Isotopes of titanium

{{Short description|none}} {{Infobox titanium isotopes}} Naturally occurring titanium (₂₂Ti) is composed of five stable isotopes; ⁴⁶Ti, ⁴⁷Ti, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁴⁹Ti and ⁵⁰Ti with ⁴⁸Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Twenty-three radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being ⁴⁴Ti with a half-life of 59.1 years and ⁴⁵Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 10 minutes, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than one second.

The isotopes of titanium range from ³⁹Ti to ⁶⁶Ti. The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes is β⁺ and the primary mode for the heavier ones is β⁻; the decay products are respectively scandium isotopes and vanadium isotopes.

There are two stable isotopes of titanium with an odd number of nucleons, ⁴⁷Ti and ⁴⁹Ti, which thus have non-zero nuclear spin of 5/2− and 7/2− (respectively) and are NMR-active.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/bs.arnmr.2015.10.001 |title=Reviewing 47/49Ti Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy |series=Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy |date=2016 |last1=Lucier |first1=Bryan E.G. |last2=Huang |first2=Yining |volume=88 |pages=1–78 |isbn=978-0-12-804713-2 }}</ref>

== List of isotopes == {{Anchor|Titanium-37|Titanium-38|Titanium-65}}

<!--Please delete anchor(s) from the list above or table below if adding a dedicated isotope section(s).-->

