Timeline of Lincoln

{{short description|None}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

{{History of England}} The following is a '''timeline of the history of the city of Lincoln''', the county town of Lincolnshire in the East Midlands of England.

==Prior to 17th century== * Pre-Roman times - Most of Lincolnshire is inhabited by the Brythonic Corieltauvi people. The Iceni covers the area around modern day Grimsby. The language of the area at that time would have been the precursor to modern Welsh. The name Lincoln derives from the old Welsh ‘Lindo’ meaning Lake. * 48 AD – The Romans conquer Lincolnshire, with little resistance from the Celtic inhabitants, and build a fort, which later becomes the site of a town.<ref name=TLH>{{cite web|first=Tim|last=Lambert|title=A Timeline of Lincoln History|url=http://www.localhistories.org/lincolntime.html|accessdate=2016-04-18}}</ref> * ca.60 AD – Second fort built for Legio IX Hispana. * 71–77 AD – Garrisoned by Legio II Adiutrix. * After ca.86 – Becomes Lindum Colonia, a settlement for retired soldiers. * By ca.120 – Probable creation by Romans of the Foss Dyke as a navigable waterway from the River Trent to Lincoln.<ref name=CEE>{{cite book|first=John|last=Boyes|first2=Ronald|last2=Russell|title=The Canals of Eastern England|year=1977|publisher=David & Charles|location=Newton Abbot|isbn=978-0-7153-7415-3|series=The Canals of the British Isles}}</ref> * 3rd C. - Newport Arch a Roman gate.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}} * 320 - Lincoln (Lindocolina, Lincolle, Nicole) is mentioned in the Itinerary of Antoninus.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}} * by ca.500 - Roman rule has ended and the inhabiting Brythonic population establishes the Kingdom of Lindsey. * by ca.600 - The local Christian population comes under increasing pressure from invading Pagan Anglo-Saxon tribes who establish settlements in the area. Some lands are given to foreign mercenaries who have been employed by local rulers to defend vulnerable coastal areas. * 870 - The area has fallen under the influence of the kingdom of Mercia. * 877 - "The Danes established themselves at Lincoln."{{sfn|Britannica|1910}} * 918 (probable date) – Lincoln surrenders to the Danes, becoming one of the Five Boroughs of the Danelaw.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Ian W.|year=2000|title=Mercia and the Making of England|publisher=Sutton|location=Stroud|isbn=0-7509-2131-5}}</ref> * 941 (probable date) – Amlaíb Cuarán (Olaf of York), joint King of Jórvík, takes the Five Boroughs from the Earl of Mercia. * 942 – King Edmund captures the Five Boroughs.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-0-7126-5616-0}}</ref> * 11th C. - St Mary le Wigford & St Peter at Gowts churches built.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}} * 1068 – The Normans complete the first Lincoln Castle. * 1072 – Bishop Remigius de Fécamp moves his seat to Lincoln from Dorchester Abbey. * 1075–88 – Remigius begins construction of the first Lincoln Cathedral. * 1092 – The first Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated soon after the death in May of Bishop Remigius. * 1110 – A fire devastates Lincoln.<ref name=IAL850>{{cite web|title=850AD to 1350AD|url=http://www.itsaboutlincoln.co.uk/850-ad-to-1350-ad-high-medieval.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028233744/http://www.itsaboutlincoln.co.uk/850-ad-to-1350-ad-high-medieval.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 October 2013|work=It's About Lincoln|accessdate=2016-04-18}}</ref> * 1121 – King Henry I orders the Foss Dyke navigation to be improved.<ref name=IAL850/><ref>Symeon of Durham. ''Historia Regium''.</ref> * 1123 – A fire devastates Lincoln.<ref name=TLH/> * 1141 ** 2 February: The Anarchy: First Battle of Lincoln – Forces of King Stephen, having been besieging Lincoln Castle, are attacked and decisively defeated by Angevins and Welsh supporters loyal to Empress Matilda. After fierce fighting in the streets, Stephen is taken prisoner.<ref name=IAL850/> ** Lincoln Cathedral roof severely damaged by fire.<ref name=IAL850/> * mid 12th C. - Jew's House built.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}} * 1157 – Lincoln is given a charter and authority to elect a council.<ref name=TLH/> * 1157/8 – Second crowning of Henry II of England in Wigford, probably at St Mary's Guildhall.<ref name=IAL850/> * ca.1160 – High Bridge built. * 1170/80 - Norman House (known as "Aaron the Jew's House") built and occupied by Aaron of Lincoln.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}} * ca.1180 – Synagogue at Jew's Court completed. * 1185 – 11 April: The 1185 East Midlands earthquake destroys Lincoln Cathedral. * 1190 – Anti-semitic violence spreads to Lincoln; Jews are forced to take refuge in the castle. * 1192 – Reconstruction of Lincoln Cathedral begins under Bishop Hugh.