Timeline of Harare

{{EngvarB|date=May 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}} The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Harare, Zimbabwe. {{Dynamic list}} {{TOC right}}

==Prior to 20th century== {{History of Zimbabwe}}

* 1890 – Fort Salisbury founded in Mashonaland by British South Africa Company.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}} * 1891 – ''Mashonaland Herald and Zambesian Times'' newspaper begins publication.<ref name=worldcat>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=su%3AHarare+%28Zimbabwe%29+Newspapers.&qt=hot_subject |title= Harare (Zimbabwe) Newspapers |location=US |work=WorldCat |publisher=Online Computer Library Center |access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> * 1896 – Salisbury Polo Club formed. * 1897 ** Harare Township built.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}} ** Salisbury attains municipal status.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}} * 1899 – Beira-Salisbury railway begins operating.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}}<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Encyclopedia Americana Corp. |title = Encyclopedia Americana |date = 1919 |chapter=Rhodesia |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaame02unkngoog#page/n538/mode/2up |location=NY }}</ref>

==20th century== * 1902 ** Botswana-Salisbury railway begins operating.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}} ** Queen Victoria Memorial Library founded.<ref name=ala1993>{{Citation |publisher = American Library Association |isbn = 0838906095 |location = US |title = World encyclopedia of library and information services |editor = Robert Wedgeworth |date = 1993 |chapter = Zimbabwe |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi0000unse }}</ref> * 1915 – Meikles Hotel in business. * 1923 – Town becomes capital of Southern Rhodesia,{{sfn|Owomoyela|2002}} a self-governing British colony. * 1927 – Salisbury Technical School established.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}} * 1933 – Town House built.<ref name=sightseeing /> * 1936 – Library of the National Archives founded.<ref name=saur2011>{{Citation |publisher = De Gruyter Saur |isbn = 9783110230710 |title = World Guide to Libraries |edition=25th |date = 2011 }}</ref> * 1939 – Honorary Consulate of Poland opened.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ceranka|first1=Paweł|last2=Szczepanik|first2=Krzysztof|year=2020|title=Urzędy konsularne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918–1945. Informator archiwalny|language=pl|location=Warszawa|publisher=Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych|pages=342|isbn=978-83-65681-93-5}}</ref> * 1945 – Railway strike.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Rhodesia Railways African Strike of 1945, Part I: A Narrative Account |author= Kenneth P. Vickery |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume= 24 |issue= 3 |pages= 545–560 |year= 1998 |jstor=2637660 |doi= 10.1080/03057079808708589 }}</ref> * 1946 ** Reformed Industrial and Commercial Workers Union established.<ref name=ranger1985>{{Citation |publisher = Currey |isbn = 0852550006 |location = London |title = Peasant consciousness and guerilla war in Zimbabwe |author = Terence Ranger |author-link = Terence Ranger |date = 1985 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/peasantconscious0000rang }}</ref> ** Population: 54,090.<ref name=UN1955>{{cite web |url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1950_round.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 1955 |publisher=Statistical Office of the United Nations |location=New York |title=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants }}</ref> * 1948 ** General strike.<ref name=ranger1985 /> ** Zimbabwe College of Music established.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}} * 1950 – Gwebe College of Agriculture established.{{sfn|Mlambo|2003}} * 1951 ** Stock exchange established. ** Population: 90,024.<ref name=UN1955 /> * 1953 ** City becomes capital of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. ** Helping Hand Club (women's group) formed.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898 – 1965 |author=Michael Oliver West |publisher=Indiana University Press |year= 2002 |isbn= 0253215242 }}</ref> * 1955 – University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and Salisbury City Youth League<ref>{{Citation |publisher = University of Rochester Press |isbn = 9781580462815 |title = The urban roots of democracy and political violence in Zimbabwe |author = Timothy Scarnecchia |date = 2008 }}</ref> established. * 1956 ** Salisbury Airport commissioned. ** Bus boycott.{{sfn|Scarnecchia|1996}} * 1957 – Rhodes National Gallery opens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalgallery.co.zw/index.php/about-us/history |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130707090143/http://www.nationalgallery.co.zw/index.php/about-us/history |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2013 |title=History |publisher=National Gallery of Zimbabwe |access-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref><ref name=MMA-afo11 /> * 1959 – Pearl Assurance House built. * 1960 – Central Film Laboratories in business.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Indiana University Press |location = Bloomington |author = Katrina Daly Thompson |isbn=9780253006462 |title = Zimbabwe's cinematic arts |date = 2013 }}</ref> * 1962 ** First International Congress of African Culture held in city.<ref name=MMA-afo11>{{cite web |url= http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=11&region=afo#/Key-Events |title= Southern Africa, 1900 A.D.–present: Key Events |work= Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |location=New York |access-date=30 August 2015 }}</ref> ** Queen Victoria Memorial Library rebuilt.<ref>{{citation |title=About Us |publisher=Harare City Library |url=http://www.hararecitylibrary.org/about.html |access-date=30 September 2014 }}</ref> * 1964 – Greenwood Park established.<ref name=sightseeing>{{cite web |url=http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/visitors/sight-seeing-in-harare |title=Sight Seeing in Harare |publisher=City of Harare |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818211902/http://hararecity.co.zw/index.php/visitors/sight-seeing-in-harare |archive-date=18 August 2013 }}</ref> * 1969 – ''The Financial Gazette'' begins publication. thumb|View of the city in the 1970s * 1970 – Chapungu Sculpture Park founded.<ref name=sightseeing /> * 1972 ** Zimbabwe National Library and Documentation Service headquartered in city.<ref name=saur2011 /> ** Construction of New Mabvuku begins.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} * 1973 - Population: 502,000 urban agglomeration.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm |title=Demographic Yearbook 1975 |year=1976 |author=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=253–279 |quote=Salisbury }}</ref> * 1975 – Mabvuku High School opens in Mabvuku. * 1977 – 6 August: Bombing. * 1978 – Oil storage tanks set on fire by the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = Weaver Press |isbn = 9781779220837 |location = Harare |title = Becoming Zimbabwe |editor = Brian Raftopoulos and Alois Mlambo |date = 2009 }}</ref>

