Timeline of Western philosophers

{{More footnotes|date=July 2022}} {| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin:0 auto;" |- style="text-align: center;" | width="30%" | | width="30%" |''Timeline of'' Eastern | Western ''philosophers'' |} This is a list of philosophers from the Western tradition of philosophy.

==Western philosophers==

===Ancient Greece===

====600–500 BC==== * Thales of Miletus (c. 624 – 546 BC). Of the Milesian school. Believed that all was made of water. * Pherecydes of Syros (c. 620 – c. 550 BC). Cosmologist. * Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610 – 546 BC). Of the Milesian school. Famous for the concept of ''Apeiron'', or "the boundless". * Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 585 – 525 BC). Of the Milesian school. Believed that all was made of air. * Pythagoras of Samos (c. 580 – c. 500 BC). Of the Ionian School. Believed the deepest reality to be composed of numbers, and that souls are immortal. * Xenophanes of Colophon (c. 570 – 480 BC). Advocated monotheism. Sometimes associated with the Eleatic school. * Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 535 – c. 475 BC). Of the Ionians. Emphasized the mutability of the universe. * Epicharmus of Kos (c. 530 – 450 BC). Comic playwright and moralist. * Parmenides of Elea (c. 515 – 450 BC). Of the Eleatics. Reflected on the concept of Being. * Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500 – 428 BC). Of the Ionians. Pluralist.

====400 BC==== * Empedocles (492 – 432 BC). Eclectic cosmogonist. Pluralist. * Zeno of Elea (c. 490 – 430 BC). Of the Eleatics. Known for his paradoxes. * Gorgias. (c. 483 – 375 BC). Sophist. Early advocate of solipsism. * Protagoras of Abdera (c. 481 – 420 BC). Sophist. Early advocate of relativism. * Leucippus of Miletus (First half of the 5th century BC). Founding Atomist, Determinist. * Socrates of Athens (c. 470 – 399 BC). Emphasized virtue ethics. In epistemology, understood dialectic to be central to the pursuit of truth. * Prodicus of Ceos (c. 465 – c. 395 BC). Sophist. * Critias of Athens (c. 460 – 413 BC). Atheist writer and politician. * Hippias (Middle of the 5th century BC). Sophist. * Democritus of Abdera (c. 450 – 370 BC). Founding Atomist. * Melissus of Samos. (c. 470 - 430 BC). Eleatic. * Cratylus. Follower of Heraclitus. * Antisthenes (c. 444 – 365 BC). Founder of Cynicism. Pupil of Socrates. * Aristippus of Cyrene (c. 440 – 366 BC). A Cyrenaic. Advocate of ethical hedonism. * Xenophon (c. 427 – 355 BC). Historian. * Plato (c. 427 – 347 BC). Famed for view of the transcendental forms. Advocated polity governed by philosophers. * Diogenes of Apollonia (c. 425 – c 350 BC). Cosmologist. * Speusippus (c. 408 – 339 BC). Nephew of Plato. * Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 408 – 355 BC). Pupil of Plato. * Diogenes of Sinope (c. 404 – 323 BC). Cynic.

===Hellenistic era===

====300–200 BC==== * Xenocrates (c. 396 – 314 BC). Disciple of Plato. * Aristotle (c. 384 – 322 BC). A polymath whose works ranged across all philosophical fields. * Theophrastus (c. 371 – c. 287 BC). Peripatetic. * Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360 – 270 BC). Skeptic. * Epicurus (c. 341 – 270 BC). Materialist Atomist, hedonist. Founder of Epicureanism * Strato of Lampsacus (c. 340 – c. 268 BC). Atheist, Materialist. * Zeno of Citium (c. 333 – 264 BC). Founder of Stoicism. * Aristarchus of Samos (c. 310 – c. 230 BC). Astronomer. * Euclid (fl. 300 BC). Mathematician, founder of geometry. * Archimedes (c. 287 – c. 212 BC). Mathematician and inventor. * Chrysippus of Soli (c. 280 – 207 BC). Major figure in Stoicism. * Eratosthenes (c. 276 BC – c. 195/194 BC). Geographer and mathematician. * Carneades (c. 214 – 129 BC). Academic skeptic. Understood probability as the purveyor of truth. * Hipparchus of Nicaea (c. 190 – c. 120 BC). Astronomer and mathematician, founder of trigonometry.

