{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> {{further|History of Edinburgh}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}} {{Use British English|date=August 2021}} [[File:View of Arthur's Seat from Edinburgh Castle.JPG|thumb|View of [[Arthur's Seat]] from [[Edinburgh Castle]]]] This article is a '''timeline of the history of [[Edinburgh]]''', Scotland, up to the present day. It traces its rise from an early hill fort and later royal residence to the bustling city and capital of Scotland that it is today.
==1st millennium== {{History of Scotland}} Pre-1st century AD: Late [[Bronze Age]] (c.600 BC) weapons were found in [[Duddingston Loch]] in 1778. Traces of four [[Iron Age]] forts have been identified at [[Arthur's Seat]], Dunsapie Crag, [[Holyrood Park#Salisbury Crags|Salisbury Crags]] and [[Holyrood Park#Samson's Ribs|Samson's Ribs]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History and Research|url=https://www.historicenvironment.scot/visit-a-place/places/holyrood-park/history/|website=www.historicenvironment.scot|access-date=6 September 2017|language=en}}</ref>
2nd century AD: [[Roman Empire|Roman]] forts were built and manned at [[Cramond]] and [[Inveresk]] on the western and eastern margins of the present-day city.
c.600: The traditional date of the military campaign, starting out from Edinburgh ("Din Eydin"), commemorated in the [[Old Welsh]] poem ''[[Y Gododdin]]'' by the poet [[Aneirin]]. At this time the inhabitants of the region spoke predominantly Old Welsh (the ancestor of modern Welsh). The name of the king or chief whom the poem names as the leader of the [[Gododdin]] was [[Mynyddog Mwynfawr|Mynyddawc Mwynvawr]].
c.638: Edinburgh is besieged by unknown forces, according to a chronicle kept at [[Iona]] in the [[Hebrides]]. Many scholars have supposed that this siege marks the passing of control of the fort of Din Eydin from the Gododdin to the Northumbrian Angles, led by [[Oswald of Northumbria]]
731: Edinburgh is the most northerly outpost of the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria at the time of [[Bede]], who completed his ''[[Ecclesiastical History of the English People|History]]'' in this year
840s–50s: [[Cinaed mac Ailpin]] (Kenneth MacAlpin) raids Northumbrian [[Lothian#Lothian under the control of the Angles|Lothian]], burning [[Dunbar]] and possibly Edinburgh, from his kingdom of the Scots north of the [[Firth of Forth]]
854: The 12thC chronicler [[Symeon of Durham]] mentions a church at Edwinesburch in 854 AD
934: [[Æthelstan]] attacks Lothian – according to the [[Annals of Clonmacnoise]], "Adalstan king of the Saxons preyed & spoyled the kingdom of Scotland to Edenburrogh, & yet the Scottishmen compelled him to return without any great victory"
c.960: Edinburgh comes under Scottish rule during the reign of [[Indulf]] (954–62)
==11th century== c.1018: [[Malcolm II of Scotland|Malcolm II]] secures Lothian for his kingdom after the [[Battle of Carham]]<ref>Fry 2010, p. 35</ref>
1074: Refortification of the [[Edinburgh Castle|castle]] begins under [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]] who uses it increasingly as a royal residence
1093: [[Saint Margaret of Scotland|Queen Margaret]] dies in the castle and is taken to [[Dunfermline Abbey|Dunfermline]] for burial
==12th century==
1124 to 1127: Royal Charter by [[David I of Scotland|David I]] granting a toft in "burgo meo de Edenesburg" to the Priory of Dunfermline, perhaps implying [[Royal burgh]] status for Edinburgh
1128: King David I founds [[Holyrood Abbey]]<ref name=Holyrood>{{cite web|title=Royal Residences: The Palace of Holyroodhouse|url=https://www.royal.uk/royal-residences-palace-holyroodhouse|website=The Royal Family|access-date=7 December 2016|date=23 November 2015}}</ref>
c.1130: Probable date of [[St Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh|St Margaret's Chapel]] erected inside Edinburgh Castle,<ref>{{cite web|title=St Margaret's Chapel|url=http://www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/discover/highlights/st-margarets-chapel|website=www.edinburghcastle.gov.uk|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref> now recognised as Edinburgh's oldest building
c.1143: David I grants the [[Augustinians|Augustinian canons]] of Holyrood leave "to establish a burgh between that church and my burgh", thus founding the burgh of [[Canongate]]
1162: Edinburgh is the caput of the [[Lothian]] [[sheriff]]dom
==13th century== 1230: [[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]] founds large [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[friary]] (Blackfriars);<ref name=yards>{{cite web|title=History of High School Yards|url=http://edinburghcentre.org/history.htmlwebsite=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref> a hospital is also open
1243: Edinburgh's parish church dedicated to [[Saint Giles|St Giles]]
1274: Lothian is an archdeaconry of [[Archdiocese of St Andrews|St. Andrews]]
1296: Edward I captures and garrisons Edinburgh Castle after a three-day-long siege employing catapults
==14th century== 1314: [[Edinburgh Castle]] captured by [[Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray]]; the castle is [[Slighting|slighted]] on the orders of [[Robert the Bruce]] to deny English occupiers a stronghold in the future<ref>Fry 2010, p. 69</ref>
1326–1331: Edinburgh's contribution to Scottish burgh taxes is 15%, half that of [[Aberdeen]]
1328: The [[Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton|Treaty of Edinburgh]] is signed guaranteeing Scottish independence<ref>Fry 2010, p. 70</ref>
1329: [[Robert the Bruce|Robert I]]'s charter confirms the town royal burgh status with powers over the port of [[Leith]] and its mills
1330: Wall between High Street and [[Cowgate]] is first mentioned
1334: Scotland loses [[Berwick-upon-Tweed|Berwick]] and Edinburgh Castle to the English (the loss of her main port increases the importance of Edinburgh and Leith)
1335: The castle is refortified by [[Edward III of England]]
1341: Scots regain castle from English
1349: An outbreak of the [[Black Death]] occurs<ref name=Womersley>{{cite book |last1=Womersley |first1=Tara |last2=Crawford |first2=Dorothy |title=Bodysnatchers to Lifesavers |date=2010 |publisher=Luath Press Limited |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1-910745-37-3 |pages=13–16}}</ref>
1356: [[Burnt Candlemas]]: Edward III burns the town but then retreats from lack of provisions
1357: [[David II of Scotland|David II]] returns after 11 years of captivity in England
1360: The castle is the usual royal residence, being strengthened in stone
1363: First reference to [[Grassmarket]] as "the street called Newbygging under the castle"
1364: David II grants ground for building of new [[Tron (Scotland)|tron]] (weigh beam)
1365: [[Jean Froissart]] visits Edinburgh. In his [[Froissart's Chronicles|Chronicles]] he calls Edinburgh the "capital of Scotland" and the "Paris of Scotland"
1367: David II begins work on major fortifications at castle
1371: David II dies unexpectedly at the castle<ref>{{cite ODNB|title=Oxford DNB article: David II|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3726?docPos=1|accessdate=21 December 2016|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/3726|year = 2004}}</ref>
1384: [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster|Duke of Lancaster]] extorts ransom following end of truce
1385: [[Richard II of England]] burns the town
1386: [[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]] grants ground for building of a [[tolbooth]]
1387: Five new [[chapel]]s are added to the Church of St Giles following English damage in 1385
1398: Edinburgh buys the east bank of the Water of Leith at South Leith from Sir Robert Logan with the right to erect wharves and quays and to make roads through the lands of Restalrig (the later [[Easter Road, Edinburgh|Easter Road]]) for the transport of goods and merchandise to and from the town
1400: [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] attempts to storm castle when [[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]] refuses homage.
