The Second City

{{short description|American improvisational theatre troupe}} {{other uses}} {{fan POV|date=February 2024}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2016}} {{Infobox stage production | italic title = No | name = The Second City | image = The Second City (logo).png|right|250px|The Second City logo by Chicago calligrapher John Weber | image_size = | alt = | caption = | company = | genre = Sketch comedy<br>Improvisation | type = | premiere = 1959 | finalshow =  | location = Chicago, Illinois, United States | creatortitle1 = Cofounder | creatorname1 = Paul Sills | creatortitle2 = Cofounder | creatorname2 = Bernie Sahlins | creatortitle3 = Cofounder | creatorname3 = Howard Alk | creatortitle4 = Executive producer | creatorname4 = not designated | creatortitle5 = | creatorname5 = | creatortitle6 = | creatorname6 = | creatortitle7 = | creatorname7 = | creatortitle8 = | creatorname8 = | creatortitle9 = | creatorname9 = | creatortitle10 = | creatorname10 = | creatortitle11 = | creatorname11 = | creatortitle12 = | creatorname12 = | creatortitle13 = | creatorname13 = | creatortitle14 = | creatorname14 = | creatortitle15 = | creatorname15 = | otherlabel1 = | otherdata1 = | otherlabel2 = | otherdata2 = | otherlabel3 = | otherdata3 = | otherlabel4 = | otherdata4 = | otherlabel5 = | otherdata5 = | website = http://www.secondcity.com/ }}  thumb|right|275px|Main Stage

'''The Second City''' is an improvisational comedy enterprise. It is the oldest improvisational theater troupe to be continuously based in Chicago, with training programs and live theaters in Toronto and New York. Since its debut in 1959, it has become one of the most influential and renowned in the English-speaking world.<ref name="EOCTC">{{cite encyclopedia| url=https://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1128.html |author=Christiansen, Richard|title=Second City Theatre|pages=744|access-date=March 7, 2008|editor=Grossman, James R. |editor2=Keating, Ann Durkin |editor3=Reiff, Janice L.|year=2004|encyclopedia=The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago|publisher=Chicago Historical Society|isbn=0-226-31015-9}}</ref> In February 2021, ZMC, a private equity investment firm based in Manhattan, purchased the Second City.<ref name=ZMCManhattan>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/chris-jones/ct-ent-second-city-buyer-jones-0221-20210218-xdirjehszze6xlsetktnebikjm-story.html|title=Column: On Second City, private equity and the sad lack of a Chicago comedy savior|author=Chris Jones|publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=February 18, 2021|access-date=February 21, 2021}}</ref>

The Second City has produced television programs in both Canada and the United States, including ''SCTV'', ''Second City Presents'', and ''Next Comedy Legend''. It has been a starting point for many comedians, award-winning actors, directors, and others in show business, including Joan Rivers, Alan Alda, Harold Ramis, Bill Murray, John Candy, John Belushi, Dan Aykroyd, Eugene Levy, Catherine O'Hara, Chris Farley, Mike Myers, Steve Carell, Tina Fey, Amy Poehler, Stephen Colbert and Jason Sudeikis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.secondcity.com/people/leadership/|title=Leadership|website=The Second City}}</ref>

== History == The Second City chose its self-mocking name from the title of a series of articles about Chicago by A. J. Liebling, published in ''The New Yorker'' in 1952,<ref name="EOCTC" /> also published in book form as a collection the same year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Liebling |first1=A.J. |title=Chicago: The Second City |date=1952 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |edition=First |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.155705/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> In summer 1955, at The Compass bar in Hyde Park, University of Chicago students, led by David Shepherd and Paul Sills, calling themselves Compass Players, began a "commedia dell'arte", based on professional theater games taught by Viola Spolin, who was Sills's mother. They soon began performing occasional shows on the Near North Side. On December 16, 1959, The Second City's first revue show premiered at 1842 North Wells Street, with Sills's former wife and Compass Player Barbara Harris singing "Everybody's in the Know". Admission was $1.50 ({{Inflation|US|1.5|1959|fmt=eq}}). Sahlins and Sills flipped burgers in the kitchen.<ref name="SC History">{{cite web |url=https://www.secondcity.com/history/ |title=History |work=The Second City |access-date=February 2, 2019 }}</ref>

Sahlins, Sills, and Howard Alk had founded the theater, in 1959,<ref name="SC History"/> as a place where scenes and stories were created with improvisation, using techniques that grew out of Spolin's innovative teachings, later known as Theater Games, with Sills as its director.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/04/theater/04sills.html|access-date=September 3, 2010|work=The New York Times|title=Paul Sills, a Guru of Improv Theater, Dies at 80 | first=Campbell | last=Robertson | date=June 4, 2008}}</ref> The cabaret theater comedy style of the Second City tended towards satire and commentary on social norms, and political figures and events.