===Classical Rome===

====100 BC–100 AD ==== * Cicero (c. 106 BC – 43 BC) Skeptic. Political theorist. * Lucretius (c. 99 BC – 55 BC). Epicurean. * Philo (c. 13 BC – AD 54). Believed in the allegorical method of reading texts. * Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – AD 65). Stoic. * Jesus of Nazareth (died c. AD 34) the founding figure of Christianity. * Hero of Alexandria (c. 10 – c. 75). Engineer. * Quintilian (c. 35 – c. 100). Rhetorician and teacher. * Plutarch (c. 46 – 119). * Epictetus (c. 55 – 135). Stoic. Emphasized ethics of self–determination.

====100–400==== * Marcus Aurelius (121 – 180). Stoic. * Sextus Empiricus (fl. during the 2nd and possibly the 3rd centuries AD). Skeptic, Pyrrhonist. * Plotinus (c. 205 – 270). Neoplatonist. Had a holistic metaphysics. * Porphyry (c. 232 – 304). Student of Plotinus. * Iamblichus of Syria (c. 245 – 325). Late neoplatonist. Espoused theurgy. * Hypatia of Alexandria (c. 360 – March 415). Late neoplatonist, astronomer, and mathematician. * Augustine of Hippo (c. 354 – 430). Neoplatonist. Original Sin. Church father. * Proclus (c. 412 – 485). Neoplatonist. * Boethius (c. 480–524). * John Philoponus (c. 490–570).

===Middle Ages===

====500–900==== * Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (c. 500). * Isidore of Seville (c. 560–636). Christian philosopher. * John of Damascus (c. 680-750). * Alcuin (c. 735 – 804). Early Scholastic. * Al-Kindi (c. 801 – 873). Major figure in Islamic philosophy. Influenced by Neoplatonism. * Abbas ibn Firnas (809–887). Polymath. * John the Scot (c. 815 – 877). neoplatonist, pantheist. * al-Faràbi (c. 870 – 950). Major Islamic philosopher. Neoplatonist. * al-Razi (c. 865 – 925). Rationalist. Major Islamic philosopher. Held that God creates universe by rearranging pre–existing laws. * Saadia Gaon (c. 882 – 942). Jewish Philosopher * Al-Biruni (c. 973 – 1050). Islamic polymath. * Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (c. 980–1037). Islamic philosopher. * Ibn Hazm (7 November 994 – 15 August 1064)

====1000–1100==== * Ibn Gabirol (Avicebron) (c. 1021–1058). Jewish philosopher. * Anselm (c. 1034–1109). Christian philosopher. Produced ontological argument for the existence of God. * Omar Khayyam (c. 1048–1131). Islamic philosopher. Agnostic. Mathematician. Philosophical poet, one of the 5 greatest Iranian Poets. * Al-Ghazali (c. 1058–1111). Islamic philosopher. Mystic. * Yehudah HaLevi (c. 1075- 1141). Jewish poet, physician and philosopher. * Peter Abelard (c. 1079–1142). Scholastic philosopher. Dealt with the problem of universals. * Peter Lombard (c. 1100–1160). Scholastic. * Ibn Tufail (c. 1105 – 1185) * Averroes (Ibn Rushd, "The Commentator") (c. 1126–December 10, 1198). Islamic philosopher. * Maimonides (c. 1135–1204). Jewish philosopher. * Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (1149 or 1150 – 1209) * Suhrawardi (c. 1154–1191). Major Islamic philosopher. * Ibn Arabi (1165–1240). Andalusian Muslim philosopher, mystic, poet, and scholar. Founder of Akbarism, one of the major current of later Islamic philosophy. * Fibonacci (c. 1170–c. 1250), mathematician. * Robert Grosseteste (c. 1175–1253). * Francis of Assisi (c. 1182–1226). Ascetic. * Albert the Great (Albertus Magnus) (c. 1193–1280). Early Empiricist.