==15th century== 1403: The earliest burgh record mentions the "Pretorio burgi" – the [[Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh|Old Tolbooth]]
1414: Edinburgh is granted further lands at Leith by Sir Robert Logan
1427: [[Edinburgh town walls#King's Wall|King's Wall]] first recorded
1437: The murder of [[James I of Scotland|James I]] at [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] leads to Edinburgh becoming the main royal residence and site of Parliaments, hence seen increasingly as the capital of Scotland
1438: The Old Tolbooth is used by the [[Parliament of Scotland|Estates of Parliament]] for the first time
1440: The [[William Douglas, 6th Earl of Douglas|Earl of Douglas]] and his brother are murdered at the castle by [[William Crichton, 1st Lord Crichton|Chancellor Crichton]]
1440s: Edinburgh has 47% of Scottish [[wool]] trade
1450: [[James II of Scotland|James II]] grants charter permitting the building of a defensive town wall
1451: First record of Incorporation of [[Skinner (profession)|Skinners]]
1455–1458: Greyfriars ([[Franciscans|Franciscan]]) [[friary]] is founded
1457: The 20in (508mm) siege gun "[[Mons Meg]]" is received at the castle; Deacon of [[goldsmith]]s begins assaying and marking of works
1458: Edinburgh has one of three supreme courts in the country
1460: [[Trinity College Kirk]] and Hospital founded by [[Mary of Guelders]]
1467–1469: St Giles' gains collegiate status, a [[Provost (religion)|provost]] and 14 [[prebendary|prebendaries]] are established
1474: Furriers and [[Tailor]]s crafts become incorporations
1475: [[Weaving|Websters]], [[Wright]]s and [[Stonemasonry|Mason]]s crafts incorporated
1477: Charter of [[James III of Scotland|James III]] ratifying and confirming the location of markets within the burgh;<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Maitland | first1 = William | author-link1 = William Maitland (historian) | title = History of Edinburgh from Its Foundation to the Present Time | volume = 1 | pages = 8 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E9pOAAAAcAAJ&q=1477| year = 1753 }}</ref> The Hammermen ([[Metalsmith|smiths]]) are incorporated
1479: A hospital is set up in Leith Wynd; [[Shoemaking|Cordiners]] second Seal of Cause (a charter of privileges) granted
1482: [[James III of Scotland|James III]] awards the Crafts of Edinburgh the flag known as the 'Blue Blanket'
1485: Oppressive rules against dealings with inhabitants of Leith; stone [[tenement]]s appear in the town
1488: Seal of Cause granted to the Incorporation of [[Butcher|Fleshers]]
1490: The Franciscan friary closes
1492: Goldsmiths, originally part of Incorporation of Hammermen, form their own incorporation; [[Baker|Baxters]] incorporated
1497: Outbreak of the "grandgore" ([[syphilis]]); infected persons are quarantined at the King's command on the island of [[Inchkeith]] in the Firth of Forth
1500: Edinburgh pays 60% of Scotland's customs revenue; [[Fulling|Waulkers]] craft granted Seal of Cause; c.1500 [[History of candle making#Profession of candle making|Candlemakers]] receive Seal of Cause
==16th century== 1501-5: [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] builds [[Holyrood Palace]]<ref name=Holyrood />
1503: James IV marries [[Margaret Tudor]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Margaret Tudor|url=http://tudorhistory.org/people/margaret/|website=tudorhistory.org|access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>
1505: [[Barber surgeon]]s form incorporation – later becomes [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh|Royal College of Surgeons]]<ref>{{cite web|title=History and Vision|url=https://www.rcsed.ac.uk/the-college/about-us/history-and-vision|website=The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh|access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>
1507: James IV grants a patent for the first printing press in Scotland to [[Walter Chepman]] and [[Androw Myllar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=500 years of printing in Scotland|url=http://www.nas.gov.uk/about/070914.asp|website=www.nas.gov.uk|access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref>
1508: James IV charter allows first [[Feu (land tenure)|feuing]] of the [[Burgh Muir|burgh muir]]
1510: Edinburgh purchases [[Newhaven, Edinburgh|Newhaven]] from the Crown
1512: Launching of the "[[Great Michael]]" at Newhaven
1513: Defeat at [[Battle of Flodden|Flodden]] leads to a new southern [[Edinburgh town walls#Flodden Wall|wall]] being begun<ref name=yards />
1520: "[[Cleanse the Causeway]]" (30 April); pitched battle on the [[Royal Mile|High Street]] between the [[Clan Douglas|Douglas]] and [[Clan Hamilton|Hamilton]] clans leads to the [[Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus|Earl of Angus]] (Douglas) seizing control of the town; Edinburgh is the "seat of courts of justice"
1523: The town has 14 [[craft guilds]]
1528: [[James V]] enters the town with an army, to assert his right to rule; Holyrood Palace is extended
c.1528–c.1542: printing in Edinburgh re-established under royal licence granted to [[Thomas Davidson (printer)|Thomas Davidson]]
1530: There are 288 [[brewing|brewers]], mostly "alewives", in the town, one for every 40 people; Bonnetmakers craft receives Seal of Cause
1532: The [[Court of Session]] is established
1534: Norman Gourlay and David Stratton are burnt as [[heresy|heretics]]
1535–1556: Edinburgh contributes over 40% of Scotland's burgh taxation
1537: [[Janet Douglas, Lady Glamis]] is [[Death by burning|burnt at the stake]]
c.1540: [[Magdalen Chapel, Edinburgh|Magdalen Chapel]] built in the Cowgate<ref>{{cite web | url = http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/52256/details/edinburgh+41+cowgate+magdalen+chapel/ | title = Edinburgh, 41 Cowgate, Magdalen Chapel | access-date = 26 March 2013}}</ref><ref>''Inventory of the Ancient Monuments of the City of Edinburgh'' (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1951), pp. 41, 43.</ref>
1544: [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Earl of Hertford]] [[Burning of Edinburgh|burns the town]], including Holyrood Palace and Abbey
1547: Scottish army defeated by an English army at the [[battle of Pinkie]] six miles east of Edinburgh; the routed Scots are pursued as far as Holyrood outside the town walls
1550: [[John Napier]] of Merchiston, discoverer of [[logarithm]]s, born
1558: Reformers destroy Blackfriars Monastery and Church;<ref name=yards /> the Flodden Wall is completed; Edinburgh's population is about 12,000; there are 367 merchants, and 400 craftsmen
1559: Town council appoints [[John Knox]] minister at [[St Giles' Cathedral|St. Giles]]
1560: English and French troops at the [[Siege of Leith]] withdraw under [[Treaty of Edinburgh]]; [[Scottish Reformation Parliament]] abolishes papal authority in Scotland
1561: Town council quells apprentice riot against banning (by 1555 Act of Parliament) of traditional May Day "Robin Hood" pageant; [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] returns to Scotland
1562: St. Giles' churchyard having reached capacity, Queen Mary grants town the use of the grounds of the Greyfriars as a new burial ground; Convenery of the Trades of Edinburgh established
1565: Mary, Queen of Scots, marries [[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]; the beheading machine known as "[[Maiden (guillotine)|The Maiden]]" is introduced for executions
1566: [[David Rizzio]] is stabbed to death and Queen Mary is held captive in Holyrood Palace by Scottish nobles. She escapes to [[Dunbar Castle]] and returns to Edinburgh with an army 9 days after Rizzio's murder.<ref>{{cite web |title=Undiscovered Scotland: Timeline of Scottish History: 1550 to 1600 |url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usfeatures/timeline/to1600.html |website=www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>
1567: [[Murder of Lord Darnley|Darnley is assassinated]] at the [[Kirk o' Field]]; the prime suspect [[James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell|James Hepburn]] is cleared of the murder; Edinburgh acquires South Leith
1569: The town is hit by an outbreak of the plague
1571: [[Edinburgh town walls#Flodden Wall|Netherbow Port]] rebuilt<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Henry |date=1933-11-30 |title=Notes on the Nether Bow Port, Edinburgh |url=https://journals.socantscot.org/index.php/psas/article/view/7881 |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland |language=en |volume=67 |pages=297–307 |doi=10.9750/PSAS.067.297.307 |issn=2056-743X}}</ref>
1573: The [[Marian civil war]] is concluded when "the Queen's Men" are ousted from the castle by the [[Regent Morton]]
1574: The castle's Half-Moon [[artillery battery|Battery]] is built; there are seven mills in Edinburgh
1579: [[James VI and I|James VI]] makes his [[Entry of James VI into Edinburgh|State Entry to Edinburgh]]
1580s: There are some 400 merchants in Edinburgh
1581: [[James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton]] is executed for complicity in the murder of Lord Darnley
1582: The [[University of Edinburgh]] is founded and given a [[royal charter]] – it is Scotland's fourth university
1583: Edinburgh, previously a single parish, divided into four parishes, each with its own minister; There are an estimated 500 merchants and 500 craftsmen in the town, of which 250 are [[tailor]]s
1585: [[Edinburgh plague of 1585|Plague comes to Edinburgh]], the sick are quarantined at the [[Burgh Muir]].<ref>[[Richard Oram]], "'It cannot be decernit quha are clean and quha are foulle' Responses to Epidemic Disease in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Scotland", ''Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Reforme'', 30:4 (2006), pp. 13–39. {{doi|10.33137/rr.v30i4.9093}}</ref>
1588: 736 merchants and 717 craftsmen enlisted for defence of the town against the [[Spanish Armada]] threat
1590: First paper mill in Scotland opens at [[Mungo Russell (merchant)|Mungo Russell's Dalry Mills]] (near [[Roseburn]]).<ref>Robert Waterston, 'Early Paper Making Near Edinburgh', ''Book of the Old Edinburgh Club'', 25 (Edinburgh, 1945), pp. 56–58.</ref>
1590: [[Entry and coronation of Anne of Denmark]].<ref>[[Maureen Meikle]], 'Anna of Denmark's Coronation and Entry', [[Julian Goodare]] & Alasdair A. MacDonald, ''Sixteenth-Century Scotland'' (Brill, 2008), pp. 277–294.</ref>
c.1590: Riddle's Court, off the [[Royal Mile#Lawnmarket|Lawnmarket]], built by Bailie [[John MacMorran]], reputedly Edinburgh's richest merchant
1591: [[Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell]] escapes from imprisonment in Edinburgh castle.<ref>James Dennistoun, ''Memoirs of the Affairs of the Scotland by David Moysie'' (Edinburgh: Maitland Club, 1830), p. 86.</ref>
1592: The [[Presbyterian polity#Session|kirk session]] of St. Giles conducts the first Edinburgh census: there are 2,239 households with 8,003 adults (over 12 years of age), split evenly between north and south of the High Street; 45 per cent of the employed (4,360) are domestic servants in households of the legal and merchant professions and town houses of the landed class
1593: Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell, [[Raid of Holyrood|raids Holyrood Palace]].<ref>Steven Veerapen, ''The Wisest Fool: The Lavish Life of James VI and I'' (Birlinn, 2023), p. 179.</ref>
1594: Earl of Bothwell fails to seize the town
1595: Bailie John McMorran shot dead during an occupation by scholars of the Grammar School in High School Yards
1596: Clergy demand arms to defend King and Church against "papists"; Society of Brewers formed
1599: The [[Convention of Estates]] meeting in Edinburgh ordains that the new year should begin on 1 January instead of 25 March
1600: Roads out of Edinburgh number twelve; the town council orders a gun salute, church bells rung and bonfires lit in thanks for King James's escape from the [[Gowrie conspiracy]]; royal printers active in the period included [[Robert Waldegrave]] and Robert Charteris
==17th century== 1602–c.1620: Construction of [[Greyfriars Kirk]]
1603: King [[James VI and I|James VI]] of Scotland succeeds to the English throne and leaves Edinburgh; [[golf club]]s manufactured for the King by William Mayne
1604: Execution by hanging of a chief of the MacGregors and eleven of his clansmen for the [[Colquhoun massacre]]
1606: Netherbow Port rebuilt, replacing ruinous 1571 Port
1607: Town council employs Englishman [[John Norlie|John Orley]] and four "expert musicianes" playing [[shawm]]s and [[Oboe|hautbois]] as a town band
1608: Town council orders bonfires lit on 5 November in remembrance of the treasonable [[Gunpowder Plot]]
1610–1621: Printer [[Andro Hart]] active
1611: Town council appoints three postmasters with responsibility for the hiring of post horses.