===1980s–1990s=== * 1980 18 April: City becomes part of independent Republic of Zimbabwe. * 1981 ** December: Bombing of ZANU-PF headquarters.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = McFarland Publishers |isbn = 0786416866 |location = Jefferson, N.C |title = Robert Mugabe and the betrayal of Zimbabwe |author = Andrew Norman |date = 2004 }}</ref> ** National Heroes' Acre monument built near city.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/component/k2/item/184-historical-buildings.html |archive-date=2015-08-31 |url-status=dead |title=Historical Buildings |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831105704/http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/component/k2/item/184-historical-buildings.html |publisher=City of Harare }}</ref> * 1982 18 April: City renamed "Harare."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/19/world/around-the-world-zimbabwe-s-capital-to-be-renamed-harare.html |title=Zimbabwe's capital to be renamed Harare |date=19 April 1982 |work=The New York Times }}</ref> * 1984 – Harare Publishing House established.<ref name=europa2004>{{cite book |title=Africa South of the Sahara 2004 |series=Regional Surveys of the World |publisher= Europa Publications |year=2004 |isbn= 1857431839 |chapter= Zimbabwe: Directory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC }}</ref> * 1985 – Karigamombe Centre built. * 1986 – September: City hosts Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement. thumb|Harare in the 1990s * 1990 ** Sister city relationship established with Cincinnati, US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/about.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519061021/http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/about.html |url-status=dead |archive-date= 19 May 2013 |title=Cincinnati USA Sister City Association |location=US }}</ref> ** ZANU–PF Building is completed * 1991 – October: City hosts Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1991; Harare Declaration issued. * 1992 - Population: 1,189,103.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1990_round.htm |title=1995 Demographic Yearbook |year=1997 |publisher=United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division |location=New York |chapter=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants |pages=262–321 }}</ref> * 1995 – September: City hosts 1995 All-Africa Games. * 1996 ** Rainbow City Cinema in business.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/zimbabwe/harare?status=all |title= Movie Theaters in Harare, Zimbabwe |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location=Los Angeles |access-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref> ** Eastgate built.<ref name=archnet>{{cite web |url= http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1728 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007222512/http://archnet.org/library/places/one-place.jsp?place_id=1728 |archive-date= 7 October 2012 |title= Harare |author=ArchNet |publisher=MIT School of Architecture and Planning |location= US|author-link=ArchNet }}</ref> ** Women Filmmakers of Zimbabwe headquartered in city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wcoz.org/typography/126-women-filmakers-of-zimbawe-profile.html |title=Women Filmmakers of Zimbabwe |publisher=Women's Coalition of Zimbabwe |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907150811/http://www.wcoz.org/typography/126-women-filmakers-of-zimbawe-profile.html |archive-date=7 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 1997 – New Reserve Bank tower built. * 1998 ** Weaver Press publishing house established ** Economic protest.<ref name="Mlambo2014">{{cite book|author=Alois S. Mlambo|title= History of Zimbabwe |year= 2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02170-9 |chapter=Timeline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0kwHAwAAQBAJ }}</ref> ** Zimbabwe International Film Festival begins. ** December: City hosts meeting of World Council of Churches. * 1999 ** ''Daily News'' begins publication. ** Zimbabwe Catholic University established.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} ** Harare International Festival of the Arts begins. ** Media Monitoring Project headquartered in city.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mmpz.org/org-profile | title = Organizational Profile | publisher = Media Monitoring Project | location = Harare | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120311183840/http://www.mmpz.org/org-profile | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 March 2012 }}</ref> * 2000 – Millennium Towers built.