====1200–1300 ==== * Roger Bacon (c. 1214–1294). Empiricist, mathematician. * Thomas Aquinas (c. 1221–1274). Aristotelian, Major Catholic theologian and philosopher. * Bonaventure (c. 1225–1274). Franciscan. * Ramon Llull (c. 1232–1315) Spanish philosopher * Meister Eckhart (c. 1260–1328). mystic. * Ibn Taymiyya (c. 1263-1328) Islamic scholar, jurist and philosopher * Dante Alighieri (c. 1265 – 1321). * Duns Scotus (c. 1266–1308). Franciscan, Scholastic, Original Sin. * Marsilius of Padua (c. 1270–1342). Understood chief function of state as mediator. * William of Ockham (c. 1288–1348). Franciscan. Scholastic. Nominalist, creator of Ockham's razor. * Jean Buridan (c. 1300–1358). Nominalist. * John Wycliffe (c. 1320–1384). * Nicole Oresme (c. 1320–5 – 1382). Made contributions to economics, science, mathematics, theology and philosophy. * Ibn Khaldun (1332 – 1406). * Hasdai Crescas (c. 1340 – c. 1411). Jewish philosopher. * Gemistus Pletho (c. 1355 – 1452/1454). Late Byzantine scholar of neoplatonic philosophy.

====1400 ==== * Nicholas of Cusa (1401–1464). Christian philosopher. * Lorenzo Valla (1407–1457). Humanist, critic of scholastic logic. * Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499). Christian Neoplatonist, head of Florentine Academy and major Renaissance Humanist figure. First translator of Plato's complete extant works into Latin. * Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494). Renaissance humanist. * Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536). Humanist, advocate of free will. * Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527). Political realism. * Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543). Scientist, whose works affected Philosophy of Science. * Sir Thomas More (1478–1535). Humanist, created term "utopia". * Martin Luther (1483–1546). Founder of Protestantism.

===Early modern period===

====1500==== * John Calvin (1509–1564). Major Western Christian theologian. * Michel de Montaigne (1533–1592). Humanist, skeptic. * Giordano Bruno (1548–1600). Advocate of heliocentrism. * Francisco Suarez (1548–1617). Politically proto–liberal. * Francis Bacon (1561–1626). Empiricist. * Galileo Galilei (1564–1642). Heliocentrist. * Johannes Kepler (1571–1630). Scientist, whose works affected Philosophy of Science. * Molla-Sadra (1572–1640). Major Islamic philosopher. * Hugo Grotius (1583–1645). Natural law theorist. * Marin Mersenne (1588–1648). Cartesian. * Robert Filmer (1588–1653). Absolutist, monarchist, patrimonialist. Divine right of kings. * Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679). Advocate of extensive government power, social contract theorist, materialist. * Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655). Mechanicism. Empiricist. * René Descartes (1596–1650). Heliocentrism, mind-body dualism, rationalism.

====1600==== * Baltasar Gracián (1601–1658). Spanish Catholic philosopher * François de La Rochefoucauld (1613-1680). * Blaise Pascal (1623–1662). Physicist, scientist. Noted for Pascal's wager. * Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673). Materialist, feminist. * Robert Boyle (1627–1691). * Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627 – 1704). * Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677). Rationalism. * Samuel von Pufendorf (1632–1694). Social contract theorist. * John Locke (1632–1704). Major Empiricist. Political philosopher. * Nicolas Malebranche (1638–1715). Cartesian. * Isaac Newton (1643–1727). * John Flamsteed (1646 – 1719). Astronomer. * Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716). Co-inventor of calculus. * Pierre Bayle (1647–1706). Pyrrhonist. * Jean Meslier (1664–1729). Atheist Priest. * Giambattista Vico (1668–1744). * John Toland (1670–1722). * Anthony Ashley-Cooper (1671–1713). * Dimitrie Cantemir (1674-1723) * Christian Wolff (1679–1754). Determinist, rationalist. * George Berkeley (1685–1753). Idealist, empiricist. * Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755). Skeptic, humanist. * Francis Hutcheson (1694–1746). Proto–utilitarian. * Voltaire (1694–1778). Advocate for freedoms of religion and expression.