1613: [[John Maxwell, 9th Lord Maxwell]] hanged for the murder of the Laird of [[Johnstone]]
1614: [[John Napier|Napier]]'s book of [[logarithm]]s published<ref name="discriptio-trans">{{cite book |last=Napier |first=John |url=http://www.17centurymaths.com/contents/napier/ademonstratiobookone.pdf |title=The Description of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms |publisher=17centurymaths.com |year=1614 |translator-last1=Wright |translator-first1=Edward |access-date=March 14, 2022 |translator-last2=Bruce |translator2-first=Ian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422184237/http://17centurymaths.com/contents/napier/ademonstratiobookone.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
1615: Execution of [[Patrick Stewart, 2nd Earl of Orkney]] after rebellion to overthrow [[James VI and I|the king]]
1617: James VI visits Edinburgh for the only time after the [[Union of the Crowns]]; 1550s building extended to form 5-storey and attic tenement in Lawnmarket later known as [[Gladstone's Land]]
1618: Some tenement buildings reach seven storeys; population c. 25,000, of which approx. 475 are merchants
1619: The [[privy council]] orders the town to clean up its streets; a hospital of 1479 converted into a [[workhouse]]
1620: Construction of [[Tailor's Hall]] in the Cowgate<ref>{{cite web | url = http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/52268/details/edinburgh+137+cowgate+tailor+s+hall/ | title = Edinburgh, 137 Cowgate, Tailor's Hall | access-date = 26 March 2013}}</ref>
1621: Edinburgh and [[Leith]] pays 44% of Scottish non-wine customs duty, and 66% of wine duty
1622: "Lady Gray's House", later "Lady Stair's House" (now the [[Writers' Museum]]), built; fleshers required to move slaughterhouses to banks of the North Loch
1624: Plague epidemic; [[George Heriot]] dies after bequeathing a hospital for the maintenance and education of the "puir, faitherless bairns" of deceased Edinburgh [[Burgess (title)|burgesses]]
1628–1659: Construction of [[George Heriot's School|Heriot's Hospital]]
c.1628–1636: Telfer Wall, named after its builder, is built to enclose Greyfriars Kirk and Heriot's Hospital within the town's defences
1632: Construction begins on the new [[Parliament House, Edinburgh|Parliament House]] for the [[Parliament of Scotland]]
1633: Edinburgh designated a [[Diocese|bishopric]]; Scottish coronation of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] at Holyrood Abbey offends [[Presbyterian]] sentiments
1635: First public Post established between Edinburgh and London by royal authority 1636: Edinburgh buys Regality of Canongate together with North Leith, parts of South Leith, and [[Pleasance (street)|Pleasance]]; construction of the [[Tron Kirk]] begun; population of the town c.30,000
1637: Riots in protest at the introduction of a new [[Scottish Prayer Book (1637)|Prayer Book]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spinks |first=Bryan D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/994905930 |title=The rise and fall of the incomparable liturgy: the Book of common prayer, 1559-1906 |date=2017 |publisher=SPCK, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |isbn=978-0-281-07605-5 |series=Alcuin Club collections |location=London |pages=73 |oclc=994905930}}</ref> [[supplication]] to remove [[bishop]]s from the [[privy council]]
1638: [[Covenanter|National Covenant]] signed in [[Greyfriars Kirkyard]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Greyfriars Kirkyard, Edinburgh|url=http://www.covenanter.org.uk/Greyfriars/|website=www.covenanter.org.uk|access-date=7 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513123235/http://www.covenanter.org.uk/Greyfriars/|archive-date=13 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
1639: Decisions of Glasgow [[Church of Scotland assembly]] ratified
1640: Completion of Parliament House
1641: Birth of Sir [[Robert Sibbald]], Geographer Royal<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Robert Sibbald|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Sibbald|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1642 or 1645: [[Mary King's Close]] abandoned
1645-46: Outbreak of plague in Edinburgh and Leith<ref>{{cite web|title=Lost Edinburgh: The Great Plague of 1645|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/lost-edinburgh-the-great-plague-of-1645-1-3351337|website=www.scotsman.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
1647: James Gordon of Rothiemay's map of Edinburgh; completion of the Tron Kirk
1649: [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Estates]] proclaim succession of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] on 5 February; execution of [[George Gordon, 2nd Marquess of Huntly]] by [[Covenanters]]; the suburbs of [[West Port, Edinburgh|West Port]] and Potterrow purchased by the town council and erected into the barony of [[Portsburgh]]
1650: Execution of [[James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose]], by hanging; surrender of Edinburgh Castle to invading forces of [[Oliver Cromwell]]; early fire engine in Edinburgh; much of the Palace of Holyrood destroyed by fire;
1652: Introduction of a stagecoach to London with a journey time of a fortnight
1653: General Assembly broken up by English forces
1655: Council of state established; ministers yielded to the English
1657: The Guild of Apothecaries and Surgeons is established by the town council<ref name=Womersley />
1659: Camel seen for the first time in the city ("Ane great beast calit ane drummondary, cleven futted like unto a kow.")
1660: Government of Scotland resumed by the [[Committee of Estates]]; the ''[[Mercurius Caledonius]]'', arguably the first Scottish newspaper, written and edited by [[Thomas Sydserf]], published on 31 December
1661: Execution of [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, 1598 - 1661|url=https://art.nationalgalleries.org/art-and-artists/1750|website=art.nationalgalleries.org|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
1663: Execution of [[Archibald Johnston]] of Warriston, co-author of the National Covenant of 1638; Edinburgh buys the burgh of regality of Leith Citadel
1671: [[John Law (economist)|John Law]], founder of the [[Banque Générale]], born<ref>Backhosue, Roger. ''Economists and the economy: the evolution of economic ideas'', Transaction Publishers, 1994, {{ISBN|978-1-56000-715-9}}, p. 118</ref>
1673: City's first [[coffeehouse]] opens at the head of [[Parliament Square, Edinburgh|Parliament Close]]; 20 licensed hackney coaches are available for hire
1674: German engineer, Peter Brauss or Brusche, creates a piped water supply, drawn gravitationally from Comiston Springs, three and a half miles from the city, to a cistern on Castle Hill; after a major fire in the High Street the town council orders all ruinous and burned tenements henceforth to be rebuilt in stone
1675: Physic garden planted at Holyrood founded by [[Robert Sibbald]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh – History|url=http://www.rbge.org.uk/about-us/history|website=www.rbge.org.uk|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
1678: First regular stagecoach to Glasgow
1679: Some 1200 [[Covenanters]] are imprisoned at [[Greyfriars Kirk|Greyfriars]] after the [[battle of Bothwell Bridge]]; some are executed in the [[Grassmarket]]; town council organises a Town Guard (or [[City guard|City Guard]]) for prevention of crime and disorder (disbanded 1817)
1681: [[Royal College of Physicians]] founded by Robert Sibbald<ref>Fry 2010, p. 187</ref> under patronage of the Duke of Albany and York (later [[James II of England|King James VII and II]]); [[Merchant Company of Edinburgh]] receives Royal Charter; [[James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair|Viscount Stair]]'s ''Institutions of the Laws of Scotland'' published
1682: [[Advocates Library]], forerunner of the [[National Library of Scotland]], founded by Sir [[George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh|George Mackenzie]] with the Duke of Albany as patron; [[Mons Meg]] bursts during salute to the [[James II of England|Duke of Albany and York]] on his entry to the town
1687: Goldsmiths granted Royal Charter
1688: Collapse of royal government in Scotland after Lord Chancellor [[James Drummond, 4th Earl of Perth]] flees; mob riot wrecks [[James II of England|James VII]]'s royal chapel in [[Holyrood Abbey]]
1689: The [[Convention of Estates (1689)|Convention of Estates]] accepts the rule of [[William III of England|William of Orange]] by right of conquest; [[Leven's Regiment]] (later [[King's Own Scottish Borderers|K.O.S.B.]]) raised for defence of the city against [[Jacobite rising of 1689|Jacobites]]; John Chiesley of Dalry hanged for the murder of the [[Lord Advocate]], [[George Lockhart, Lord Carnwath|Sir George Lockhart]]
1690s: Legal profession calculated to be more wealthy than merchant class; over 20% of the population employed in manufacture
1691: New [[Canongate Kirk]] completed;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dunlop |first=A. Ian |title=The kirks of Edinburgh: the congregations, churches, and ministers of the Presbytery of Edinburgh, Church of Scotland; 1560-1984 |date=1988 |publisher=Scottish Record Society |isbn=978-0-902054-10-3 |series=Scottish Record Society |location=Edinburgh |pages=84}}</ref> tax records reveal the city has 18 schoolmasters, 7 schoolmistresses, 40 booksellers, printers and stationers, and 65 wigmakers
1694: Professional classes outnumber merchants; 200 legals (advocates to lawyers), 24 surgeons, and 33 physicians; other occupations included aleseller, executioner, royal trumpeter, and keeper of the [[Seal (emblem)|signet]]; ratio of sexes, 70 males:100 females; domestic servants number over 5000
1695: [[Bank of Scotland]] established by Act of Parliament;<ref>{{cite web|title=Bank of Scotland – Lloyds Banking Group plc|url=http://www.lloydsbankinggroup.com/Our-Group/our-heritage/our-history/bank-of-scotland/bank-of-scotland/|website=www.lloydsbankinggroup.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> the Company of Scotland devises the [[Darien scheme]]<ref>{{cite web|title=British History in depth: The Darien Venture|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/scotland_darien_01.shtml|website=BBC|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
1697: Execution of [[Thomas Aikenhead]] for blasphemy<ref>{{cite web|title=Book review: The Blasphemies of Thomas Aikenhead|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/books/book-review-the-blasphemies-of-thomas-aikenhead-1-3106136|website=www.scotsman.com|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1698: Five ships set sail from Leith on 14 July to found a Scottish colony on the [[Isthmus of Panama|Isthmus of Darien]]
1700: Fire destroys Edinburgh's, some say Europe's, highest buildings behind St. Giles; [[Darien scheme]] fails when colony is abandoned
==18th century== 1702: Advocates Library moved to the Laigh Hall in Parliament House
1706: Framework knitters from [[Haddington, East Lothian|Haddington]] are working in Edinburgh
