{{Short description|Language family of Western New Guinea, Indonesia}} {{cleanup lang|date=December 2021}} {{Infobox language family |name=Orya–Tor |region=Tor River region, Western New Guinea |familycolor=Papuan |fam1=Northwest Papuan? |fam2=Foja Range {{nowrap|(Tor–Kwerba)}} |child1=Tor |child2=''Orya'' |glotto=toro1256 |glottorefname=Tor–Orya }}
The '''Orya–Tor''' languages are a family of just over a dozen Papuan languages spoken in Western New Guinea, Indonesia.
==Classification== The Tor family, named after the Tor River, is clearly established. Its closest relative appears to be Orya.
Stephen Wurm (1975) linked Orya and the Tor languages with the Lakes Plain languages, forming a branch of his Trans–New Guinea phylum. Clouse (1997) found no evidence of such a connection.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Clouse | first = Duane A. | year = 1997 | title = Towards a reconstruction and reclassification of the Lakes Plains languages of Irian Jaya | editor = Karl Franklin| journal = Papers in New Guinea Linguistics | volume = 2 | pages = 133–236 | issn = 0078-9135 | oclc = 2729642 }}</ref> Malcolm Ross (2005) linked them instead with part of another erstwhile branch of TNG in a Tor–Kwerba proposal, and Usher makes a broadly similar proposal. ''Glottolog'' accepts only the link with Orya as having been demonstrated.<ref>{{cite web| editor-last1= Hammarström| editor-first1 = Harald| editor-last2 = Forke| editor-first2 = Robert| editor-last3 = Haspelmath| editor-first3 = Martin| editor-last4 = Bank| editor-first4 = Sebastian| year = 2020|title = Tor-Orya | work = Glottolog 4.3| url = https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/toro1256}}</ref>
==Languages==
===Foley (2018)=== Foley (2018) provides the following classification.<ref name="Foley-NWNG">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The languages of Northwest New Guinea |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=433–568 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
{{clade |label1='''Tor''' |1={{clade |1=Orya (Uria / Warpok / Warpu) |2=Sause (Seuce) (?) |3={{clade |1=Berik (Upper Tor) |2=Itik |3=Kwesten |4=Mander [not a distinct language] |5=Dineor (Maremgi) |6=Wares [doesn't exist] |7={{clade |1=Bonerif (Benaraf / Edwas – not the same language) |2=Dabe |3=Jofotek-Bromnya |4=Keijar (Keder) |5=Kwinsu (Ansudu) |6={{clade |1=Betaf (Tena) |2=Vitou (Takar) }} }} }} }} }}
Foley considers the inclusion of Sause within the Tor family to be questionable due to insufficient lexical evidence.<ref name="Foley-NWNG"/> See Kapauri–Sause languages.
===Usher (2020)=== Timothy Usher provides the following classification:<ref name=ngw/>
{{clade |label1='''Orya – Tor River''' |1={{clade |1=Orya |label2='''Tor River''' |2={{clade |1=Maremgi (Dineor) |2=Edwas (Benaraf) |label3=Berik–Bonerif |3={{clade |1=Berik |2=Bonerif }} |label4=East Tor River |4={{clade |1=Jofotek (Mander) |2=Itik }} |label5=Tor Coast |5={{clade |1=Kwesten |2=Dabe |3=Keijar |label4=East Tor Coast |4={{clade |1=Kwinsu |label2=Fitou–Tena |2={{clade |1=Tena (Betaf) |2=Fitou (Vitou) }} }} }} }} }} }} Jofotek and Mander are found to be the same language, whereas the ISO conflation of Edwas and Bonerif is found to be spurious. {{anchor|Wares}}A Wares language is not attested. (The Wares people are not known to have a distinct language, and the language of the village of Wares is Mawes.)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |date=September 2015 |title=Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: A comprehensive review: Online appendices |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/593411 |journal=Language |language=en |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=s1–s188 |doi=10.1353/lan.2015.0049 |issn=1535-0665|url-access=subscription |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0029-1D58-0 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
==Proto-language== ===Phonemes=== Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory tentatively as follows:<ref name=ngw>[https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/northwest-new-guinea/foja-range/orya-tor-river New Guinea World, Orya–Tor River]</ref>
:{| {{table}} | *m || *n || || || |- | *p || *t || *s || *k || *kʷ |- | *b || *d || *dz || || *gʷ |- | *w || *ɾ || || || |} The stop *d is marginal and only occurs initially. *ɾ does not occur initially.
:{| {{table}} | *i || || *u |- | *e || || *o |- | *ɛ || *ə || *ɔ |- | || *a || |}
===Pronouns=== The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto-Orya–Tor are,
:{| class=wikitable |- | rowspan=2| '''I''' || rowspan=2| ''*ai'' || '''exclusive we''' || ? |- | '''inclusive we''' || ''*ne'' |- | '''thou''' || ''*emei'' || '''you''' || ''*em'' |- | '''s/he''' || ''*je'' || '''they''' || ? |}
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns of the East Tor Coast branch as:<ref name=ngw/> :{| {{table}} |+East Tor Coast ! !!sg!!pl |- !1excl |rowspan=2|*ai/ana||*ai-saise (?) |- !1incl |*ne-saise (?) |- !2 |*im[i]||*im[i]-saise |- !3 |*dei||*dei-saise |}
===Basic vocabulary=== Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:<ref name=ngw/>
:{| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Proto-Orya-Tor River !! Proto-Tor River !! Orya |- ! head | *nəbaɾ || *nəbaɾ || |- ! leaf/hair | *aɾ[ɛ/a][n/ŋ] || *aɾ[ɛ/a][n/ŋ] || ala |- ! eye | *nVwɛ || *nVwɛ || nwe |- ! nose | *masɛ || *masɛ || mase |- ! tongue | *mapəɾ[Vm] || *mafəɾVm || mahal |- ! foot/leg | *ta[g]əna || *ta[g]əna || tana |- ! breast | *mo̝m || *mo̝m || mom |- ! louse | *nɛna || *nɛna || |- ! dog | *gʷəɾa || *gʷəɾa || |- ! pig | *gʷas || *gʷas || |- ! bird | *dzu || *dzu || |- ! egg | *s[u]w[e̝] || *s[u]w[e̝] || |- ! tree/wood | *te̝ || *te̝ || te |- ! woman/wife | *kʷe̝ || *kʷe̝ || we |- ! moon | *p[ɛⁱ]n || *fɛⁱn || |- ! water | *pɔ || *fɔ || ho |- ! path | *nVɾ || *nVɾ || |- ! name | *bo̝s[ɛ/a] || *bo̝s[ɛ/a] || bose |- ! one | *apa || *afa || |- ! two | *nawɛt || *nawɛt || |}
==References== {{Reflist}} {{Refbegin}} {{Malcolm Ross Pronouns}} {{Refend}}
== External links == * Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/northwest-new-guinea/foja-range/orya-tor-river Proto–Orya – Tor River]
{{language families}} {{Tor–Kwerba languages}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Orya-Tor languages}} Category:Orya–Tor languages Category:Foja Range languages