====1700==== * Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758). American philosophical theologian. * David Hartley (1705–1757). * Julien La Mettrie (1709–1751). Materialist, genetic determinist. * Thomas Reid (1710–1796). Member of Scottish Enlightenment, founder of Scottish Common Sense philosophy. * David Hume (1711–1776). Empiricist, skeptic. * Jean–Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778). Social contract political philosopher. * Denis Diderot (1713–1784). * Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten (1714–1762). * Claude Adrien Helvétius (1715–1771). Utilitarian. * Etienne de Condillac (1715–1780). * Jean d'Alembert (1717–1783). * Baron d'Holbach (1723–1789). Materialist, atheist. * Adam Smith (1723–1790). Economic theorist, member of Scottish Enlightenment. * Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). Major contributions in nearly every field of philosophy, especially metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics. * Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786). Member of the Jewish Enlightenment. * Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781). * Edmund Burke (1729–1797). Conservative political philosopher. * Johann Georg Hamann (1730–1788). * Thomas Paine (1737–1809). * Cesare Beccaria (1738–1794). Italian criminologist, jurist, and philosopher from the Age of Enlightenment. * Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826). Liberal political philosopher. * Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743–1819). * Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744–1803). * Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829). Early evolutionary theorist. * Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). Utilitarian, hedonist. * Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827). Determinist. * Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821) Conservative * Louis de Bonald (1754 – 1840). * William Godwin (1756–1836). Anarchist, utilitarian. * Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797). Feminist. * Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805). * Comte de Saint-Simon (1760–1825). Socialist. * Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814). * Madame de Staël (1766–1817). * Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834). Hermeneutician. * Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843). Poet and philosopher. * G. W. F. Hegel (1770–1831). German idealist. * Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 – 1834). * James Mill (1773–1836). Utilitarian. * F. W. J. von Schelling (1775–1854). German idealist. * Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848). * Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860). Pessimism, Critic, Absurdist. * Thomas Carlyle (1795 – 1881). * Sojourner Truth (c. 1797–1883). Egalitarian, abolitionist. * Auguste Comte (1798–1857). Social philosopher, positivist.

===Modern philosophers===

====1800–1850==== * Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–1882). Transcendentalist, abolitionist, egalitarian, humanist. * Ludwig Feuerbach (1804–1872). * Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–1859). * Max Stirner (1806–1856). Anarchist. * Augustus De Morgan (1806–1871). Logician. * John Stuart Mill (1806–1873). Utilitarian. * Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865). Anarchist. * Harriet Taylor Mill (1807–1858). Egalitarian, utilitarian. * Charles Darwin (1809–1882). Scientist, whose works affected Philosophy of Science. * Margaret Fuller (1810–1850). Egalitarian. * Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855). Existentialist. * Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876). Revolutionary anarchist. * Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815–1902). Egalitarian. * Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862). Transcendentalist, pacifist, abolitionist. * Karl Marx (1818–1883). Socialist, formulated historical materialism. * Friedrich Engels (1820–1895). Egalitarian, dialectical materialist. * Herbert Spencer (1820–1903). Nativism, libertarianism, social Darwinism. * Susan B. Anthony (1820–1906). Feminist. * Ernest Renan (1823 – 1892). * Hippolyte Taine (1828 – 1893). * Wilhelm Dilthey (1833–1911). * T.H. Green (1836–1882). British idealist. * Henry Sidgwick (1838–1900). Rationalism, utilitarianism. * Ernst Mach (1838–1916). Philosopher of science, influence on logical positivism. * Franz Brentano (1838–1917). Phenomenologist. * Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914). Pragmatist. * Philipp Mainländer (1841 — 1876). Pessimist. * William James (1842–1910). Pragmatism, Radical empiricism. * Hermann Cohen (1842-1918). Neo-Kantianism, Jewish philosophy. * Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921). Anarchist communism. * Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900). Naturalistic philosopher, influence on Existentialism. * W. K. Clifford (1845–1879). Evidentialist. * F. H. Bradley (1846–1924). Idealist. * Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923). Social philosopher. * Gottlob Frege (1848–1925). Influential analytic philosopher.