1707: [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] passed by the [[Parliament of Scotland]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Act of Union 1707|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/act-of-union-1707/|website=UK Parliament|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1711: [[David Hume]], philosopher, is born<ref>{{cite web|title=David Hume – The University of Edinburgh|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/ppls/philosophy/about/history/david-hume|website=www.ed.ac.uk|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1713: The main radial roads into Edinburgh are [[Turnpike trust|turnpiked]]
1715: [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]] occupy [[Leith#History|Leith Citadel]], but make no attempt to enter Edinburgh
1718: ''Edinburgh Evening Courant'' newspaper is launched; [[damask]]s are woven at Drumsheugh
1720s: [[Daniel Defoe]] praises the [[High Street, Edinburgh|High Street]], decries [[Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh|Old Tolbooth]], notes sales of woollens, linens, drapery and ''[[mercery]]''
1722: [[Society of Writers to His Majesty's Signet|Signet Library]] is founded<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lynch |first1=Michael|title=The Oxford companion to Scottish history|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-923482-0|page=388|edition=published as an Oxford Paperbacks reference paperback.}}</ref>
1725: Barony of Calton (including [[Calton Hill]]) purchased by the city
1726: The poet [[Allan Ramsay (poet)|Allan Ramsay]] establishes Britain's first circulating library;<ref>{{cite web |title='Unsung' poet Allan Ramsay celebrated in pub festival |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-37565081 |website=BBC News |access-date=1 August 2023 |date=6 October 2016}}</ref> [[Edinburgh Medical School]] founded at the town's college;<ref name=Womersley /> [[James Hutton]], geologist, is born
1727: [[Royal Bank of Scotland]] established<ref>{{cite web|title=Scottish Banking History – The Committee of Scottish Bankers|url=http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banking_history.php|website=www.scotbanks.org.uk|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1729: The city's first [[hospital|infirmary]] is opened
1733: [[Alexander Monro Secundus]], discoverer of [[lymphatic system|lymphatic]] and [[nervous system]]s, is born
1735: Golf is played on [[Bruntsfield Links]]; also the traditional date for the founding of the Royal Burgess Golfing Society
1736: The [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh|Royal Infirmary]] is given a [[Royal charter]];<ref name="lhsa.lib.ed.ac.uk">{{cite web |title=Royal Charter of the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh |url=http://www.lhsa.lib.ed.ac.uk/exhibits/charter/index.htm |access-date=2015-07-28}}</ref> [[Porteous Riots]] shake the city
1737: The [[Lord provost]] is debarred from office following the riots
1738: Edinburgh is described as the "world's leading medical centre"; [[George Watson's College]] is founded<ref>{{cite book |author=Waugh, Hector Liston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9EIAQAAIAAJ |title=George Watson's College |publisher=George Watson's College |year=1970 |isbn=9780950183800}}</ref>
1739: ''[[The Scots Magazine]]'' is first published in the city
1740: There are four printing firms in Edinburgh; the biographer [[James Boswell]] is born
1741: Royal Infirmary designed by [[William Adam (architect)|William Adam]] opens in, what became, Infirmary Street
1744: The first premises at Fountainbridge are built, with more than five looms; first known rules of golf drawn up in Edinburgh for the Gentlemen Golfers of Edinburgh for a competition at [[Leith Links]]
1745: [[Charles Edward Stuart]] enters the city and proclaims his father [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James VIII and III]]; in the "Canter of Coltbrigg", dragoons flee Jacobites
1746: The [[British Linen Bank|British Linen Company]] is formed
1747: A theatre is established at Playhouse Close in the Canongate
1748: Moral philosopher and political economist [[Adam Smith]] delivers his first series of public lectures at the [[University of Edinburgh]]
1749: A stagecoach service opens between Edinburgh and Glasgow
1750: Birth of the poet [[Robert Fergusson]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Writing Scotland – Robert Fergusson – BBC Two|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/2N82ppKDkcqBxkjbYB8Kh6H/robert-fergusson|website=BBC|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1751: A survey shows a severe state of [[dilapidation]] in the [[Old Town, Edinburgh|Old Town]]
1752: [[Convention of Royal Burghs]] publishes proposals for new public buildings, the draining of the [[Nor Loch]] and the city's expansion, which are accepted and implemented by the town council
1753: Stagecoach services are introduced to London (taking two weeks)
1754: Building of the Royal Exchange (later [[Edinburgh City Chambers]]) in the High Street begins; the Select Society is founded; [[Mons Meg]] removed from the castle to the [[Tower of London]]
1755: Dr. Webster's census puts the population of Edinburgh, Canongate, St Cuthbert's and Leith at 57,220
1757–1770: Linen weaving works in Canongate
1758: Stagecoach services are introduced to [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] (taking one week)
1760: [[Thomas Braidwood]] establishes first school in Britain for deaf children; the main linen stamping office is in the city
1760s: Woollen cloth is ''beetled'' in a ''lapping house'' in Edinburgh
1761: The Bruntsfield Links Golfing Society is formed
1763: Draining of the eastern end of the [[Nor Loch]] and construction of the [[North Bridge, Edinburgh|North Bridge]], designed by [[William Mylne]], begins; [[St Cecilia's Hall]], by [[Robert Mylne (mason)|Robert Mylne]], Scotland's first purpose-built concert hall, erected; a four-horse coach runs to Glasgow three times a week
1764: [[Edinburgh town walls#Flodden Wall|Netherbow Port]] demolished to facilitate traffic flow
1765: The Glasgow coach now runs daily
1766: The competition to design the [[New Town, Edinburgh|New Town]] is won by [[James Craig (architect)|James Craig]]
1767: Construction of the New Town begins with the first residence being built in Thistle Court.
1768-71: First edition of [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] produced in Anchor Close
1769: Opening of the first [[Theatre Royal, Edinburgh|Theatre Royal]] at the north end of the North Bridge; 5 people killed by the collapse of the bridge's southern abutment; Society of Bowlers founded and draws up rules of the game
1770s: There are 27 competing printing firms in the city
1771: Sir [[Walter Scott]] is born in College Wynd
1772: Reconstruction of the North Bridge completed; building of [[Dundas House]], on [[St Andrew Square, Edinburgh|St Andrew Square]], designed by [[William Chambers (architect)|Sir William Chambers]] begins
1773: [[Samuel Johnson|Dr Johnson]] visits Edinburgh; [[Penny Post]] begun by [[Peter Williamson (memoirist)|Peter Williamson]]
1774: Construction of [[Robert Adam]]'s [[National Archives of Scotland#General Register House|Register House]] at east end of Princes Street begins
Mid 1770s: The [[British Linen Bank|British Linen Company]] completely switches to banking<ref name="Durie">{{cite book |last=Durie |first=Alastair |title=The British Linen Company 1745–1775 |date=1996}}</ref>
1775: Population of Edinburgh, Canongate, St Cuthbert's and Leith is 70,430; new St Cuthbert's Church opens; a directory of brothels and prostitutes is published
1777: A new [[Royal High School, Edinburgh|High School]] building opens in High School Yards; 8 legal and 400 illegal [[distillery|distilleries]] in the city
1778: [[Younger's Brewery]] established within the precincts of Holyrood Abbey<ref>{{cite web |last=Cornell |first=Martyn |title=Wells gets Younger – which isn't as old as claimed |date=6 October 2011 |url=http://zythophile.wordpress.com/2011/10/06/wells-gets-younger-which-isnt-as-old-as-claimed/}}</ref>
1780: National Museum of Antiquities established as part of [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] (later housed in the Royal Institution on The Mound in 1827 and in Queen Street in 1891)
1782: System of parliamentary representation is criticised by Thomas McGrugar in "''Letters of Zeno''"
1783: [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] created by Royal Charter for "the advancement of learning and useful knowledge"; [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] incorporated by Royal Charter for "the study of the antiquities and history of Scotland..."; proposal for the construction of "[[The Mound|The Earthen Mound]]" begins<ref>Grant's Old and New edinburgh vol.2 p.255</ref>
1784: [[James Tytler]] makes the first hot-air balloon ascent in Britain from Comely Gardens to Restalrig village; meeting discusses corrupt electoral system
1785: Italian balloonist [[Vincenzo Lunardi|Vincent Lunardi]] makes his first Scottish hydrogen balloon flight from the grounds of Heriot's School, landing 46 miles away in [[Ceres, Fife]]; Old Tolbooth becomes usual place of execution<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coghill |first1=Hamish |title=Lost Edinburgh: Edinburgh s Lost Architectural Heritage |chapter=Old Tolbooth |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Birlinn |year=2008 }}</ref>
1785–1786: Stone bridge at [[Stockbridge, Edinburgh|Stockbridge]]
1785–1788: The [[South Bridge, Edinburgh|South Bridge]] is built
1786: The [[Ayrshire]] poet [[Robert Burns]] is fêted by the city's social elite
1787: New [[Assembly Rooms (Edinburgh)|Assembly Rooms]] opened in George Street<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Rooms (Edinburgh) – The Theatres Trust|url=http://www.theatrestrust.org.uk/resources/theatres/show/3672-assembly-rooms-edinburgh|website=www.theatrestrust.org.uk|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1788: [[William Brodie]] is executed – leader of a gang of robbers
1789: The first stone of Edinburgh University's [[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]] is laid<ref name="ScotsMag 1789">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HvQ7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA521 |title=Scots Magazine |publisher=Sands, Brymer, Murray and Cochran |year=1789 |page=521 |quote=Account of the Procession, & c. at laying the Foundation-stone of the New College Of Edinburgh, Nov. 16. ... |access-date=12 November 2022 |issue=v. 51}}</ref><ref name="old college was new">{{cite web |date=27 June 2017 |title=When old college was new |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/edit-magazine/editions/issue-1/when-old-college-was-new |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=The University of Edinburgh}}</ref>
1791: A census puts the population of the city at 82,706 with 29,718 in the City of Edinburgh (22,512 in the Old Town and 7,206 in the New Town), 6,200 in Canongate Parish, 32,947 in St Cuthbert's Parish, 11,432 in South Leith Parish and 2,409 in North Leith Parish; [[Robert Burns]] visits the city for the second and last time
1792: [[Society of the Friends of the People#Friends of the People in Scotland|The Friends of the People Society]] meets for the first time; Charlotte Square designed by Robert Adam; James Craig's Old Observatory completed on Calton Hill
1793: Sedition trials held: [[Thomas Muir of Huntershill]] and other radical reformers are sentenced to transportation
1794: Robert Watt, a former spy, is sentenced to death for "Pike Plot"
1797: Snuff manufacturer James Gillespie dies after bequeathing a hospital for the aged poor and a "free school for the education of poor boys"