{{Isotopes table |symbol=Ti |refs=NUBASE2020, AME2020 II,<!-- updated 2024-10-13 --> IsotopeFRIB, IsomerFRIB |notes=m, unc(), mass#, hl#, spin(), spin#, daughter-st, n, p, EC, discoveryname }} |-id=Titanium-39 | rowspan=3|³⁹Ti | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 22 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 17 | rowspan=3|39.00268(22)# | rowspan=3 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/39.pdf 1990] | rowspan=3| {{val|28.5|(9)|ul=ms}} | β⁺, p (93.7%) | ³⁸Ca | rowspan=3|3/2+# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β⁺ (~6.3%) | ³⁹Sc |- | β⁺, 2p (?%) | ³⁷K |-id=Titanium-40 | rowspan=2|⁴⁰Ti | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 22 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 18 | rowspan=2|39.990345(73) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/40.pdf 1982] | rowspan=2| {{val|52.4|(3)|ul=ms}} | β⁺, p (95.8%) | ³⁹Ca | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (4.2%) | ⁴⁰Sc |-id=Titanium-41 | rowspan=2|⁴¹Ti | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 22 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 19 | rowspan=2|40.983148(30) | rowspan=2 style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/41.pdf 1964] | rowspan=2| {{val|81.9|(5)|ul=ms}} | β⁺, p (91.1%) | '''⁴⁰Ca''' | rowspan=2|3/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β⁺ (8.9%) | ⁴¹Sc |-id=Titanium-42 | ⁴²Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 20 | 41.97304937(29) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/42.pdf 1964] | {{val|208.3|(4)|ul=ms}} | β⁺ | ⁴²Sc | 0+ | | |-id=Titanium-43 | ⁴³Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 21 | 42.9685284(61) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/43.pdf 1948] | {{val|509|(5)|ul=ms}} | β⁺ | ⁴³Sc | 7/2− | | |-id=Titanium-43m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^43m1Ti | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|313.0|(10)|ul=keV}} | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/22/43Ti-1.pdf 1978] | {{val|11.9|(3)|ul=μs}} | IT | ⁴³Ti | (3/2+) | | |-id=Titanium-43m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^43m2Ti | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|3066.4|(10)|ul=keV}} | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/22/43Ti-2.pdf 1978] | {{val|556|(6)|ul=ns}} | IT | ⁴³Ti | (19/2−) | | |-id=Titanium-44 | ⁴⁴Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 22 | 43.95968994(75) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/44.pdf 1954] | {{val|59.1|(3)|ul=y}} | EC | ⁴⁴Sc | 0+ | | |-id=Titanium-45 | ⁴⁵Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 23 | 44.95812076(90) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/45.pdf 1941] | {{val|184.8|(5)|ul=min}} | β⁺ | '''⁴⁵Sc''' | 7/2− | | |-id=Titanium-45m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^45mTi | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|36.53|(15)|ul=keV}} | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/22/45Ti-1.pdf 1970] | {{val|3.0|(2)|ul=μs}} | IT | ⁴⁵Ti | 3/2− | | |-id=Titanium-46 | ⁴⁶Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 24 | 45.952626356(97) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/46.pdf 1934] | colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" data-sort-value=1e309 |'''Stable''' | 0+ | 0.0825(3) | |-id=Titanium-47 | ⁴⁷Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 25 | 46.951757491(85) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/47.pdf 1934] | colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" data-sort-value=1e309 |'''Stable''' | 5/2− | 0.0744(2) | |-id=Titanium-48 | ⁴⁸Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 26 | 47.947940677(79) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/48.pdf 1923] | colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" data-sort-value=1e309 |'''Stable''' | 0+ | 0.7372(3) | |-id=Titanium-49 | ⁴⁹Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 27 | 48.947864391(84) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/49.pdf 1934] | colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" data-sort-value=1e309 |'''Stable''' | 7/2− | 0.0541(2) | |-id=Titanium-50 | ⁵⁰Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 28 | 49.944785622(88) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/50.pdf 1934] | colspan=3 style="text-align:center;" data-sort-value=1e309 |'''Stable''' | 0+ | 0.0518(2) | |-id=Titanium-51 | ⁵¹Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 29 | 50.94660947(52) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/51.pdf 1947] | {{val|5.76|(1)|ul=min}} | β⁻ | '''⁵¹V''' | 3/2− | | |-id=Titanium-52 | ⁵²Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 30 | 51.9468835(29) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/52.pdf 1966] | {{val|1.7|(1)|ul=min}} | β⁻ | ⁵²V | 0+ | | |-id=Titanium-53 | ⁵³Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 31 | 52.9496707(31) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/53.pdf 1977] | {{val|32.7|(9)|ul=s}} | β⁻ | ⁵³V | (3/2)− | | |-id=Titanium-54 | ⁵⁴Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 32 | 53.950892(17) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/54.pdf 1980] | {{val|2.1|(10)|ul=s}} | β⁻ | ⁵⁴V | 0+ | | |-id=Titanium-55 | ⁵⁵Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 33 | 54.955091(31) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/55.pdf 1980] | {{val|1.3|(1)|ul=s}} | β⁻ | ⁵⁵V | (1/2)− | | |-id=Titanium-56 | ⁵⁶Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 34 | 55.95768(11) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/56.pdf 1980] | {{val|200|(5)|ul=ms}} | β⁻ | ⁵⁶V | 0+ | | |-id=Titanium-57 | ⁵⁷Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 35 | 56.96307(22) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/57.pdf 1985] | {{val|95|(8)|ul=ms}} | β⁻ | ⁵⁷V | 5/2−# | | |-id=Titanium-58 | ⁵⁸Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 36 | 57.96681(20) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/58.pdf 1992] | {{val|55|(6)|ul=ms}} | β⁻ | ⁵⁸V | 0+ | | |-id=Titanium-59 | ⁵⁹Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 37 | 58.97222(32)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/59.pdf 1997] | {{val|28.5|(19)|ul=ms}} | β⁻ | ⁵⁹V | 5/2−# | | |-id=Titanium-59m | style="text-indent:1em" | ^59mTi | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|108.5|(5)|ul=keV}} | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/22/59Ti-1.pdf 2005] | {{val|615|(11)|ul=ns}} | IT | ⁵⁹Ti | 1/2−# | | |-id=Titanium-60 | ⁶⁰Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 38 | 59.97628(26) | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/60.pdf 1997] | {{val|22.2|(16)|ul=ms}} | β⁻ | ⁶⁰V | 0+ | | |-id=Titanium-61 | ⁶¹Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 39 | 60.98243(32)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/61.pdf 1997] | {{val|15|(4)|ul=ms}} | β⁻ | ⁶¹V | 1/2−# | | |-id=Titanium-61m1 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^61m1Ti | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|125.0|(5)|ul=keV}} | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/22/61Ti-2.pdf 2019] | {{val|200|(28)|ul=ns}} | IT | ⁶¹Ti | 5/2−# | | |-id=Titanium-61m2 | style="text-indent:1em" | ^61m2Ti | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | {{val|700.1|(7)|ul=keV}} | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/isomers/abstracts/22/61Ti-1.pdf 2019] | {{val|354|(69)|ul=ns}} | IT | ⁶¹Ti | 9/2+# | | |-id=Titanium-62 | ⁶²Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 40 | 61.98690(43)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/62.pdf 2009] | {{val|9|end=#|ul=ms}}[>620&nbsp;ns] | | | 0+ | | |-id=Titanium-63 | ⁶³Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 41 | 62.99371(54)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/63.pdf 2009] | {{val|10|end=#|ul=ms}}[>620&nbsp;ns] | | | 1/2−# | | |-id=Titanium-64 | ⁶⁴Ti | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 42 | 63.99841(64)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/64.pdf 2013] | {{val|5|end=#|ul=ms}}[>620&nbsp;ns] | | | 0+ | | |-id=Titanium-65 | ⁶⁵Ti<ref name="tarasov2025">{{cite journal |last1=Tarasov |first1=O. B. |last2=Sherrill |first2=B. M. |last3=Dombos |first3=A. C. |last4=Fukushima |first4=K. |last5=Gade |first5=A. |last6=Haak |first6=K. |last7=Hausmann |first7=M. |last8=Kahl |first8=D. |last9=Kaloyanov |first9=D. |last10=Kwan |first10=E. |last11=Matthews |first11=H. K. |last12=Ostroumov |first12=P. N. |last13=Portillo |first13=M. |last14=Richardson |first14=I. |last15=Smith |first15=M. K. |last16=Watters |first16=S. |title=Discovery of new isotopes in the fragmentation of Se 82 and insights into their production |journal=Physical Review C |date=4 September 2025 |volume=112 |issue=3 |article-number=034604 |doi=10.1103/573p-7fjp}}</ref> | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 43 | 65.00559(75)# | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/65.pdf 2025] | {{val|1|ul=ms|end=#}} | | | 1/2−# | | |-id=Titanium-66 | ⁶⁶Ti<ref name="tarasov2025"/> | style="text-align:right" | 22 | style="text-align:right" | 44 | | style="text-align:center" | [https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/discovery/abstracts/22/66.pdf 2025] | | | | 0+ | | {{Isotopes table/footer}}