==21st century== thumb|right|Aerial view of Harare, circa 2005

===2000s===

* 2001 – ''Harare Tribune'' newspaper begins publication. * 2002 – Elias Mudzuri becomes mayor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialgazette.co.zw/national-report/15943-the-demise-of-harare.html |title=Demise of Herare |date=13 February 2013 |work=The Financial Gazette }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><ref name=anderson2008>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/10/27/081027fa_fact_anderson |title=Letter from Zimbabwe |date=27 October 2008 |magazine= The New Yorker |author= Jon Lee Anderson |author-link=Jon Lee Anderson }}</ref> * 2003 ** Water shortage.<ref name="Appiah2005">{{cite book |editor=Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517055-9 |edition=2nd |chapter=Harare, Zimbabwe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA144 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop0004unse }}</ref> ** Sekesai Makwavarara becomes acting mayor.{{sfn|Kamete|2006}} * 2004 – Harare International Airport terminal built (approximate date). * 2005 – Operation Murambatsvina.<ref name=anderson2008 /> * 2008 ** Emmanuel Chiroto elected mayor, succeeded by Muchadeyi Masunda.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/his-worship-the-mayor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515163435/http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/his-worship-the-mayor |archive-date=2013-05-15 |url-status=dead |title=His Worship the Mayor |publisher=City of Harare }}</ref> ** Harare Residents Trust organised.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co/news/zimbabwe/60446/profiles-harare-residents-trust-board.html |title=Profiles: Harare Residents' Trust Board of Trustees |date=29 August 2012 |work=The Zimbabwean |location=UK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628085856/http://www.thezimbabwean.co/news/zimbabwe/60446/profiles-harare-residents-trust-board.html |archive-date=28 June 2013 }}</ref> ** Cholera outbreak. * 2009 ** First Floor Gallery Harare in business. ** Population: 1,513,173.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2011.htm |work=Demographic Yearbook 2011 |year=2012 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division |title=Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants }}</ref>