<ref>{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Sutton|title=Architecture, from Ancient Greece to the Present|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=1999|isbn=978-0-500-20316-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/westernarchitect00sutt}}</ref> * 1206 – first record of a Mayor of Lincoln. The inaugural holder was one Adam son of Reginald.<ref name=IAL850/> * 1217 – 20 May: First Barons' War: Second Battle of Lincoln – Forces of Prince Louis of France, claimant to the throne of England, having taken the city but failed to capture the castle, are defeated by an English royal force under William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, who sack the city.<ref name=IAL850/> * 1226 – King Henry III holds a parliament in Lincoln.<ref name=IAL850/> * 1231 – Franciscan friars arrive in Lincoln.<ref name=TLH/> * ca.1237 – Central tower of Cathedral collapses.<ref name=IAL850/> * 1238 – Dominican friars arrive in Lincoln.<ref name=TLH/> * 1255 – 29 August: "Libel of Lincoln": A small boy, who becomes known as Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln, is found dead, which is blamed on the Jews, leading to the imprisonment of 90 and hanging of 18 in the Tower of London. * 1266 – "The Disinherited", a band of rebel barons from the Isle of Axholme attack the city and burn the account books of the Jews.<ref name=IAL850/> * 1269 – Carmelites arrive in Lincoln.<ref name=IAL850/> * 1280 – Angel Choir of Cathedral consecrated.<ref name=IAL850/> * 1284 – Cathedral Close walled under royal licence.<ref name=IAL850/> * 1290 – 28 November: Eleanor of Castile dies nearby, her viscera are buried in the cathedral and her funeral procession sets out from here for London. * 1291 – Lincoln becomes a town of the Staple; this moves in 1369 to Boston.<ref name=IAL850/> * 1301 – 20 January: Parliament meets in Lincoln to consider papal claims to sovereignty of Scotland, which it rejects.<ref name=IAL850/> * 1311 – Central tower and spire of the Cathedral completed. * 1312 – King Edward II holds a parliament in Lincoln, repeated in 1315, 1316 & 1318.<ref name=IAL850/> * 1327 – Edward II holds a parliament in Lincoln, the last in the city.<ref name=IAL850/> * 1341 – 10 August: King Edward III holds a Privy Council meeting in Lincoln.<ref name=TLH/> * 1349 – The Black Death devastates Lincoln.<ref name=TLH/> * 1370–1400 – Cathedral west towers and spires erected.<ref name=IAL1351>{{cite web|title=1351AD to 1750AD|url=http://www.itsaboutlincoln.co.uk/1350-ad-to-1750-ad-early-modern.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029011507/http://www.itsaboutlincoln.co.uk/1350-ad-to-1750-ad-early-modern.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 October 2013|work=It's About Lincoln|accessdate=2016-04-18}}</ref> * 1386 – King Richard II presents the city with a sword of state.<ref name=IAL1351/> * 1390 – Richard II orders the building of a new south gate which becomes the Stonebow.<ref name=IAL1351/> * 1409 – City chartered as a county corporate.<ref name=IAL1351/> * ca.1520 – Guildhall and Stonebow completed. * 1538 – Dissolution of the Monasteries: King Henry VIII closes the friaries.<ref name=TLH/> * 1540 – Lincoln granted city status.<ref name=IAL1351/> * 1549 – Central spire of Lincoln Cathedral blown down in a storm.<ref>{{cite web|title=1549|url=http://www.lincolncathedral.com/xhtml/default.asp?UserLinkID=235|work=Lincoln Cathedral|accessdate=2010-10-21|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713211642/https://www.lincolncathedral.com/xhtml/default.asp?UserLinkID=235|archivedate=2011-07-13}}</ref> * 1563 – William Byrd appointed organist and master of the choristers at the Lincoln Cathedral, his first professional appointment. * 1584 - Lincoln Grammar School formed by merger of Lincoln City Free School and the Lincoln Chapter Grammar School.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}} * 1617 – 29 March–5 April: King James I visits.<ref>{{cite web|title=Royal Visitors|work=It's About Lincoln|url=http://www.itsaboutlincoln.co.uk/royal-visitors.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028165742/http://www.itsaboutlincoln.co.uk/royal-visitors.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 October 2013|accessdate=2016-04-19}}</ref> * 1643 – July: English Civil War: Parliamentary army abandons Lincoln; it is subsequently occupied by the Royalists until October.<ref name=IAL1351/> * 1644 – March: Civil War: Parliamentary army again abandons Lincoln, returning in May and recapturing it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bcw-project.org/timelines/1644|title=1644|work=BCW Project|accessdate=2016-04-22}}</ref> * 1648 – Civil War: Parliamentary defenders taking refuge in the Bishop's palace are forced to surrender by the Royalists.<ref name=IAL1351/> * 1671–2 – City authorised to improve navigation between the Trent and Boston: work is done on the Foss Dyke, wharves on Brayford Pool and on the Witham through High Bridge.<ref name=CEE/> * 1674 – New Lincoln Cathedral Library designed by Christopher Wren for Dean Honywood begun. * 1695 – Lincoln is granted an additional annual fair.<ref name=TLH/>