1799: City has access to 3 million litres of drinking water a day
1800: Stein's Canongate brewery is built
==19th century== 1802: Demolition of the [[Luckenbooths]] (apart from east-most) in the High Street begins; architects William Sibbald and [[Robert Reid (architect)|Robert Reid]] produce a final plan for the building of a 'Second New Town' north of James Craig's New Town; the ''[[Edinburgh Review]]'' is published<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cosh|first1=Mary|title=Edinburgh: The Golden Age|date=2003|publisher=Birlinn Limited|location=Edinburgh|isbn=978-1-78027-258-0|page=136 and 153–154}}</ref>
1802–1806: [[Bank of Scotland]] head office is built
1803: [[William Wordsworth|William]] and [[Dorothy Wordsworth]] stay in the White Hart Inn in the Grassmarket
1805: Edinburgh Police Act 1805 ([[45 Geo. 3]]. c. xxi) establishes police commissioners with responsibility for policing the city (and also cleansing and lighting)
1807-15: [[Nelson Monument, Edinburgh|Nelson Monument]] erected on [[Calton Hill]]
1810: Construction of Signet Library building by [[Robert Reid (architect)|Robert Reid]] begins (interior by William Stark, 1812–13)
1811–1812: [[Tron riot]], 68 youths were arrested<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knox |first=W. W. |date=2012 |title=The Attack of the 'half-formed persons': the 1811–2 Tron Riot in Edinburgh Revisited |url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/shr.2012.0103 |journal=The Scottish Historical Review |language=en |volume=91 |issue=2 |pages=287–310 |doi=10.3366/shr.2012.0103 |issn=0036-9241|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
1813: [[Royal Edinburgh Hospital]], originally called the Edinburgh Lunatic Asylum, opens in [[Morningside, Edinburgh|Morningside]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Royal Edinburgh Hospital history|url=http://www.lhsa.lib.ed.ac.uk/exhibits/hosp_hist/reh.htm|website=www.lhsa.lib.ed.ac.uk|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2011 |title=Our Organisation: About Us: Our History: Royal Edinburgh Hospital History |url=http://www.nhslothian.scot.nhs.uk/OurOrganisation/AboutUs/OurHistory/Pages/REHHistory.aspx |access-date=12 December 2016 |website=www.nhslothian.scot.nhs.uk |publisher=NHS Lothian}}</ref>
1814: [[Waverley (novel)|Waverley]], the first of the [[Waverley Novels]], written by Sir Walter Scott, is published; a protest meeting against [[West Indies|West Indian]] slavery is held; two coaches a day run to [[Stirling]]
1815: [[Scottish Widows]] Fund and Life Assurance Society established<ref>{{cite web|title=Our History|url=http://www.scottishwidows.co.uk/about_us/who_we_are/our_history.html|website=scottishwidows.co.uk|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
1816–1819: [[Regent Bridge]] is built
1817: First copy of ''[[The Scotsman]]'' newspaper is published in January; [[Blackwood's Magazine]] first published; the [[Old Tolbooth, Edinburgh|Old Tolbooth]] and the remaining Luckenbooth in the High Street are demolished; new County Buildings are erected on the west side of Parliament Square
1818: The [[Union Canal (Scotland)|Union Canal]] is begun; new [[City Observatory|Calton Hill]] observatory is founded by the [[Edinburgh Astronomical Institution]]; the [[Honours of Scotland|Scottish regalia]] are found in Edinburgh Castle; Cambridge geologist and antiquarian [[Edward Daniel Clarke]] likens Edinburgh topographically to Athens, a view echoed in 1820 by landscape painter Hugh William Williams who coins the terms "Modern Athens" and "Athens of the North"; gas lighting makes its first appearance<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.oldandsold.com/articles11/evening-book-6.shtml | title = Old and Sold – Gas Light | access-date = 24 March 2013}}</ref>
1819: Five coaches a day run between Edinburgh and Glasgow, taking 12 hours for the journey of {{convert|42|mi|km}}
1820: Remaining western end of the Nor Loch drained; [[Charlotte Square]] completed; there are protests at [[George IV]]'s treatment of Queen Caroline; the [[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|Royal Botanic Garden]] begins its move from Leith Walk to Inverleith; the Radical Road built along base of Salisbury Crags
1821: The official government census gives the population of Edinburgh and Leith as 138,235 with Leith as approx. 26,000; Melville Monument in honour of [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville]] erected in St. Andrew Square
1822: [[Visit of George IV to Scotland|George IV visits Edinburgh]] and wears the [[kilt]]; the first [[Royal Highland Show|Highland and Agricultural Show]] takes place; the [[Union Canal (Scotland)|Union Canal]] opens; Princes Street's 79 oil lamps are replaced by 53 gas lamps
1822–29: Building of National Monument dedicated to Napoleonic war dead and designed in style of the Parthenon begun on Calton Hill (but abandoned through lack of public subscriptions)
1823: The Bannatyne Club is founded; the Edinburgh Academy is built at a cost of £12,000
1824: The [[Great Fire of Edinburgh]] destroys the buildings between the [[Tron Kirk]] (which loses its spire) and Parliament Close just months after [[James Braidwood]] organises Britain's first municipal fire brigade; [[James Hogg]]'s novel ''[[The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner|Confessions of a Justified Sinner]]'', set in Edinburgh, is published
1825: [[Standard Life]] Assurance Company established;<ref>{{cite web|title=Our history – Standard Life Plc|url=http://www.standardlife.com/dotcom/our-company/our-history.page|website=www.standardlife.com|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref> eight Royal Mail coaches and over fifty stage coaches leave Edinburgh each day; the foundation stone of the new [[Old Royal High School|Royal High School]], costing £17,000, is laid
1826: The [[Royal Scottish Academy Building|Royal Institution]] opens, designed by [[William Henry Playfair]]; the Scottish Academy (later the [[Royal Scottish Academy]]) is founded; [[John Bartholomew Sr.|John Bartholomew]] founds the mapmaking firm [[Collins Bartholomew|John Bartholomew & Son Ltd.]]
1827: Walter Scott reveals himself to be the author of the ''[[Waverley novels]]'' at a Theatrical Fund dinner in the George Street Assembly Rooms
1828: [[Burke and Hare]] are arrested for the "West Port Murders". Burke is put on trial and convicted on Hare's evidence<ref>{{cite web|title=Burke and Hare – The University of Edinburgh|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/medicine-vet-medicine/about/history/burke-and-hare|website=www.ed.ac.uk|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1829: Building of [[George IV Bridge]] and [[Dean Bridge]] begins; the murderer William Burke is hanged; the new Royal High School opens; [[Walter Scott]] arranges the return of [[Mons Meg]] to Edinburgh Castle
1830: [[Advocates Library]] by William Henry Playfair constructed; The Mound is macadamised and more or less complete
1831: Major outbreak of cholera;<ref name=Womersley /> the official government census puts Edinburgh's population at 162,403; [[James Clerk Maxwell]] born in India Street; opening of the [[Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway]] (known as The Innocent Railway), the first to come into the city. It uses horse-drawn carriages
1832: [[Surgeons' Hall]] by William Henry Playfair, the headquarters of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, completed; outbreak of [[cholera]] in the city (recurs 1848 and 1866); The Scotsman newspaper incorporates the Caledonian Mercury
1833: The city goes bankrupt; partly due to the development of [[Leith]] docks<ref>{{cite web|title=Edinburgh|url=http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/edinburgh|website=www.historyofparliamentonline.org|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1835: No further expansion of the New Town takes place after the incomplete building of Hopetoun Crescent off Leith Walk
1836: The Royal Institution extended
1840: Bernard's Edinburgh Brewery in North Back of Canongate (Calton Road) opens
1841: The population according to the government census is 133,692. The figure for Leith is 26,026
1841–1851: [[Donaldson's School#History|Donaldson's Hospital]] (school for the Deaf) is built
1842: Edinburgh-Glasgow railway line is open to the public; Queen Victoria includes the city in her first visit to Scotland
1843: [[Disruption of 1843|Disruption]] of the [[Church of Scotland]]; Queen's Drive laid through the [[Holyrood Park|Queen's Park]] (completed 1847; extended to [[Duddingston]], 1856); [[Warriston Cemetery]] opened
1844: Tolbooth Church (now [[The Hub, Edinburgh|The Hub]]) completed to house the [[General Assembly of the Church of Scotland]]; [[Political Martyrs' Monument]] erected on Calton Hill; [[North British Railway|North British Railway Company]] established
1844–1846: The [[Scott Monument]] is built
1846: [[New College, Edinburgh|New College]] by [[William Henry Playfair|Playfair]] built for the [[Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)|Free Church of Scotland]]; publication of pioneering inquiry 'Day And Night in the Wynds of Edinburgh' by Dr. George Bell draws public attention to poverty, overcrowding and slum conditions in the Old Town; North British Railway opens the North Bridge terminus of its Berwick-Edinburgh line
1847: Half of Edinburgh's population attend the funeral of [[Thomas Chalmers]];{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} [[James Young Simpson|Dr. Simpson]] announces his discovery of the anaesthetic properties of [[chloroform]];<ref name=Womersley /> the [[Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway]] line is extended from its [[Haymarket railway station|Haymarket]] terminus to a new Edinburgh General station adjoining the new [[Edinburgh, Leith and Newhaven Railway|Canal Street]] station and North British terminus (the three termini becoming known collectively as [[Edinburgh Waverley railway station|Edinburgh Waverley]], c.1854); [[Alexander Graham Bell]] is born in South Charlotte Street
1848: [[Trinity College Kirk]] dismantled to make way for the expansion of North Bridge station; Edinburgh [[Burns Clubs|Burns Supper Club]] first established
1849: New reservoir building erected on Castlehill
1850: [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] born in Howard Place;<ref>{{cite web|title=Robert Louis Stevenson|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Louis-Stevenson|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref> the foundation stone of the [[National Gallery of Scotland|Scottish National Gallery]] is laid; [[Younger's]] Holyrood Brewery is enlarged for the third time
1851: According to the census, Edinburgh and Leith's population is 191,303; the British Linen Bank head office opens on St. Andrew Square
1852: [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] statue erected in front of Register House
1853: The [[Edinburgh Trades Council]] is established; a ''camera obscura'' is installed in [[Maria Theresa Short|Short's Observatory]] on Castle Hill (renamed the [[Outlook Tower]] in 1896)
1854: Several passers-by killed when part of the old town wall collapses on the west side of Leith Wynd; town council orders removal of a 150-foot long stretch of remaining wall south of the collapsed section.
