean C = -8.5 |year mean C = 3.1 |Jan low C = -16.6 |Feb low C = -17.2 |Mar low C = -10.4 |Apr low C = -2.6 |May low C = 2.7 |Jun low C = 7.7 |Jul low C = 12.3 |Aug low C = 13.5 |Sep low C = 8.7 |Oct low C = 1.8 |Nov low C = -5.2 |Dec low C = -13.2 |year low C = -1.5 |Jan avg record low C = -27.3 |Feb avg record low C = -27.3 |Mar avg record low C = -22.2 |Apr avg record low C = -10.4 |May avg record low C = -2.6 |Jun avg record low C = 1.7 |Jul avg record low C = 6.6 |Aug avg record low C = 6.8 |Sep avg record low C = 0.6 |Oct avg record low C = -5.3 |Nov avg record low C = -14.8 |Dec avg record low C = -22.5 |year avg record low C = -28.5 |Jan record low C = -36.2 |Feb record low C = -34.8 |Mar record low C = -30.5 |Apr record low C = -19.5 |May record low C = -6.2 |Jun record low C = -2.1 |Jul record low C = 1.3 |Aug record low C = 3.6 |Sep record low C = -4.2 |Oct record low C = -11.8 |Nov record low C = -25.7 |Dec record low C = -33.5 |year record low C = -36.2 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 56 |Feb precipitation mm = 38 |Mar precipitation mm = 52 |Apr precipitation mm = 57 |May precipitation mm = 66 |Jun precipitation mm = 64 |Jul precipitation mm = 92 |Aug precipitation mm = 107 |Sep precipitation mm = 102 |Oct precipitation mm = 102 |Nov precipitation mm = 75 |Dec precipitation mm = 71 |year precipitation mm = 882 |Jan rain days = 0 |Feb rain days = 0 |Mar rain days = 2 |Apr rain days = 10 |May rain days = 17 |Jun rain days = 17 |Jul rain days = 20 |Aug rain days = 19 |Sep rain days = 19 |Oct rain days = 19 |Nov rain days = 9 |Dec rain days = 2 |year rain days = 135 |Jan snow days = 25 |Feb snow days = 24 |Mar snow days = 24 |Apr snow days = 13 |May snow days = 3 |Jun snow days = 0 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0 |Oct snow days = 4 |Nov snow days = 20 |Dec snow days = 27 |year snow days = 140 |Jan humidity = 81 |Feb humidity = 79 |Mar humidity = 76 |Apr humidity = 75 |May humidity = 76 |Jun humidity = 83 |Jul humidity = 85 |Aug humidity = 86 |Sep humidity = 83 |Oct humidity = 79 |Nov humidity = 80 |Dec humidity = 82 |year humidity = | Jan dew point C =-15 | Feb dew point C =-14 | Mar dew point C =-9 | Apr dew point C =-2 | May dew point C =3 | Jun dew point C =9 | Jul dew point C =13 | Aug dew point C =15 | Sep dew point C =10 | Oct dew point C =3 | Nov dew point C =-4 | Dec dew point C =-11 |Jan sun = 133.3 |Feb sun = 155.9 |Mar sun = 190.6 |Apr sun = 197.1 |May sun = 208.0 |Jun sun = 186.5 |Jul sun = 164.0 |Aug sun = 165.1 |Sep sun = 188.8 |Oct sun = 167.4 |Nov sun = 116.3 |Dec sun = 112.4 |year sun = |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name=pogoda>{{cite web |title=Weather and Climate-The Climate of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/32150.htm |access-date=3 November 2021 |publisher=Weather and Climate (Погода и климат) |language=ru}}</ref> |source 2 = NOAA,<ref name = NOAA>{{cite web |title=Juzno–Sahalinsk (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk) Climate Normals 1991–2020 |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/RussianFederation/CSV/JuzhnoSahalin_32150.csv |access-date=3 November 2021 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> Time and Date (dewpoints 1985–2015),<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate & Weather Averages in Yuzhno Sakhalinsk, Russia |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/russia/yuzhno-sakhalinsk/climate |access-date=10 January 2022 |publisher=Time and Date}}</ref> Infoclimat<ref>{{cite web |title=Climatologie de l'année à Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk |url=https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/annee/1991/yuzhno-sakhalinsk/valeurs/32150.html |access-date=3 October 2023 |publisher=Infoclimat |language=fr}}</ref> }}

== Notable people == * Natalya Pechonkina (maiden name Burda, later Chistyakova); born July 15, 1946, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk) is a Soviet athlete. She competed for the USSR in the 1968 Summer Olympics held in Mexico City in the 400 metres where she won the bronze medal. * Alexander Godunov; born November 28, 1949, died May 18, 1995, was a Russian-American ballet dancer and film actor.

==Twin towns and sister cities== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is twinned with: *{{Flagicon|Japan}} Asahikawa, Japan *{{Flagicon|Japan}} Hakodate, Japan *{{Flagicon|Japan}} Wakkanai, Japan *{{Flagicon|China}} Yanji, China *{{Flagicon|South Korea}} Ansan, South Korea<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Владивосток новости – РИА Дейта.RU |url=http://deita.ru/?news,,,,28295 |work=deita.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

==References== ===Notes=== {{Reflist}}

===Sources=== *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|sak|adm|law}} *{{RussiaAdmMunRef|sak|mun|list}}

==External links== {{Wikivoyage}}

*[http://www.yuzhno-sakh.ru/ Official website of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050525233616/http://www.sakhalin.ru/Engl/town/yuzhno.htm Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk: City's History in Architecture] *[http://www.takingitglobal.org/express/gallery/artwork/exhibits.html?exhibitID=882 Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Blizzard Photos]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Category:Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Category:Russian Far East Category:1882 establishments in the Russian Empire Category:Imperial Crown Style architecture