thumb|right|200px|Location at 1616 North Wells Street in Chicago In 1961, the theater sent a cast to Broadway with the musical revue, ''From the Second City'', directed by Sills and earning Tony Award nominations for ensemble members Severn Darden and Barbara Harris.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://ibdb.com/production.php?id=2312|work=IBDB |title = From the Second City – Broadway Musical – Original }}</ref> The company moved a few blocks south, to 1616 North Wells, in 1967.<ref name="EOCTC" /> Eventually, the theater expanded to include three touring companies and a second resident company, and now fosters a company devoted to outreach and diversity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/ct-ent-second-city-diversity-promises-20201106-gyvolbwssvcndbqpu5nhkr46le-story.html |title=How Second City's diversity promises are being executed|last=Rocket|first=Darcel|date=6 November 2020 |work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref>

In 2020, during the protests following the murder of George Floyd, The Second City faced several criticisms regarding racism. The CEO, Andrew Alexander, resigned after accusations of institutional racism from former performers and an alumnus were made. Accusations and allegations were also made on social media, triggering further leadership resignations. A notable criticism came from Second City alumnus Dewayne Perkins, who alleged that the institution initially refused to host a benefit show for Black Lives Matter unless half of the proceeds also went to the Chicago Police Department.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/6c2c6b32aed826977b36278a4b9b2dcd |title=Second City CEO steps down amid claims of racism at theater|date=June 6, 2020 |work=Associated Press |access-date=March 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014231702/https://apnews.com/article/6c2c6b32aed826977b36278a4b9b2dcd |archive-date=October 14, 2020 |url-status=live |first=Lynn |last=Elber }}</ref> In response to these issues, The Second City instituted changes, including the formation of a steering committee comprising representatives from BIPOC, Latinx, and LGBTQIA+ communities to foster inclusivity and diversity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment-and-culture/2020/6/11/21288024/second-city-institutional-changes-prepared|title=The Second City agrees to institutional changes: 'We are prepared to...|work=Chicago Sun-Times}}</ref>

In October 2020, The Second City was put up for sale by Alexander and co-owner D’Arcy Stuart.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/city-comedy-theater-sale-time-60-years-73460754 |title=Second City comedy theater for sale, 2nd time in 60 years|date=6 October 2020 |work=ABC News}}</ref> In January 2021, The Second City and ''Saturday Night Live'' paired up to launch a new training scholarship for diverse, upcoming talent.<ref name="Blair">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/15/957054554/snl-and-second-city-announce-scholarships-for-diverse-emerging-comic-talent |title='SNL' And 'Second City' Announce Scholarships For Diverse, Emerging Comic Talent|last=Blair|first=Elizabeth|date=15 January 2021 |work=NPR}}</ref> In February 2021, ZMC, a New York City-based private equity investment firm, purchased The Second City.<ref name=ZMCManhattan/>

In 2022, The Second City announced its expansion to New York with its new location in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. The nearly {{convert|12,000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} entertainment complex at 64 N. 9th Street comprises two cabaret-style live theaters, seven Training Center classrooms, and a full-service restaurant and bar. The Second City New York opened to the public on November 16, 2023, marking a significant expansion of the institution into a new geographic region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.secondcity.com/nyc-opening-date-and-tickets-on-sale/|title=NYC Opening Date and Tickets On Sale|website=The Second City|accessdate=23 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/The-Second-City-Reveals-Opening-Date-Shows-and-Cast-for-NYC-Location-20230919|title=The Second City Reveals Opening Date, Shows, and Cast for NYC Location|website=Broadway World|accessdate=23 October 2023}}</ref>

== ''SCTV'' == {{main|Second City Television}} ''Second City Television,'' or ''SCTV,'' was a Canadian television sketch comedy show offshoot from the Toronto troupe of the Second City and ran from 1976 to 1984. Broadcaster and surgeon Charles A. "Chuck" Allard formed a partnership in 1981 that acquired the fledgling series. Allard then moved the series from Toronto to Edmonton, where he owned television station CITV-TV.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DnCsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA675 Riess, Steven A.]''Sports in America from Colonial Times to the Twenty-First Century: An Encyclopedia'', Routledge, USA, 2015, page 675. Retrieved October 10, 2018.</ref><ref>[https://ecitydoc.com/download/charles-alexander-allard-md-frcsc-facs-1919-1991-3_pdf Lampard, Dr. J. Robert] "Dr. Charles Alexander Allard", ''Profiles and Perspectives from Alberta’s Medical History'', Alberta Medical Foundation, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2018.</ref>