1856: Edinburgh Municipal Extension Act incorporates the Canongate, Calton and Portsburgh in the city; [[Hunter Boot Ltd|North British Rubber Company]] rubber mill (in former silk mill) and [[McEwan's]] Fountain Brewery open in Fountainbridge
1857: Fire destroys the western half of James' Court, off the Lawnmarket; St. Margaret's Loch formed in the [[Holyrood Park|Queen's Park]]
1859: The National Gallery opens; Cockburn Street laid to give access to Waverley Station from the High Street; Melville Drive laid through [[The Meadows (park)|the Meadows]]; [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] born in Picardy Place: last performance at the Theatre Royal in Shakespeare Square, the site is compulsorily purchased for the erection of a General Post Office; first [[St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Society]] shop opens on corner of Fountainbridge and Ponton Street
1860: Bank of Scotland has 43 branches
1860-68: First edition of [[Chambers's Encyclopaedia|Chambers Encyclopaedia]] published by [[Robert Chambers (publisher, born 1802)|Robert]] and [[William Chambers (publisher)|William Chambers]]
1861: Building of Industrial Museum (called the Museum of Science and Art by the time it opened and later the [[Royal Scottish Museum]]) begins beside the [[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]] of the University; construction of the General Post Office on Waterloo Place (on the site of the Theatre Royal) begins; first firing of the Time Gun ("one o'clock gun") from the castle; 35 are killed in a tenement collapse between Bailie Fyfe's Close and Paisley Close in the High Street
1864: Last public hanging in the [[Lawnmarket]]; the Bank of Scotland head office re-designed and extended over the next 6 years
1865: [[Henry Littlejohn|Dr. Littlejohn]]'s report on the city's sanitation paints a picture of degradation and high death rates; Queen's Theatre and Opera House, built in 1855 in Broughton Street, changes name to Theatre Royal
1867: The Edinburgh City Improvement Act, conceived in the wake of Littlejohn's report, receives the Royal assent and initiates the rebuilding of the [[Old Town, Edinburgh|Old Town]]; Scottish Women's Suffrage Society holds meetings for first time
1868: Craigleith Hospital and Poorhouse opens, later develops into the [[Western General Hospital]]
1869: [[Caledonian Brewery|Lorimer & Clark's]] brewery opens on Slateford Road, [[Gorgie]]; [[Sophia Jex-Blake]] becomes first female medical student
1870: First [[Princes Street railway station]] opens (replaced 1893);<ref name=psrailway>{{cite web|title=Lost Edinburgh: Princes Street Station|url=http://www.scotsman.com/heritage/more-heritage/lost-edinburgh-princes-street-station-1-2702217|website=www.scotsman.com|access-date=17 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> [[Fettes College]] opens; Chambers Street is laid
1870–1879: Building of the new Royal Infirmary, the biggest hospital in Europe under one roof
1871: First street tramway (between the Bridges and Haymarket);<ref>{{cite web|title=Edinburgh Trams 1871-1956|url=http://www.scotsman.com/heritage/people-places/lost-edinburgh-edinburgh-trams-1871-1956-1-2913044|website=www.scotsman.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> [[Greyfriars Bobby Fountain]] is erected outside [[Greyfriars Kirk]];<ref>{{cite web|title=Greyfriars Bobby, by William Brodie (Edinburgh)|url=http://www.victorianweb.org/sculpture/brodie/2.html|website=www.victorianweb.org}}</ref> first [[History of rugby union in Scotland|rugby]] international ([[1871 Scotland versus England rugby union match|Scotland v. England]]) played on the [[Edinburgh Academy]] ground at [[Raeburn Place]]<ref name=murrayfield>{{cite web|title=The rugby history that lies beneath the Murrayfield soil|url=http://edinburgh.stv.tv/articles/262821-history-of-murrayfield-stadium-in-edinburgh-ahead-six-nations-matches/|website=STV Edinburgh|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
1872: [[Ross Fountain]] erected in Princes Street Gardens; construction of Watt Institution and School of Arts begins in Chambers Street
1872–1883: Restoration of [[St Giles' Cathedral|St. Giles']]
1874: [[Heart of Midlothian F.C.#History|Heart of Midlothian F.C.]] formed
1875: [[History of Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian F.C.]] formed; Institute of Bankers founded; [[Cockburn Association]] (Edinburgh Civic Trust) founded
1877: Hall of new Trinity Church in Chalmers Close completed incorporating apse from [[Trinity College Kirk]]
1879: [[St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)|St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral]] in Palmerston Place consecrated; R. L. Stevenson's ''Picturesque Notes'', describing the city and its society, is published; [[William Ewart Gladstone]] addresses 20,000 people in Waverley Market at start of [[Midlothian campaign]];{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} the [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh]] moves to [[Lauriston Place]]<ref name=Womersley />
1881: [[Queen Victoria]] hosts a parade of 39,473 Scottish Volunteers in a heavy downpour of rain at Holyrood, giving rise to the occasion being remembered as the "Wet Review"; Dean Distillery opens, converted from Dean Mills
1882: Chair of Celtic established at Edinburgh University;<ref>{{cite web|title=Professor of Celtic – Rare Books & Manuscripts|url=http://libraryblogs.is.ed.ac.uk/rarebooks/tag/professor-of-celtic/|website=libraryblogs.is.ed.ac.uk|date=12 May 2016 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> City brought to standstill by severe winter weather
1883: [[Royal Lyceum Theatre]] built<ref name="Fry 2010, p. 327">Fry 2010, p. 327</ref>
1884: [[Blackford Hill]] acquired by the city for use as a public park
1885: Watt Institution and School of Arts becomes [[Heriot-Watt University|Heriot-Watt College]]; reconstructed [[Mercat Cross, Edinburgh|Mercat Cross]] handed over to the city by benefactor William Ewart Gladstone; Caledonian Distillery opens at Haymarket, at one time the largest distillery in Europe
1886: The Edinburgh [[International Exhibition of Industry, Science and Art]] takes place in the [[The Meadows (park)|Meadows]]; 'Cooke's Circus', a combined circus and variety theatre, opens in East Fountainbridge
1887: The [[Edinburgh School of Medicine for Women]] founded by [[Sophia Jex-Blake]];<ref name=Womersley /> production starts at [[North British Distillery]] in [[Gorgie]] area
1888: Slight earthquake felt in the city at 5am on 2 February; [[Flying Scotsman (train)|Flying Scotsman]] train reaches Edinburgh from London in 6 hours 19 minutes during the [[Race to the North]]
1889: Opening of the [[Braid Hills]] to the public following acquisition by the city
1890: [[Central Library, Edinburgh|Central Library]] on George IV Bridge, partly paid for by [[Andrew Carnegie]], opens to public
1891: [[Scottish National Portrait Gallery]] and National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland opens on Queen Street; the census gives Edinburgh's population as 269,407 (including 8,182 [[Portobello, Edinburgh|Portobello]] residents)
1892: [[Jenners]] department store in Princes Street burns down (rebuilt store opens 1895); [[Drybrough & Co|Drybrough's brewery]] moves to Craigmillar
1893: [[Caledonian Railway]]'s [[Edinburgh Princes Street railway station|Princes Street Station]] completed
1894: [[McVitie's|McVitie & Price Ltd]] bakery rebuilt in Gorgie; the new [[The Parish Church of St Cuthbert|Parish Church of St Cuthbert]], by [[Hippolyte Blanc]], is dedicated
1895: [[Royal Observatory, Edinburgh|Royal National Observatory]] built on Blackford Hill; first electric street lighting installed
1896: First female doctors graduate from the [[University of Edinburgh]];<ref name=Womersley /> Portobello is incorporated into Edinburgh
1897: Opening of the rebuilt North Bridge at a cost of £90,000; cable car track laid in Princes Street
1900: Construction of new [[Lothian Chambers|Midlothian County Buildings]] begins, replacing old County Hall of 1817; Stockbridge gains a library and hall; character actor [[Alastair Sim]] is born; Robert Younger's St Ann's Brewery, Abbeyhill begins brewing
==20th century== 1901: University appoints its first [[Peter Hume Brown|Professor of Scottish history]]; the [[Royal High School, Edinburgh|Royal High School]] has 350 pupils; first use of the name '[[Royal Mile]]' to describe the main thoroughfare of the Old Town
1902: New [[Edinburgh Waverley railway station|Waverley Station]] completed, covering 70,000 square metres; the [[Balmoral Hotel|North British Hotel]] is also built
1903: Caledonian Hotel opens;<ref name="Fry 2010, p. 327"/> world's first [[floral clock]] installed in West Princes Street Gardens
1905: Moray House in Canongate becomes a teacher training centre
1905–1906: [[King's Theatre, Edinburgh|King's Theatre]] is built at Tollcross<ref>{{cite web|title=King's Theatre|url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=203688|website=www.scottisharchitects.org.uk|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1907: Work begins on constructing the [[Edinburgh College of Art]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Edinburgh College of Art guide|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/0/edinburgh-college-of-art-guide/|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=8 December 2016|date=5 August 2016}}</ref>
1908: Scottish National Exhibition held in [[Saughton Park]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Scottish National Exhibition 1908|url=https://www.capitalcollections.org.uk/view-item?i=43972&WINID=1667243709527|work=Capital Collections|publisher=Edinburgh Libraries and Museums and Galleries|accessdate=2022-10-31}}</ref>
1910: First electric trams run; Bank of Scotland has 169 branches
1910–1913: [[Scottish National Zoological Park]] laid out at Corstorphine
1910–1914: [[Usher Hall]] is built<ref name="Fry 2010, p. 327"/>
1911: Empire Palace Theatre, now [[Edinburgh Festival Theatre|Festival Theatre]], partially burns down during The Great Lafayette's final act. 10 people die, including The Great Lafayette, and the theatre is closed while the stage is rebuilt and reopened in 1913; 'Cooke's Circus', East Fountainbridge converted to the Palladium Cinema
1912: La Scala Electric Theatre (cinema) opens in Nicolson Street; the first purpose-built cinema in the city, the Haymarket, opens in Dalry Road
1914: Sixteen players of [[Heart of Midlothian F.C.]] enlist for active service in the [[World War I|Great War]]; seven players from the first team are subsequently killed in action; construction of [[HM Prison Edinburgh]] begins
1915: Funeral and burial of victims of the [[Quintinshill rail disaster]] at [[Rosebank Cemetery]]