===2010s===

* 2010 ** ''NewsDay'' begins publication.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://library.stanford.edu/africa-south-sahara/browse-country |editor=Karen Fung, African Studies Association |title=Zimbabwe Newspapers and News on the Internet |work=Africa South of the Sahara |via=Stanford University |location=US |access-date=15 May 2013 }}</ref> ** Zimbabwe Fashion Week begins.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.thestandard.co.zw/2013/09/08/zimbabwe-fashion-week-getting-better/ |work=The Standard |title=Zimbabwe Fashion Week getting better |date= 8 September 2013 }}</ref> ** Joina City tower built. * 2012 - Population: 1,485,231.<ref>{{citation |chapter=Table 8 - Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants |chapter-url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/dyb_2018/ |title=Demographic Yearbook – 2018 |publisher=United Nations }}</ref> * 2013 - Bernard Gabriel Manyenyeni becomes mayor.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/template-features-3/mayor/50-council/mayor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831105050/http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/template-features-3/mayor/50-council/mayor |archive-date= 2015-08-31 |url-status=dead |title= Mayor |publisher=City of Harare }}</ref> * 2017 - The military of Zimbabwe seize power and place the president under house arrest.

==References== {{reflist}}

==Bibliography== {{Refbegin}}

===Published in 20th century=== * {{cite book|editor= Anthony Lemon |title= Homes Apart: South Africa's Segregated Cities |url= https://archive.org/details/homesapartsoutha00lemo |url-access= registration |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0-253-33321-0 |year=1991 |chapter=Harare |author =Neil Dewar }} * {{Citation |publisher = Baobab Books |isbn = 0908311354 |location = Harare, Zimbabwe |title = To live a better life: an oral history of women in the city of Harare, 1930–70 |author1 = Terri Barnes |author2-link = Everjoice Win |author2 = Everjoice Win |date = 1992 }} * {{Citation |publisher = John Wiley & Sons |isbn = 9780471949510 |title = Harare: Inheriting a Settler-Colonial City; Change or Continuity? |author = Carole Rakodi |date = 1995 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/harareinheriting0000rako }} * {{cite journal |title=Emergence of independent African trade unions in Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia, 1920s to 1950s: Toward mass nationalism? |year=1996 |journal=Kleio |author=Nelson T. Samburenia |volume=28 }} * {{cite journal |title=Poor Women and Nationalist Politics: Alliances and Fissures in the Formation of a Nationalist Political Movement in Salisbury, Rhodesia, 1950-6 |author= Timothy Scarnecchia |journal= Journal of African History |volume=37 |issue= 2 |pages= 283–310 |year=1996 |jstor=183187 |ref= {{harvid|Scarnecchia|1996}} |doi= 10.1017/S0021853700035234 |s2cid= 162454994 }} * {{cite book|author=Kinuthia Macharia|title=Social and political dynamics of the informal economy in African cities: Nairobi and Harare|year=1997|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-0840-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/socialpoliticald0000mach}} * {{Citation |publisher = Heinemann |isbn = 9780325001739 |title = 'We Women Worked so Hard': Gender, Urbanization and Social Reproduction in Colonial Harare, Zimbabwe, 1930–1956 |author = Teresa A. Barnes |date = 1999 }} * {{cite book |chapter=Capital in the city: a history of urban financialflows through colonial Harare |author=Patrick Bond |publisher = Weaver Press Ltd |isbn = 0797419845 |title = Sites of Struggle |editor = Brian Raftopoulos and Tsuneo Yoshikuni |date = 1999 }}

