Tortum

{{Expand Turkish|topic=geo|Tortum|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox Turkey place | type = metro district | name = Tortum | image_skyline = Tortum-center.jpg | image_caption = Tortum town center | image_map = Erzurum location Tortum.png | map_caption = Map showing Tortum District in Erzurum Province | coordinates = {{coord|40|17|53|N|41|37|57|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | province = Erzurum | leader_party = AKP | leader_name = Muammer Yiğider | leader_name1 = | area_total_km2 = 1463 | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/> | population_total = 15259 | population_as_of = 2022 | postal_code = 25430 | area_code = 0442 | website = {{url|http://www.tortum.bel.tr/}} | blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank1_info = [[Humid continental climate#Mild/cool summer subtype|Dfb]] }} [[Image:Lake Tortum 02.jpg|right|thumb|Tortum lake]] [[Image:Khakhuli1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Khakhuli Monastery]]]] '''Tortum''' ({{langx|ota|تورتوم}}; {{Langx|hy|Թորթում|Tortum}}; {{Lang-ka|თორთომი|tr}}) is a municipality and [[Districts of Turkey|district]] of [[Erzurum Province]], [[Turkey]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref> Its area is 1,463 km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx|title=İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri|publisher=General Directorate of Mapping|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> and its population is 15,259 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=12 July 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> The current mayor is Muammer Yiğider from the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabah.com.tr/secim/31-mart-2019-yerel-secim-sonuclari/erzurum/tortum/ilcesi-yerel-secim-sonuclari|title=Erzurum Tortum Seçim Sonuçları - 31 Mart 2019 Yerel Seçimleri|website=www.sabah.com.tr|access-date=2019-09-22}}</ref>

==History== Tortum was part of the area known as Diaueni, Tayk or Tao and was ruled by [[Hayasa-Azzi]]ans, [[Diauehi]], [[Urartians]], [[Iberians]], [[Armenians]], [[Ancient Romans|Romans]], [[Persian people|Persians]] and [[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantines]]. Tortum was a part of some proto-Armenian states (Hayasa-Azzi; Urartu), proto-Georgian [[Kingdom of Iberia]] (4th - 2nd centuries BC) and Kingdom of Greater Armenia (2nd century BC - 5th century). Between the 9th and 16th century it was part of the [[Kingdom of the Iberians]], [[Kingdom of Georgia]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] principality of [[Samtskhe-Saatabago]]. It was first an Ottoman vassal in the early 16th century and was annexed in 1550.<ref name="Eastern Turkey">{{cite book|last1=Sinclair|first1=T.A.|title=Eastern Turkey: An Architectural & Archaeological Survey, Volume I|date=1989|publisher=Pindar Press|isbn=9780907132325|pages=39–40}}</ref> The area of Tortum was contested by the Safavids and the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 16th-17th century but remained Ottoman after 1625.<ref name="Eastern Turkey" /> Georgians and Armenians made up the vast majority of the population in Tortum. During Georgian rule, half of the ethnic Armenian population became Chalcedonians and joined the Georgian Orthodox church, while the rest of the Armenians remained part of the Armenian church. Armenian cleric Hakop Karnetsi recorded in the 1650s that a man named Mullah Jaffar took census and placed heavy taxes in the region, causing the Armenian Chalcedonians to convert en-masse to Islam. Tortum was a sanjak in [[Erzurum Eyalet]]. The region was in the early Ottoman period largely Christian but acquired a Muslim majority in the mid 18th century, as the Georgian population fled to the inner provinces of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name="Eastern Turkey" /> During World War I, Ottoman troops crossed Tortum in the disastrous [[Battle of Sarikamish]]. Then the Russians occupied the town and held it between 1915 and 1917. After the February revolution of 1917 they left it to the Armenians. The Ottoman army advanced some time later and captured Tortum on 16 March 1918. The town has a ruined citadel.

The Muslim Armenians continued to speak Armenian well into early the 19th century when they were [[Turkification|Turkified]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/10794160|title = Hemshin from Islamicization to the End of the Nineteenth Century|journal = The Hemshin, History, Society and Identity in the Highlands of Northeast Turkey|last1 = Simonian|first1 = Hovann| date=January 2007 | doi=10.4324/9780203641682 | isbn=9780203641682 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Melkonyan |first=A. A. |date=2016 |title=Catastrophic Consequences of Demographic Policy of Ottoman Authorities in Western Armenia |url=http://www.fundamentalarmenology.am/datas/pdfs/292.pdf |journal=Fundamental Armenology |volume=3 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512204537/http://www.fundamentalarmenology.am/datas/pdfs/292.pdf |archive-date=2019-05-12}}</ref>

==Climate== {{Weather box | width = | open = | metric first = yes | single line = yes | trace = | location = Tortum(1991-2020) | temperature colour = | precipitation colour = green | unit precipitation days = 1 mm | precip days colour = | humidity colour = | time day = | daily =

|source = [[NCEI|NOAA NCEI]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Tortum |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Tortum_17688.csv |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration]] |format=CSV}}</ref> |date = November 2024 }}

==Economy== As of 1920, Tortum was producing [[coal]].<ref name=Prothero72>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=W.G.|title=Armenia and Kurdistan|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=72|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/72/}}</ref>

==Composition== There are 58 [[mahalle|neighbourhoods]] in Tortum District:<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref> {{div col|colwidth=12em}} * Akbaba * Aksu * Aktaş * Alapınar * Alpaslan * Arılı * Aşağı Serdarlı * Bağbaşı * Bahçeli * Ballı * Çakıllı * Çamlıca * Çardaklı * Çataldere * Çaylıca * Çiftlik * Cihanlı * Çivilikaya * Demirciler * Derekapı * Derinpınar * Dikmen * Doruklu * Esendurak * Gökdere * Hamidiye * İncedere * Kaleboynu * Kaledibi * Kapıkaya * Karlı * Kazandere * Kemerkaya * Kireçli * Kırmalı * Konak * Meydanlar * Pehlivanlı * Peynirli * Şenyurt * Serdarlı * Sögütlü * Suyatağı * Taşbaşı * Taşoluk * Tatlısu * Tipili * Tortumkale * Uzunkavak * Vişneli * Yağcılar * Yamankaya * Yavuz Sultan Selim * Yazyurdu * Yellitepe * Yukarı Sivri * Yumaklı * Ziyaretli {{div col end}}

== See also == *[[Cağ kebabı]] *[[Khakhuli Monastery]] *[[Tortum Waterfall]]

==References== {{Reflist}}

== External links == *{{official website|http://www.tortum.bel.tr/}}

[[Category:Populated places in Erzurum Province]] [[Category:Historical regions of Georgia (country)]] [[Category:Districts of Erzurum Province]] [[Category:Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey]]