==18th century onwards== * 1732 – A theatre is built.<ref name=TLH/> * 1744 ** Assembly Rooms are built (in Drury Lane).<ref name=TLH/> ** Foss Dyke navigation deepened. * 1755 – 1 August: Earthquake of ~4.2 ''<math>M_L</math>''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Notes on Individual Earthquakes|url=http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/earthquakes/historical/historical_listing.htm|publisher=British Geological Survey|accessdate=2020-09-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516173115/http://www.quakes.bgs.ac.uk/earthquakes/historical/historical_listing.htm|archivedate=2011-05-16}}</ref> * 1756 – Turnpike trusts established around Lincoln. * 1762 – 18 August: Witham Navigation Commissioners (appointed 2 June) first meet.<ref name=CEE/> * 1764 – First Theatre Royal built. * 1769 – Hospital for the sick poor established.<ref name=TLH/> * 1771 ** Horse racing on the West Common begins.<ref name=IAL1751>{{cite web|title=1751 to 1945|url=http://www.itsaboutlincoln.co.uk/1750-ad-to-1945-ad-industrial.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028164754/http://www.itsaboutlincoln.co.uk/1750-ad-to-1945-ad-industrial.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 October 2013|work=It's About Lincoln|accessdate=2016-04-18}}</ref> ** Approximate date: First Stamp End lock on the Witham built.<ref name=CEE/> * 1776 – Lincoln County Hospital moves to new premises. * 1780 – John Wesley first preaches in Lincoln.<ref name=IAL1751/> * 1784 – First newspaper published in Lincoln (briefly).<ref name=TLH/> * 1786 – New Road (modern-day Lindum Road) opened.<ref name=IAL1751/> * 1795 – Deepening of Witham under High Bridge completed.<ref name=CEE/> * 1799 – First post-Reformation Roman Catholic church built.