====1850–1900==== * Henri Poincaré (1854–1912). * Josiah Royce (1855–1916). Idealist. * Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). Neurologist, founded psychoanalysis, posited structural model of mind. * Georgi Plekhanov (1856-1918). Marxist, established Marxism in Russia. * Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). Linguist, Semiotics, Structuralism. * Émile Durkheim (1858–1917). Social philosopher. * Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932). * Edmund Husserl (1859–1938). Founder of phenomenology. * Henri Bergson (1859–1941). Vitalism. * John Dewey (1859–1952). Pragmatism. * Jane Addams (1860–1935). Pragmatist. * Pierre Duhem (1861–1916). * Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925). Anthroposophy * Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947). Process Philosophy, Mathematician, Logician, Philosophy of Physics, Panpsychism. * George Herbert Mead (1863–1931). Pragmatism, symbolic interactionist. * George Santayana (1863–1952). Pragmatism, naturalism; known for many aphorisms. * Max Weber (1864–1920). Social philosopher. * Miguel de Unamuno (1864–1936). Existentialist. * Benedetto Croce (1866–1952). * Lev Shestov (1868–1938). * Emma Goldman (1869–1940). Anarchist. * Rosa Luxemburg (1870–1919). Marxist political philosopher. * Bertrand Russell (1872–1970). Analytic philosopher, nontheist, influential. * G. E. Moore (1873–1958). Common sense theorist, ethical non–naturalist. * Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948). Existentialist. * Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945). Neo-Kantianism. * Max Scheler (1874–1928). German phenomenologist. * Carl Jung (1875–1961). Psychoanalyst, metaphysicist. * Giovanni Gentile (1875–1944). Idealist and fascist philosopher. * Martin Buber (1878–1965). Jewish philosopher, existentialist. * Jan Łukasiewicz (1878-1956). Logician. * Oswald Spengler (1880 – 1936). * Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973). * Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881–1955). Christian evolutionist. * Hans Kelsen (1881–1973). Legal positivist. * Moritz Schlick (1882–1936). Founder of Vienna Circle, logical positivism. * Otto Neurath (1882–1945). Member of Vienna Circle. * Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950). * Jacques Maritain (1882–1973). Human rights theorist. * José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955). Philosopher of History. * Karl Jaspers (1883–1969). Existentialist. * Gaston Bachelard (1884–1962). * Otto Rank (1884–1939). * Georg Lukács (1885–1971). Marxist philosopher. * Karl Barth (1886–1968). * René Guénon (1886 – 1951). * Carl Schmitt (1888 – 1985). * Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951). Analytic philosopher, philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, influential. * Gabriel Marcel (1889–1973). Christian existentialist. * Martin Heidegger (1889–1976). Phenomenologist. * Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937). Marxist philosopher. * Rudolf Carnap (1891–1970). Vienna Circle. Logical positivist. * Walter Benjamin (1892–1940). Marxist. Philosophy of language. * Herman Dooyeweerd (1894–1977). Philosophy of the Law Idea. * Max Horkheimer (1895-1973). Frankfurt School. * Ernst Jünger (1895 – 1998). * Susanne Langer (1895–1985). * Georges Bataille (1897–1962). * Julius Evola (1898 – 1974). * Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979). Frankfurt School. * C. S. Lewis (1898 – 1963). * Friedrich Hayek (1899 – 1992). * Leo Strauss (1899–1973). Political Philosopher.