1916: [[Zeppelin]] raid causes 11 fatalities; Bank of Scotland has first female employee
1916–1918: Tanks are built by Brown Brothers in the city
1920: Edinburgh Extension Act: [[Leith]], [[Colinton]], [[Corstorphine]], [[Cramond]], [[Gilmerton]], [[Liberton, Edinburgh|Liberton]] and [[Longstone, Edinburgh|Longstone]] incorporated into city
1921: Garrick Theatre in Grove Street burns down<ref>{{cite web|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/287287/edinburgh-71-75-grove-street-new-pavilion-theatre|title=Edinburgh, 71-75 Grove Street, New Pavilion Theatre|website=Canmore|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>
1923: [[Edinburgh Corporation Tramways]] operates its last cable-hauled tram; last hanging takes place at the Calton Prison (executions continue at HM Prison Edinburgh)
1925: The [[National Library of Scotland]] is formed from the non-legal collections of the [[Advocates Library]];<ref>{{cite web|title=A brief history – National Library of Scotland|url=http://www.nls.uk/about-us/what-we-are/history|website=www.nls.uk|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> [[Murrayfield Stadium]] opens<ref name=murrayfield />
1926: [[Calton Prison]] closes<ref>{{cite web|title=Book tells forgotten hell of Edinburgh's Calton Jail|url=http://www.scotsman.com/heritage/people-places/book-tells-forgotten-hell-of-edinburgh-s-calton-jail-1-4016450|website=www.scotsman.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref> and later demolish in the 1930s
1928: The inaugural non-stop Flying Scotsman train hauled by the [[LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman|Flying Scotsman]] locomotive – regular journey time between Edinburgh and London cut to 7 hours 30 minutes; the city's first traffic lights are at Broughton Street
1928–1939: Edinburgh's first [[Motorcycle speedway|Speedway]] track operates at Marine Gardens, [[Portobello, Edinburgh|Portobello]]
1929: Statues of [[William Wallace|Wallace]] and [[Robert the Bruce|Bruce]] unveiled at the castle as part of sexcentenary celebrations to mark the granting of Robert the Bruce's burgh charter; [[Edinburgh Playhouse|Playhouse]] cinema opens; [[crematorium]] opens at [[Warriston Cemetery]]
1930: BBC moves its Scottish headquarters from Glasgow to Edinburgh [[Queen Street, Edinburgh|Queen Street]] (until 1935); actor [[Sean Connery]] born in [[Fountainbridge]]
1932: George Watson's College moves to Morningside
1934: Royal visit of King [[George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]]; several people injured in disturbances when Sir [[Oswald Mosley]] addresses a [[British Union of Fascists|Fascist]] rally at the Usher Hall
1934–1937: Construction of Sheriff Courthouse (now the [[High Court of Justiciary]]) in the Lawnmarket
1935: Ross Bandstand replaces the Victorian bandstand in Princes Street Gardens
1935–1939: [[St. Andrew's House]] built on site of recently demolished Calton Prison to house the [[Scottish Office]] and offices of the [[Secretary of State for Scotland]]
1936: 17 per cent of Edinburgh's houses are overcrowded; Portobello Open Air Bathing Pool opens
1939: The Bank of Scotland has 266 branches; the headquarters of Edinburgh Savings Bank is built
1943: The [[North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board]] is created, with its headquarters in Edinburgh
1946: A telephone upgrade takes place, allowing all-city dialling; major fire closes down the Theatre Royal, Broughton Street, the last of four Theatres Royal to be burnt out on this site
1946–1947: Electric trams in the city carry 16 million passengers a month
1947: [[Edinburgh International Festival]] is launched; Turnhouse aerodrome becomes Edinburgh's civil airport; restoration of the [[The Canongate|Canongate]] begins
1948: First [[Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo|Military Tattoo]] performed at the castle (becomes an official part of the Festival in 1950)
1948–1954: [[Motorcycle speedway|Speedway]] racing revived at [[Old Meadowbank]] stadium, home of [[Leith Athletic F.C.]] (and again between 1960 and 1967)
1949: The Abercrombie Plan proposes major road developments in Edinburgh which remain unimplemented
1950: [[Edinburgh Corporation Tramways|Tram system]] begins to be run down; the first [[Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo]] on the Castle Esplanade attracts around 6000 spectators
1951: March of the Thousand Pipers on Princes Street and Gathering of the Clans at Murrayfield Stadium; two central (manual) phone exchanges handle over 9,500 lines
1952: Bank of Scotland takes over Union Bank of Scotland, giving 453 combined branches; [[Murrayfield Ice Rink|Murrayfield Ice Arena]] (built 1938–39) opens after use as army depot since outbreak of war; Cold War bunker at [[Barnton Quarry]] established at site of wartime operations room<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/queen-s-edinburgh-nuclear-bunker-to-open-as-museum-1-2810424|title=Queen's Edinburgh nuclear bunker to open as museum|first=David|last=O’Leary|work=[[Edinburgh Evening News]]|date=2013-02-26|accessdate=26 December 2016}}</ref>
1953: First royal visit of [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]] to Edinburgh following her coronation. She attended a National Service at St Giles' Cathedral on 24 June<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/research/learning/features/queen-elizabeth-ii-and-scotland|title=Queen Elizabeth II and Scotland|website=National Records of Scotland|access-date=20 June 2017|date=31 May 2013}}</ref>
1954: Last judicial execution (by hanging) takes place at [[HM Prison Edinburgh|Saughton Prison]]
1955: [[Museum of Childhood (Edinburgh)|Museum of Childhood]], the world's first museum dedicated to childhood, opens; [[C&A]] Modes department store on Princes Street destroyed by fire
1956: [[Edinburgh Corporation Tramways]] operates for the last time on 16 November; [[National Library of Scotland]] opens; USSR premier Nikolai Bulganin and Communist Party Secretary Nikita Khrushchev visit Holyrood Palace and [[Scottish National War Memorial]]
1958: Queen receives last [[debutante]]s at Holyrood Palace<ref>{{cite web|title=Confessions of a secret deb|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/books/confessions-of-a-secret-deb-1-1143583|website=www.scotsman.com|access-date=17 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>
1959: Old Town population declines to 2,000
1961: [[Muriel Spark]]'s novel [[The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (novel)|''The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie'']] is published
1962: State visit of [[Olav V|King Olav]] of Norway;<ref>{{cite web|title=King Olav V of Norway on State Visit to Britain|url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/2004265/king-olav-v-of-norway-on-state-visit-to-britain|website=www.royalcollection.org.uk|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref> the [[Union Canal (Scotland)|Union Canal]], having fallen into disuse, officially closes
1963: ''Evening Despatch'' and ''Edinburgh Evening News'' merge;<ref>{{cite web|title=Nostalgia: The glamour and the glitz|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/nostalgia-the-glamour-and-the-glitz-1-1270443|website=www.scotsman.com|access-date=17 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> Gaumont Cinema fire leads to closure (demolished three years later); Empire Theatre becomes [[Housie|bingo]] hall; [[Traverse Theatre]] opens in Lawnmarket
1964: Rock group [[The Beatles]] perform at the ABC Cinema, Lothian Road;<ref>{{cite web|title=Lost Edinburgh: The Beatles at the ABC|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/culture/music/lost-edinburgh-the-beatles-at-the-abc-1-3391752|website=www.scotsman.com|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref> [[The Rolling Stones]] perform at the Usher Hall and return the following year<ref>{{cite web|title=Usher Hall 100 years on: Looking back|url=http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/usher-hall-100-years-on-looking-back-1-3301866|website=www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1965: Princes Street railway station closes;<ref name=psrailway /> the City Planning Committee announces the building of an inner ring road in the form of a partly elevated six-lane highway encircling central Edinburgh, but the plan is abandoned after public opposition and the negative findings of a public inquiry held at the end of 1967
1966: [[Heriot-Watt University|Heriot-Watt]] gains university status<ref>{{cite web|title=Our history – About Heriot-Watt|url=https://www.hw.ac.uk/about/history.htm|website=www.hw.ac.uk|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1967: [[Mortonhall Crematorium]] is dedicated<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/20019/burials_and_cremations/784/about_mortonhall_crematorium|title=About Mortonhall Crematorium|website=Edinburgh Council|access-date=20 June 2017}}</ref>
1968: Palladium Theatre fails, and becomes a disco
1968–1969: The [[Royal Bank of Scotland]] takes over [[National Commercial Bank of Scotland]]
1969: Bank of Scotland absorbs [[British Linen Bank]]; Tollcross Bus Depot closes
1970: City hosts the 9th [[Commonwealth Games]];<ref name=commonwealth>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Games Federation – Past Commonwealth Games|url=http://www.thecgf.com/games/games_index.asp|website=www.thecgf.com|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215184607/http://www.thecgf.com/games/games_index.asp|archive-date=15 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the St James' Centre, including New St. Andrews House, is completed
1971: [[Tom Farmer]] starts [[Kwik Fit]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ford's Kwik-Fit fix|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/317109.stm|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
1972: A youth hostel opens at Eglinton Crescent; Bell's Mills are destroyed by an explosion; [[Eurovision Song Contest]] held in Usher Hall<ref>{{cite web|title=Winner 1972, Eurovision Song Contest - BBC One|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0085d4x|website=BBC|date=2 June 2010 |access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>
1975: Local government reorganisation replaces Edinburgh Corporation with [[Lothian Regional Council]] and the City of Edinburgh District Council; [[Balerno]], [[Currie, Edinburgh|Currie]], [[Ratho]], [[Newbridge, Edinburgh|Newbridge]], [[Kirkliston]] and [[South Queensferry]] are included within the city boundary
1976: A new Fountain Brewery is built by [[Scottish & Newcastle]] (the last of its buildings demolished in 2012)
