Timbira language

{{Short description|Northern Je language spoken in Brazil}} {{Infobox language | name = Timbira | region = [[Maranhão]], [[Pará]], [[Tocantins]] | states = [[Brazil]] | ethnicity = [[Timbira]] | speakers = {{sigfig|5,080|1}} | date = 2005–2008 | ref = e18 | familycolor = macro-je | fontcolor = white | fam1 = [[Macro-Jê languages|Macro-Jê]] | fam2 = [[Jê languages|Jê]] | fam3 = [[Cerrado languages|Cerrado]] | fam4 = [[Goyaz Jê languages|Jê of Goyaz]] | fam5 = [[Northern Jê languages|Northern Jê]] | dia1 = [[Canela language|Canela]]–[[Krahô language|Krahô]] | dia2 = [[Pará Gavião language|Pará Gavião]] | dia3 = [[Kreye language|Krẽje]] | lc1 = ram | ld1 = [[Canela language|Canela]] | lc2 = xra | ld2 = [[Krahô language|Krahô]] | lc4 = xri | ld4 = [[Krĩkatí language|Krĩkatí]] | lc3 = gvp | ld3 = [[Pará Gavião language|Pará Gavião]] | lc5 = xre | ld5 = [[Krẽje language|Krẽje]] | glotto = timb1253 | glottorefname = Eastern Timbira }}

'''Timbira''' is a [[dialect continuum]] of the [[Northern Jê]] language group of the [[Jê languages]] ̣([[Macro-Jê languages|Macro-Jê]]) spoken in [[Brazil]]. The various dialects are distinct enough to sometimes be considered separate languages. The principal varieties, '''[[Krahô language|Krahô]]''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|ɑː|h|oʊ}}<ref name=Bauer>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> (Craó), and '''[[Canela language|Canela]]''' {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ˈ|n|ɛ|l|ə}}<ref name=Bauer/> (Kanela), have 2000 speakers apiece, few of whom speak Portuguese. [[Pará Gavião language|Pará Gavião]] has 600–700 speakers. [[Krẽje language|Krẽje]], however, is nearly extinct, with only 30 speakers in 1995.

Timibira has been intensive contact with various [[Tupi-Guarani languages]] of the lower [[Tocantins River|Tocantins]]-[[Mearim River|Mearim]] area, such as [[Guajajara language|Guajajára]], [[Tembé language|Tembé]], [[Guajá language|Guajá]], and [[Ka'apor language|Urubú-Ka'apór]]. [[Ararandewara language|Ararandewára]], [[Turiwára language|Turiwára]], [[Tupi language|Tupinamba]], and [[Nheengatu language|Nheengatu]] have also been spoken in the area. Some of people in the area are also remembers of [[Anambé language|Anambé]] and [[Amanayé language|Amanajé]].<ref>Cabral, Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara; Beatriz Carreta Corrêa da Silva; Maria Risolta Silva Julião; Marina Maria Silva Magalhães. 2007. Linguistic diffusion in the Tocantins-Mearim area. In: Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral; Aryon Dall’Igna Rodrigues (ed.), ''Línguas e culturas Tupi'', p. 357–374. Campinas: Curt Nimuendaju; Brasília: LALI.</ref>

==Varieties== Linguistic varieties of Timbira include:<ref name="Nikulin-Macro-Je">{{cite thesis|last=Nikulin |first=Andrey |date=2020 |url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Anikulin-2020/Nikulin_2020_Proto-Macro-Je.pdf |title=Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=Universidade de Brasília}}</ref>

*[[Canela language|Canela]] (subdivided into Apànjêkra and Mẽmõrtũmre (a.k.a. Ràmkôkãmẽkra)), 2,500 speakers in [[Maranhão]] *[[Krahô language|Krahô]], 2,000 speakers in [[Tocantins]] *[[Krĩkatí language|Krĩkatí]], spoken in Terra Indígena Krikati, [[Maranhão]] *[[Pykobjê language|Pykobjê]], 600 speakers in Terra Indígena Governador close to [[Amarante do Maranhão|Amarante]], [[Maranhão]] *[[Parkatêjê language|Parkatêjê]], 12 speakers in Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, [[Bom Jesus do Tocantins]], [[Pará]] *[[Kỳikatêjê language|Kỳikatêjê]], 9 speakers in Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, [[Bom Jesus do Tocantins]], [[Pará]] *[[Krẽje language|Krẽje]], under 30 speakers in [[Maranhão]] and [[Pará]]

===Loukotka (1968)=== Loukotka (1968) divides the Timbira tribes into two groups, Timbirá ([[Canela language|Canela]]) and [[Krahô language|Krao]].<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref> The majority are included under Timbira:

;Timbira ([[Canela language|Canela]]): *''Mehin, Tajé'' (Timbirá) *''Kreapimkatajé'' (Krepúnkateye) *''Krenjé'' ([[Krẽje language|Krẽyé]]) *''Remkokamekran'' (Remako-Kamékrere, Merrime) *''Aponegicran'' (Apáñekra) *''Krenkatajé'' (Canella, Kenkateye) *''Sakamekran'' (Chacamecran, Mateiros) *''Purekamekran, Makamekran'' (Pepuxi) *''Apinagé, Karaho'' (Carauau) *''Menren'' (Gaviões, Augutjé – only a few words known) *''Meitajé''

;Krao: *''[[Krahô|Krahó]], Krikati'' ([[Krikatajé language|Kỳikatêjê]]) *''[[Pykobjê language|Piokobjé]]'' (Bucobu, Pukobje, Paicogê) *''Kapiekran'' Under the Timbira group, Loukotka included several purported languages for which nothing is recorded: ''Kukoekamekran, Karákatajé, Kenpokatajé, Kanakatayé, Norokwajé'' (Ñurukwayé). The ''Poncatagê'' (Põkateye) are likewise unidentifiable.

===Ramirez et al. (2015)=== Ramirez et al. (2015) considers Timbira-Kayapó to be a [[dialect continuum]], as follows:<ref>Ramirez, H., Vegini, V., & França, M. C. V. de. (2015). [https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/download/8642302/19659/ Koropó, puri, kamakã e outras línguas do Leste Brasileiro]. ''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 15(2), 223 – 277. {{doi|10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642302}}</ref> :Canela-Krahô ↔ Gavião-Krĩkati ↔ Apinajé ↔ Kayapó ↔ Suyá-Tapayuna ↔ Panará-Kayapó do Sul

Apart from Kapiekran, all Krao varieties are recognized by the ISO.

Another common convention for division, though geographic rather than linguistic, is ''Western Timbira'' (Apinayé alone) vs ''Eastern Timbira'' (Canela, Krikatí, Krahô, Gavião, and others).

''Gurupy'' is a river, sometimes used to refer to the [[Krẽje language|Krenye]].

===Nikulin (2020)=== {{empty section|date=August 2020}}

==References== {{Reflist}}

[[Category:Jê languages]] [[Category:Languages of Brazil]]