== 19th century == * 1809 – City gaol and Sessions House completed.<ref name=IAL1751/> * 1816 – March: First steamboat launched on River Witham.<ref name=CEE/> * 1820 – April: The Lawn is opened as a lunatic asylum.<ref name=TLH/> * 1828 – 9 May: Acts for ** "Paving, lighting, watching, and improving the City of Lincoln… and for regulating the Police therein", appointing Commissioners.<ref name=TLH/> ** "Lighting with Gas the City of Lincoln", incorporating Lincoln Gas Light and Coke Co.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gas production industry|work=Heritage Connect Lincoln|url=http://www.heritageconnectlincoln.com/lara-raz/gas-production-industry/744|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427201036/http://www.heritageconnectlincoln.com/lara-raz/gas-production-industry/744|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 April 2016|accessdate=2016-04-19}}</ref> * 1840 – Ruston (engine builder) originates as Proctor and Burton, millwrights and engineers. * 1846 ** 4 August: The Midland Railway opens its Nottingham to Lincoln Line to Lincoln St. Marks railway station, the first in the city. ** Lincoln Waterworks Company established. * 1847–50 – St Anne's bede houses, designed by Augustus Pugin for Rev. Richard Sibthorp, are built. * 1848 ** 17 October: The Great Northern Railway & Lincoln Central railway station open. ** Corn Exchange built.<ref name=TLH/> * 1857 – "Old barracks" built for the Royal North Lincoln Militia in Burton Road. * 1861 – September: Lincoln Co-operative Society begins trading. * 1862 – Bishop Grosseteste University established as the Diocesan Training School for Mistresses. * 1863 – 2 February: Lincoln College of Art opens. * 1872 ** June: HM Prison Lincoln opened.<ref name=IAL1751/> ** The Arboretum, the city's first public park, is laid out on the former Monks Leys commons.<ref name=IAL1751/> * 1876 – Municipal sewerage system commenced.<ref name=TLH/> * 1878 – Lincoln County Hospital moves to its modern-day site. * 1882 – 8 September: Lincoln Tramways Company commences a horse-drawn service. * 1884 – 4 October: Lincoln City F.C., founded as an amateur Association football club, play their first match, at John O'Gaunts, winning 9–1 against Sleaford. * 1890 ** "New barracks" built. ** Lincoln Drill Hall opened. * 1892 – 26 November: Explosion and fire destroy 1806 Theatre Royal. * 1893 - ''Lincolnshire Echo'' first published. * 1894 – The first public library opens.<ref name=TLH/> * 1898 – The first electricity generating station is built.<ref name=TLH/>