===Published in 21st century=== * {{citation |title= Governing the Poor in Harare, Zimbabwe |year= 2002 |url= http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Series/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=95517 |publisher=Nordic Africa Institute |location=Sweden |via=International Relations and Security Network }} * {{cite book|author=Oyekan Owomoyela|title=Culture and Customs of Zimbabwe|year=2002|publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-31583-1 |chapter=Introduction: Cities: Harare |url= https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00owom |url-access=registration|page=7+ |ref= {{harvid|Owomoyela|2002}} }} * {{Citation |publisher = Rowman & Littlefield |edition = 3rd |isbn = 084769898X |title = Cities of the World |editor = Stanley D. Brunn |date = 2003 |chapter = Harare |display-editors = etal |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/citiesofworld00stan }} * {{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History |editor=Dickson Eyoh and Paul Tiyambe Zeleza |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=0415234794 |chapter=Harare |author=Alois Mlambo |ref= {{harvid|Mlambo|2003}} }} * {{cite book|editor= Luc J. A. Mougeot |title=Agropolis: The Social, Political, and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture|year= 2005|publisher=International Development Research Centre |isbn=978-1-55250-186-3 |chapter= (Harare) }} * {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African History |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn=978-1-57958-245-6 |editor= Kevin Shillington |year= 2005 |chapter= Harare }} * {{cite journal |title=The Return of the Jettisoned: ZANU-PF's Crack at 'Re-Urbanising' in Harare |author= Amin Y. Kamete |journal= Journal of Southern African Studies |volume= 32 |issue= 2 |pages= 255–271 |year=2006 |jstor=25065091 |ref= {{harvid|Kamete|2006}} |doi= 10.1080/03057070600656143 |bibcode= 2006JSAfS..32..255K |s2cid= 153859378 }} * {{cite journal |title=City Versus State in Zimbabwe: Colonial Antecedents of the Current Crisis |author=Terence O. Ranger |journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=161–192 |doi=10.1080/17531050701452390 |year=2007 |s2cid=154586516 |doi-access=free }} {{free access}} (Includes information about Harare) * {{Citation |publisher = Ashgate |location = Burlington, VT |editor = Joseph D. Lewandowski and Gregory W. Streich |title = Urban social capital |publication-date = 2011 |chapter= Social Capital Dynamics in the Post-colonial Harare Urbanscape |author=Innocent Chirisa |isbn=9781409412243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j23uvs9iiTkC |page=199+ |date = 2012-11-28 }}

==External links== {{Commons category|History of Harare}} * {{cite web |url= http://doaj.org/search?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22Harare%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.title%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%7D%7D%2C%22sort%22%3A%5B%7B%22bibjson.year.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22bibjson.month.exact%22%3A%7B%22order%22%3A%22desc%22%7D%7D%5D%2C%22from%22%3A0%2C%22size%22%3A100%7D |title= (Harare) |work=Directory of Open Access Journals |location=UK }} (Bibliography of open access {{open access}} articles) * {{cite web |url= https://www.europeana.eu/portal/en/search?q=Harare&rows=96 |title= (Harare) |via= Europeana }} (Images, etc.) * {{cite web |url= http://dp.la/search?page_size=100&q=Harare&utf8=✓ |title= (Harare) |via= Digital Public Library of America }} (Images, etc.) * {{cite web |url= http://www.ilissafrica.de/en/vk/?k0=title&v0=Harare&c=UBFfm631&c=GIGA_swb&c=ascLeiden&c=NAI&c=IFEAS&c=ilissOLC&c=AiLiSs&c=base&c=dkg |title=(Harare) |publisher= Frankfurt University Library |work=Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa |location=Germany }} (Bibliography) * {{cite web |url= http://www.connecting-africa.net/query_2.php?F9=0&S0=Harare&F0=0 |title=(Harare) |work=Connecting-Africa |publisher=African Studies Centre |location=Leiden, Netherlands }} (Bibliography) * {{cite web |url= http://www.africabib.org/query_a.php?ti=Harare |title=(Harare) |work= AfricaBib.org }} (Bibliography) * {{cite web |url= http://www.blackpast.org/gah/harare-zimbabwe-1890 |title= Harare, Zimbabwe |work= BlackPast.org |date= 8 October 2014 |location=US }}

==Images== <gallery> File:President Ali Khamenei in Eighth Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (15).jpg|International Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Harare in 1986 File:Harare Africa Unity 1992.jpg|{{interlanguage link|Africa Unity Square|sn|Dandare reKubatana muAfrica}}, 1992 </gallery>

Category:History of Harare Harare Timeline Category:Years in Zimbabwe Harare