1980: [[Debenhams]] open a Princes Street store
1980s: Restoration of houses in the Old Town leads to a population increase in the area
1981: Royal Insurance Group headquarters moves to Glasgow
1984: [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], Chairman for the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Soviet Union, stays at Holyrood Palace during his visit to Scotland
1985: The population of the city is 440,000; Edinburgh University institutes a Chair of [[Parapsychology]];<ref>{{cite web|title=20 years at the Koestler Parapsychology Unit {{!}} The Psychologist|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-19/edition-7/20-years-koestler-parapsychology-unit|website=thepsychologist.bps.org.uk|access-date=17 April 2017|language=en}}</ref> Portobello Open Air Bathing Pool closes
1986: City hosts the 13th [[Commonwealth Games]]<ref name=commonwealth />
1988: [[Eleanor McLaughlin]] becomes Edinburgh's first female [[Lord Provost of Edinburgh|Lord Provost]]
1989: National Gallery of Scotland renovated
1990: [[Edinburgh Castle]] is first, and [[Holyrood Palace]] eighth, in ranking of paid Scottish tourist attractions
1993: First Edinburgh [[Hogmanay]] Street Party held as an organised event<ref>{{cite web|title=Edinburgh's Hogmanay Street Party {{!}} Edinburgh Guide|url=http://www.edinburghguide.com/events/2016-12-31/1679-edinburghshogmanaystreetparty|website=www.edinburghguide.com|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1994: [[Murrayfield Stadium]] rebuilt<ref name=murrayfield />
1995: [[Tall Ships Races|Cutty Sark Tall Ships]] at Leith Docks;<ref>{{cite web|title=On this day: Cutty Sark Tall Ships Race at Leith Docks|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/on-this-day-cutty-sark-tall-ships-race-at-leith-docks-1-3832975|website=www.scotsman.com|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref> Infirmary Street baths close<ref>{{cite web|title=Making a splash!|url=https://www.theguardian.com/edinburgh/2010/apr/07/infirmary-street-baths-edinburgh-history|website=The Guardian|access-date=7 December 2016|date=7 April 2010}}</ref>
1996: The [[City of Edinburgh Council]] is created, replacing the former District and Regional Councils;<ref>{{cite web|title=Council logo and brand|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/20235/filming_brand_and_media/843/council_logo_and_brand|website=www.edinburgh.gov.uk|access-date=7 December 2016|language=en}}</ref> the [[Stone of Scone|Stone of Destiny]] transported from Westminster Abbey to Edinburgh Castle<ref>{{cite web|title=The Stone of Destiny|url=http://blog.edinburghcastle.gov.uk/index.php/the-stone-of-destiny-a-scottish-icon/|website=blog.edinburghcastle.gov.uk|access-date=7 December 2016|date=21 August 2013}}</ref>
1998: The [[Museum of Scotland]] is built as an extension to the Royal Scottish Museum.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of National Museums Scotland|url=http://www.nms.ac.uk/about-us/history-of-national-museums-scotland/|website=National Museums Scotland|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
1999: The [[Scottish Parliament]] is opened by [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]] in the [[General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland|Assembly Hall]] on The Mound<ref>{{cite web|title=Scottish Parliament opening|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/06/99/scottish_parliament_opening/382490.stm|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>
==Twenty-first century== 2002: A major [[Cowgate#2002 fire|fire]] destroys part of the Cowgate and buildings on the South Bridge;<ref>{{cite news|title=Edinburgh fire 'could last for days'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2555023.stm|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=6 December 2016|date=8 December 2002}}</ref> first Edinburgh [[Makar]] appointed, [[Stewart Conn]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofliterature.com/the-literary-city/meet/meet-the-makar/|title=Meet the Makar|website=Edinburgh City of Literature}}</ref>
2003: [[2003 MTV Europe Music Awards|MTV Europe Music Awards]] held at [[Ocean Terminal, Edinburgh|Ocean Terminal]], Leith;<ref>{{cite news|title=MTV awards rock Edinburgh|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3245921.stm|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=6 December 2016|date=6 November 2003}}</ref> the [[Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh]] moves to [[Little France]]<ref name=Womersley />
2004: The [[Scottish Parliament Building]] opens<ref>{{cite web|title=Building Opens|url=http://www.parliament.scot/visitandlearn/16171.aspx|website=www.parliament.scot|access-date=6 December 2016|date=9 October 2010}}</ref>
2005: An estimated 225,000 people march through the city as part of the "Make Poverty History" campaign, calling on world leaders to act at the [[31st G8 summit|G8 summit]] being held at [[Gleneagles Hotel|Gleneagles]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Make Poverty History – Edinburgh|url=http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/edinburgh/|website=www.makepovertyhistory.org|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
2008: Work begins on new [[Edinburgh Trams|tramway]] (the project is beset by difficulties, taking six years to lay 14 km of track)<ref name=trams>{{cite web|title=Edinburgh Trams Countdown: A History of the project {{!}} British Trams Online News|url=http://www.britishtramsonline.co.uk/news/?p=7745|website=www.britishtramsonline.co.uk|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
2009: City hosts the biggest international clan gathering as part of [[Homecoming Scotland]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Organisers pull plug on Gathering of the Clans|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/organisers-pull-plug-on-gathering-of-the-clans-1-2590723|website=www.scotsman.com|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
2010: [[Pope Benedict XVI]] received by [[Queen Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]] at Holyrood Palace at the start of his state visit to Great Britain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pope Benedict XVI arrives in UK for first official Papal visit – Announcements – GOV.UK|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pope-benedict-xvi-arrives-in-uk-for-first-official-papal-visit|website=www.gov.uk|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
2010–13: [[Edinburgh Waverley railway station|Waverley Station]] roof renovated<ref>{{cite web|title=Sun will shine on Waverley Station as glass roof finally finished|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/transport/sun-will-shine-on-waverley-station-as-glass-roof-finally-finished-1-2681971|website=www.scotsman.com|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
2011: The [[Scottish National Portrait Gallery]] opens after two years long renovation;<ref>{{cite web|title=Scottish National Portrait Gallery reopens after £17.6m revamp|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/nov/25/scottish-national-portrait-gallery-edinburgh|website=The Guardian|date=25 November 2011}}</ref> the city hosts [[Armed Forces Day#United Kingdom|Armed Forces Day]];<ref>{{cite web|title=UK Armed Forces Day parade takes place in Edinburgh|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-13914940|website=BBC News|access-date=6 December 2016|date=25 June 2011}}</ref> two giant pandas from China, Yang Guang and Tian Tian, arrive at [[Edinburgh Zoo]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Giant pandas arrive in Edinburgh from China|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-16023328|website=BBC News|access-date=6 December 2016|date=4 December 2011}}</ref>
2012: [[The Edinburgh Agreement]] between the [[Scottish Government]] and the [[United Kingdom government|UK Government]] on the terms of the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum|Scottish independence referendum 2014]] is signed in Edinburgh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Agreement between the Scottish Government and the United Kingdom Government on the referendum on independence for Scotland|url=http://www.gov.scot/About/Government/concordats/Referendum-on-independence|website=www.gov.scot|access-date=6 December 2016|date=12 October 2012}}</ref>
2013: To mark the 500th anniversary of the [[Battle of Flodden]], a minute's silence for the town's dead is observed at the [[Mercat Cross, Edinburgh|Mercat Cross]] on 8 September.<ref>{{cite web|title=500th anniversary for Britain's 'forgotten' battle|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/9875081/500th-anniversary-for-Britains-forgotten-battle.html|website=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref>
2014: Completion of [[Edinburgh Trams|new tramway]] between the city centre and [[Edinburgh Airport]]<ref name=trams />
==See also== * [[History of Edinburgh]] * [[Scotland]] * [[History of Scotland]] * [[Timeline of Scottish history]] * [[Timeline of Glasgow history]]
==References== {{reflist}}
==Notes== *{{cite book|last1=Fry|first1=Michael|title=Edinburgh : a history of the city|date=2010|publisher=Pan|location=London|isbn=978-0-330-45579-4|edition=New}}
==Further reading== * ''The Oxford Companion to Scottish History'', ed. Michael Lynch, Oxford University Press, 2001 * ''The Making of Scotland'', Robin Smith, Canongate Books, 2001 * ''The Hutchinson Encyclopedia'', 1997 ed., Helicon Publishing Ltd, 1996 * ''Chronicle of Britain'', Chronicle Communications Ltd, 1992 * ''Edinburgh in the Nineteenth Century'', W. M. Gilbert, Edinburgh 1901 * ''An Edinburgh Alphabet'', J. F. Birrell, Edinburgh 1980 * {{citation |url=http://www.nls.uk/family-history/directories/post-office/index.cfm?place=Edinburgh |title=Post office directories: Edinburgh |via=National Library of Scotland }} 1773–1912 * {{cite book|title=Directory for Edinburgh, Leith, Mussleburgh and Dalkeith |url=https://archive.org/details/directoryforedin17941795aitc|year=1794|publisher=R. Wilson}}
==External links== * [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/edinburgh-burgh-records/1403-1528 Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh, 1403-1528]: edited by J.D. Marwick for the Burgh Records Society * {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110701192059/http://edinburgh-trades.org/ Incorporated Trades of Edinburgh]}} {{Edinburgh}} {{Timelines of cities in the United Kingdom}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline of Edinburgh History}} [[Category:History of Edinburgh]] [[Category:Timelines of cities in the United Kingdom|Edinburgh]] [[Category:Scottish history timelines|Edinburgh]] [[Category:Edinburgh-related lists]]