{{Redirect|Doshu|the head of the Aikikai|Dōshu}} {{short description|Former province of Japan}} thumb|300px|right|Map of Japanese provinces (1868) with Tosa Province highlighted
{{nihongo|'''Tosa Province'''|土佐国|Tosa no Kuni|{{IPA|ja|toꜜ.sa (no kɯ.ɲi), to.saꜜ (no kɯ.ɲi)}}<ref>{{cite book|script-title=ja:NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典|publisher=NHK Publishing|editor=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|date=24 May 2016|lang=ja}}</ref>}} was a province of Japan in the area of southern Shikoku.<ref name="nussbuam988">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Tosa''" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 988|page=988}}.</ref> Tosa bordered on Awa to the northeast, and Iyo to the northwest. Its abbreviated form name was {{nihongo|'''Doshū'''|土州|}}. In terms of the Gokishichidō system, Tosa was one of the provinces of the Nankaidō circuit. Under the ''Engishiki'' classification system, Tosa was ranked as one of the "middle countries" (中国) in terms of importance, and one of the "far countries" (遠国) in terms of distance from the capital. The provincial capital was located in what is now the city of Nankoku. The ''ichinomiya'' of the province is the Tosa shrine located in the city of Kōchi.<ref>[http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/images/uploads/EOS070712Ab.pdf "Nationwide List of ''Ichinomiya''", p. 3.]; retrieved 2011-08-09</ref>
[[File:58 Tosa.jpg|thumb|right|Hiroshige ''ukiyo-e'' "Tosa" in "The Famous Scenes of the Sixty States" (六十余州名所図会), depicting ''katsuo'' fishing]]
==History== Tosa Province was formed by the Ritsuryo reforms by combining the territories of the Tosa ''kuni no miyatsuko'' (都佐国造) who ruled in the east with the Hata ''kuni no miyatsuko'' (波多国造) who ruled in the west. The name "Tosa" appears in the ''Nihon Shoki'' in an entry dated Match 675. In many subsequent entries, Tosa is mentioned usually in connection with some natural disaster, including the 684 Hakuhō earthquake in which it was reported that a ship carrying the provincial governor had been swept away by a tsunami, and a new imperial governor was sent from the capital. The province appears to have been used as a penal colony or place of exile from the Asuka period. At the end of the Heian period, Minamoto no Mareyoshi, the younger brother of Minamoto no Yoritomo was exiled by the Heike clan. Other prominent exiles included Fujiwara no Moronaga, Emperor Tsuchimikado, and Prince Takanaga. In the Kamakura period, the Ichijō family of court nobles established a huge ''shōen'' landed estate in western Tosa, and ruled the area into the Sengoku period. During the Muromachi period, the Hosokawa clan were ''shugo'' of Tosa Province, but preferred to rule via proxy, using the Ohira clan, while remaining in Kyoto. When income from the manor tended to stop due to the Onin War, ''Kanpaku'' Ichijo Norifusa (with help of the Ohira clan) relocated to Tosa and became a local power controlling Hata and Takaoka Counties in western Tosa. The remainder of the province and controlled by the Motoyama, Aki, Kira, Tsuno, Chōsokabe and the Kosokabe clans. Under Chōsokabe Motochika, the Chōsokabe came to control all of Tosa, and later, to expand into all of Shikoku. They were stopped only by the forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who restricted them only to their territories in Tosa Province. Chōsokabe Motochika's son Chōsokabe Morichika was dispossessed as he sided with the losing Western army at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, the province was assigned to Yamauchi Kazutoyo and the Yamauchi clan continued to rule the province as ''daimyō'' of Tosa Domain until the Meiji restoration. Under the Yamauchi, Kōchi Castle was built and the ''jōkamachi'' of Kochi city became the capital of the province. During the Bakumatsu period, many prominent people were active in the overthrow of the shogunate and establishing the early Meiji government, including Sakamoto Ryōma, Nakaoka Shintarō, Itagaki Taisuke, Gotō Shōjirō.<ref name="nussbuam988"/>
{| class="wikitable" |+ Bakumatsu period domains |- ! Name !! Clan !! Type !! ''kokudaka'' |- | 25px Tosa Domain || Yamauchi clan || ''tozama'' || 202,600 ''koku'' |}
Per the early Meiji period {{nihongo|''Kyudaka kyuryo Torishirabe-chō''|旧高旧領取調帳|}}, an official government assessment of the nation’s resources, the province had 348 villages with a total ''kokudaka'' of 494,087 ''koku''. Tosa Province consisted of the following districts:
{| class="wikitable" |+ Districts of Tosa Province |- ! District !! ''kokudaka'' !! villages || status ||Current municipalities |- | {{nihongo| Agawa |吾川郡||}} || 42,242 ''koku'' || 50 villages || || Ino, Niyodo, parts of Kōchi, Tosa, Ochi |- | {{nihongo| Aki |安芸郡||}} || 51,420 ''koku'' || 47 villages || || Toyo, Nahari, Tano, Yasuda, Kitagawa, Umaji, Geisei |- | {{nihongo| Hata |幡多郡||}} || 103,218 ''koku'' || 109 villages || || Otsuki, Kuroshio, Mihara, parts of Sukumo, Tosashimizu, Shimanto |- | {{nihongo| Kami |香美郡||}} || 68,762 ''koku'' || 30 villages || dissolved || Kanan, most of Kami, parts of Aki, Nankoku, Geisei |- | {{nihongo| Nagaoka |長岡郡||}} || 71,422 ''koku'' || 38 villages || || Motoyama, Otoyo, most of Nankoku, parts of Kochi, Kami, Tosa |- | {{nihongo| Takaoka |高岡郡||}} || 107,098 ''koku'' || 61 villages || || Nakatosa, Sakawa, Ochi, Yusuhara, Hidaka, Tsuno, Shimanto |- | {{nihongo| Tosa |土佐郡||}} || 49,921 ''koku'' || 23 villages || || Tosa, Okawa, parts of Kochi, Ino |}
Following the abolition of the han system in 1871, Tosa Province became Kochi Prefecture.
The Imperial Japanese Navy battleship ''Tosa'', lead ship of its class, was named after the province.
==Gallery== <gallery> 080229 Tosa-jinja Kochi Japan01s.jpg|Tosa Jinja, one of the ''ichinomiya'' of the province Yamauchi Toyoshige.jpg|Yamauchi Yōdō, Bakumatsu period daimyō of Tosa Castle tower and stone wall of Kochi Castle.jpg|Kōchi Castle Kokubun-ji Temple-7 - panoramio.jpg|Sanmon of Tosa Kokubun-ji </gallery>
==Notes== {{reflist}}
==References== * Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128]
== External links == {{Commons category-inline|Tosa Province}} * [http://www.maproom.org/00/05/sub1/1.html Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903]
{{Japan Old Province}} {{Authority control}}
Category:Former provinces of Japan Category:Tosa Province Category:History of Kōchi Prefecture Category:1871 disestablishments in Japan Category:States and territories disestablished in 1871