====1900–1950==== * Gilbert Ryle (1900–1976). * Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–2002). Hermeneutics. * Jacques Lacan (1901–1981). Structuralism. * Henri Lefebvre (1901–1991). Marxist philosopher * Alfred Tarski (1901–1983). Created T–Convention in semantics. * Michael Oakeshott (1901–1990). * Karl Popper (1902–1994). Philosopher of Science. * Mortimer Adler (1902–2001). * Eric Hoffer (1902–1983) * Frank P. Ramsey (1903–1930). Proposed redundancy theory of truth. * Theodor Adorno (1903–1969). Frankfurt School. * Joseph Campbell (1904–1987) comparative mythology and comparative religion * María Zambrano (1904–1991) * Raymond Aron (1905–1983). * Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980). Humanism, existentialism. * Ayn Rand (1905–1982). Objectivist, Individualist. * Kurt Gödel (1906–1978). Vienna Circle. * Emmanuel Levinas (1906–1995). * Hannah Arendt (1906–1975). Political Philosophy. * H.L.A. Hart (1907–1992). Legal positivism. * Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908–1961). Influential French phenomenologist. * Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986). Existentialist, feminist. * Willard van Orman Quine (1908–2000). * Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997), historian of ideas. * Simone Weil (1909–1943). * A. J. Ayer (1910–1989). Logical positivist, emotivist. * J. L. Austin (1911–1960). * Marshall McLuhan (1911–1980). Media theory. * Alan Turing (1912–1954). Functionalist in philosophy of mind. * Wilfrid Sellars (1912–1989). Influential American philosopher * Albert Camus (1913–1960). Absurdist. * Paul Ricœur (1913–2005). French philosopher and theologian. * Roland Barthes (1915–1980). French semiotician and literary theorist. * Donald Davidson (1917–2003). Coherentist philosophy of mind. * Louis Althusser (1918–1990). Structural Marxist. * Russell Kirk (1918–1994). * Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008). * M. Bunge (1919–2020). * P. F. Strawson (1919–2006). Ordinary language philosophy. * John Rawls (1921–2002). Liberal. * Paulo Freire (1921–1997). Pedagogy. * Thomas Kuhn (1922–1996). Author of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. * Norwood Russell Hanson (1924–1967). * Zygmunt Bauman (1925–2017). Polish sociologist and philosopher, who introduced the idea of liquid modernity. * Frantz Fanon (1925–1961). Postcolonialism * Gilles Deleuze (1925–1995). Post-structuralism * Michel Foucault (1926–1984). Structuralism, Post-structuralism, Postmodernism, and the concept of biopolitics. * Hilary Putnam (1926–2016). Neopragmatism. * Noam Chomsky (born 1928). Linguist. * Robert M. Pirsig (1928–2017). Introduced the Methaphysics of Quality. MOQ incorporates facets of East Asian philosophy, pragmatism and the work of F. S. C. Northrop. * Bernard Williams (1929–2003). Moral philosopher. * Jean Baudrillard (1929–2007). Postmodernism, Post-structuralism. * Jürgen Habermas (1929–2026). Discourse ethics. * Jaakko Hintikka (1929–2015). * Alasdair MacIntyre (1929–2025). Aristotelian. * Hubert Lederer Dreyfus (1929–2017) * Allan Bloom (1930–1992). Political Philosopher. * Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002). French psychoanalytic sociologist and philosopher. * Jacques Derrida (1930–2004). Deconstruction. * Thomas Sowell (born 1930). Political Philosopher, capitalist. * Guy Debord (1931–1994). French Marxist philosopher. * Richard Rorty (1931–2007). Pragmatism, Postanalytic philosophy. * Charles Taylor (born 1931). Political philosophy, Philosophy of Social Science, and Intellectual History. * Umberto Eco (1932–2016). Semiotics, Aesthetics * John Searle (born 1932). Direct realism. * Alvin Plantinga (born 1932). Reformed epistemology, Philosophy of Religion. * Jerry Fodor (1935–2017). * Alain Badiou (born 1937). * Thomas Nagel (born 1937). Qualia theory. * Robert Nozick (1938–2002). Libertarian. * Tom Regan (1938–2017). Animal rights philosopher. * Saul Kripke (1940–2022). Modal semantics. * Jean-Luc Nancy (1940–2021) French philosopher. * David K. Lewis (1941–2001). Modal realism. * Gerald Allan Cohen (1941–2008) Analytical Marxism. * Derek Parfit (1942–2017). * Giorgio Agamben (born 1942). State of exception, form–of–life, and Homo sacer. * Daniel Dennett (born 1942–2024). * Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born 1942). Postcolonialism, Feminism, Literary theory. * Roger Scruton (1944–2020). Traditionalist conservatism. * Simon Blackburn (1944). Analytic philosophy. * Peter Singer (born 1946) Moral philosopher on animal liberation, effective altruism. * Bruno Latour (1947–2022) French Philosopher, anthropologist, sociologist. * Camille Paglia (born 1947). * Martha Nussbaum (born 1947). Political philosopher. * Hans-Hermann Hoppe (born 1949). * Slavoj Žižek (born 1949). German Idealism, Marxism and Lacanian psychoanalysis. * Ken Wilber (born 1949). Integral Theory.

====1950–2000==== * Cornel West (born 1953). * Michael Sandel (born 1953). Political philosopher * Judith Butler (born 1956). Poststructuralist, feminist, queer theory. * Alexander Wendt (born 1958). Social constructivism. * Michel Onfray (born 1959). * Byung-Chul Han (born 1959). * Simon Critchley (born 1960). Continental philosophy * Nick Land (born 1962). Accelerationist. * Orlando E. Toledo Morales (born 1964) Energetic Indeterminism * Ray Brassier (born 1965). Nihilist. * David Benatar (born 1966). Antinatalist. * Alenka Zupančič (born 1966). German Idealism, Nietzsche, Lacanian Psychoanalysis. * Alain de Botton (born 1969). * Nick Bostrom (born 1973). * Bernardo Kastrup (born 1976).

==References== * {{Cite web| first1=Garth |last1=Kemerling |title = Philosophy Pages| access-date = 2025-05-05| url = https://www.philosophypages.com/}} * {{Cite web| first1=Sandra |last1=LaFave |title = Chronological List of Western Philosophers| access-date = 2025-05-05| url = https://lafavephilosophy.x10host.com/CRONLIST.htm}} * {{Cite book|title=Wisdom of the West|author=Russell, Bertrand|date=1959|publisher=Rathbone Books, Ltd.|location=London}}

==External links== *[http://jewishintellectualtimeline.com/ Jewish Intellectual Timeline], a parallel history of Jewish and non-Jewish intellectual ideas *[https://plato.stanford.edu/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Western Philosophers}} Western philosophers