== Titanium-44 == Titanium-44 (⁴⁴Ti) is a radioactive isotope of titanium that undergoes electron capture with a half-life of 59.1 years to an excited state of scandium-44, before reaching the ground state of ⁴⁴Sc and ultimately of ⁴⁴Ca.<ref name="sn1987">{{cite journal|last1=Motizuki|first1=Y.|last2=Kumagai|first2=S.|title=Radioactivity of the key isotope ⁴⁴Ti in SN 1987A|date=2004|journal=AIP Conference Proceedings|volume=704|issue=1|pages=369–374|doi=10.1063/1.1737130|arxiv=astro-ph/0312620 |bibcode=2004AIPC..704..369M }}</ref> Because titanium-44 can decay only through electron capture, its half-life increases slowly with its ionization state and it becomes stable in its fully ionized state (that is, having a charge of +22),<ref name="ti44">{{cite journal|last1=Mochizuki|first1=Y.|last2=Takahashi|first2=K.|last3=Janka|first3=H.-Th. |last4=Hillebrandt|first4=W.|last5=Diehl|first5=R.|date=2008|title=Titanium-44: Its effective decay rate in young supernova remnants, and its abundance in Cas A|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=346|issue=3|pages=831–842|arxiv=astro-ph/9904378}}</ref> though as astrophysical environments never lack electrons completely, it will always decay.

Titanium-44 is produced in relative abundance in the alpha process in stellar nucleosynthesis and the early stages of supernova explosions.<ref name="laur">{{cite report |url=https://www.lanl.gov/orgs/adtsc/publications/science_highlights_2011/docs/2CosmoPDFs/fryer.pdf |title=Nucleosynthesis in the Universe, Understanding ⁴⁴Ti |last1=Fryer |first1=C. |last2=Dimonte |first2=G. |last3=Ellinger |first3=E. |last4=Hungerford |first4=A. |last5=Kares |first5=B. |last6=Magkotsios |first6=G. |last7=Rockefeller |first7=G. |last8=Timmes |first8=F. |last9=Woodward |first9=P. |last10=Young |first10=P. |date=2011 |publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory |pages=42–43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210222539/https://www.lanl.gov/orgs/adtsc/publications/science_highlights_2011/docs/2CosmoPDFs/fryer.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-10 |work=ADTSC Science Highlights |access-date=2019-07-05 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is produced when stable calcium-40 adds an alpha particle (helium-4), as nickel-56 is the result of adding three more. The age of supernova remnants (even though nickel-56 has died away to iron) may be determined through measurements of gamma-ray emissions from the relatively long-lived titanium-44 and of its abundance.<ref name="ti44" /> It was observed in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant and SN 1987A at a relatively high concentration, enhanced by the delayed decay in the ionizing conditions.<ref name="sn1987" />

== See also == '''Daughter products other than titanium''' * Isotopes of vanadium * Isotopes of scandium * Isotopes of calcium * Isotopes of potassium

== References == {{reflist}}

{{Navbox element isotopes}}

Category:Isotopes of titanium Category:Titanium Titaniun