== 20th century == * 1901 - Population: 48,784.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}} * 1904 – November–August 1905: Typhoid fever epidemic kills 130. * 1905 – 23 November: Lincoln Corporation Tramways commences an electric service, initially using a stud contact system. * 1911 - Westgate Water Tower built. * 1915 – 6 September: Little Willie, the prototype military tank developed by William Foster & Co., is first tested by the British Army. * 1916 – 16 September: Zeppelins targeting Lincoln drop bombs on Washingborough.<ref>{{cite web|first=Cory|last=Santos|title=Lincolnshire's own Zeppelin bombings|url=http://thelincolnite.co.uk/2013/08/lincolnshires-own-zeppelin-bombings/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828194041/http://thelincolnite.co.uk/2013/08/lincolnshires-own-zeppelin-bombings/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 August 2013|work=The Lincolnite|accessdate=2016-04-18}}</ref> * 1919 – 3 February: Éamon de Valera and two other prisoners escape from Lincoln Prison. * 1927 – 25 May: Usher Gallery (based on the collection left to the city by local watchmaker James Ward Usher (1845–1921)) is opened.<ref name=TLH/> * 1929 – 31 December: Lincoln Corporation Tramways ceases operation, being replaced by motor buses. * 1931 – 1 September: Ruston (engine builder) despatch their first internal-combustion industrial railway locomotive from the Anchor works (a narrow-gauge petrol-engined example); 6,481 will be built (mainly at Boultham Works) until the last is despatched on 19 February 1969.<ref>{{cite book|first=Eric S.|last=Tonks|title=Ruston & Hornsby|publisher=Industrial Railway Society|location=Greenford|year=1974|isbn=0-901096-21-0}}</ref> * 1932 - Lincoln Technical College founded. * World War II – 11 people are killed by German bombing.<ref name=TLH/> * 1958 – 27 June: Pelham Bridge is opened.<ref name=TLH/> * 1961 – 27 January: Last execution at HM Prison Lincoln. * 1968 – Lincoln Crematorium is opened. * 1969 – 29 July: Museum of Lincolnshire Life opens in former Burton Road barracks. * 1972 – Last commercial (grain) traffic on Foss Dyke navigation.<ref>{{cite book|first=Jane|last=Cumberlidge|title=Inland Waterways of Great Britain|publisher=Imray Laurie Norie & Wilson|location=St Ives|year=2009|edition=8th|isbn=978-1-84623-010-3|pages=120–1}}</ref> * 1973 – City Hall is built.<ref name=TLH/> * 1974 ** 1 April: City incorporated under terms of Local Government Act 1974. ** Lincoln Christ's Hospital School formed by merger of Lincoln Grammar School, Christ's Hospital Girls' High School and St Giles's and Myle Cross secondary modern schools. * 1991 – Waterside Shopping Centre opens.<ref name=TLH/> * 1993 – Lincoln City Transport bus operations are absorbed by those of Lincolnshire Road Car Co. * 1996 ** September: The newly renamed University of Lincolnshire and Humberside opens to students at Lincoln. ** Lincoln Minster School formed with the amalgamation of four schools.

== 21st century == * 2001 – October: University of Lincoln adopts this name, moving its main campus from Hull to Brayford Pool at Lincoln in 2002. * 2005 – October: The Collection opened. * 2007 – 11th August: Siren Radio (Siren_FM) starts broadcasting community radio * 2012 – 3 December: Bishop Grosseteste University granted full university status. * 2017 – 18 February: Lincoln City F.C. reach the quarter finals of the FA Cup (''Burnley 0–1 Lincoln City''), the first time a non-league club has progressed to the last eight since 1914.

==Births== * 1560 – William Fulbecke, lawyer (d. c.1603) * 1670 - 26 February: John Morley (Rector of Lincoln College, Oxford) (d. 1731) * 1757 - 25 July: Frances King (philanthropist) (d. 1821) * 1786 - 3 June: William Hilton (painter) (d. 1839) * 1794 - 11 December: Robert Willson (bishop) (d. 1866) * 1815 – 2 November: George Boole, mathematician (d. 1864) * 1846 - 20 February: James Hall (historian) (d. 1914) * 1899 – 15 September: Sir Francis Hill, solicitor, local historian and public figure (d. 1980) * 1901 – 13 July: Reginald Goodall, orchestral conductor (d. 1990) * 1916 – 17 December: Penelope Fitzgerald, née Knox, novelist and biographer (d. 2000) * 1921 – 1 April: Steve Race, popular musician (d. 2009) * 1923 – 2 March: Sam Scorer, architect (d. 2003) * 1924 – 15 April: Neville Marriner, orchestral conductor (d. 2016) * 1928 – 15 October: Keith Fordyce, broadcast presenter (d. 2011) * 1942 – 23 April: Sheila Gish, actress (d. 2005) * 1949 – 25 April: James Fenton, poet

==See also== * Timelines of other cities in East Midlands: Derby, Leicester, Nottingham

==References== {{reflist}}

== Bibliography == * {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Lincoln |volume= 16 | pages = 710&ndash;712 |date=1910 |ref= {{harvid|Britannica|1910}} |short= 1}}

{{Coordinates|53.23272|-0.537661|type:city_region:GB|display=title}} {{England year nav |state=collapsed}} {{Timelines of cities in the United Kingdom}}

Lincoln Category:History of Lincoln, England Lincoln