The basic premise of ''SCTV'' was based on a television station (later a network) in the fictional city of Melonville. Rather than broadcast the usual TV rerun fare, the business, run by the greedy Guy Caballero (Joe Flaherty) sitting in a wheelchair only "for respect," operates a bizarre and humorously incompetent range of cheap local programming. The range included soap opera "The Days of the Week"; game shows, such as "Shoot at the Stars", in which celebrities literally are shot at in similar fashion to targets in a shooting gallery; and movie parodies, such as "Play it Again, Bob" in which Woody Allen (as played by Rick Moranis) attempts to entice Bob Hope (as played by Dave Thomas) to star in his next film. In-house media melodrama was frequently satirized, including by John Candy, as the vain, bloated variety star character, Johnny La Rue; Thomas's acerbic critic, Bill Needle; Andrea Martin's flamboyant, leopard-skin clad station manager, Mrs. Edith Prickley; Catherine O'Hara's alcoholic, narcissistic, former leading-lady, Lola Heatherton; and Flaherty's effusive talk show host, Sammy Maudlin. Martin Short also originated his dorky Ed Grimley character here, which he later brought to ''Saturday Night Live''.

==Executive producers== ===Andrew Alexander=== {{main|Andrew Alexander (producer)}} thumb|Andrew Alexander and Len Stuart In 1974, Andrew Alexander took the reins of The Second City Toronto, which had opened in 1972, then formed a partnership with Len Stuart, in 1976, starting The Second City Entertainment Company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagoreader.com/Bleader/archives/2016/02/29/second-city-ceo-andrew-alexander-remembers-co-owner-len-stuart|title=Second City CEO Andrew Alexander remembers co-owner Len Stuart|website=Chicago Reader|date=February 29, 2016 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref> Its inaugural television production was ''SCTV'' that year. Alexander co-developed and executive produced over 185 half-hour shows for the series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwcomedy/article/Second-Citys-Andrew-Alexander-Honored-by-Phi-Kappa-Betta-20140924|title=Second City's Andrew Alexander Honored by Phi Kappa Betta|website=Broadway World|language=en|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>

In 1985, Alexander and Stuart acquired Chicago's Second City.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-12-12-9912120128-story.html|title=ON THE LAUGH TRACK|website=Chicago Tribune|date=December 12, 1999 }}</ref> He later founded SCTV, thereby expanding The Second City TV & Film Division.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://bayobserver.ca/2020/06/07/sctv-founder-andrew-alexander-to-exit-second-city-after-accusations-of-institutionalized-racism/ |title=SCTV Founder Andrew Alexander To Exit Second City After Accusations Of Institutionalized Racism|last=Best|first=John|date=7 June 2020 |work=The Bay Observer}}</ref> He has produced or executive-produced hundreds of Second City revues in Canada and the United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/ct-ent-second-city-andrew-alexander-out-exit-0608-20200605-xspg7l7hkvhm3dphv6p26rwsna-story.html |title=Second City owner Andrew Alexander to exit after accusations of institutionalized racism leveled at theater|last=Jones|first=Chris|date=5 June 2020 |work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref>

On June 6, 2020, during the Black Lives Matter protests, various Second City comedians signed an open letter stating that "erasure, racial discrimination, manipulation, pay inequity, tokenism, monetization of Black culture, and trauma-inducing experiences of Black artists at The Second City will no longer be tolerated".<ref name="Blair"/> prompting Alexander to apologize and resign, pledging that "The next person to fill the Executive Producer position will be a member of the BIPOC community". Interim executive producer Anthony LeBlanc was appointed to replace him.<ref>[https://www.secondcity.com/statement-from-the-second-city-june-5/ "A Letter from Andrew Alexander", ''The Second City'', June 5, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2021.]</ref>

===Jon Carr=== On November 25, 2020, The Second City announced that former Dad's Garage Theatre Company artistic director Jon Carr had been hired as executive producer.<ref>[https://www.ajc.com/life/arts-culture/lara-smith-leaving-role-at-head-of-dads-garage-theatre/GFT74TBDSFCNHAK63QEQIY6WTI/ "Lara Smith leaving role at head of Dad’s Garage Theatre", by Bo Emerson, ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'', March 10, 2021. Retrieved March 15, 2021.]</ref> He stepped down in early 2022, and a successor has yet to be named.<ref>[https://chicago.suntimes.com/2022/2/23/22948272/jon-carr-second-city-after-14-months-as-executive-producer/"Jon Carr leaves Second City after 14 Months as Executive Producer", by Darel Jevens, ''Chicago Sun-Times'', February 23, 2022. Retrieved September 8, 2022.]</ref>

== Awards == {{As of|2014}}, the Second City has been awarded thirty-seven Equity Joseph Jefferson Awards, which have recognized them for Best Revue five times, the first being ''Paradigm Lost'' (1997). The revue's director, Mick Napier, is one of several directors recognized by the Jeffs, a list that includes founder Bernard Sahlins (for 1983's ''Exit, Pursued by a Bear'') and improv guru Del Close (1981's ''Miro, Miro on the Wall''). Sixteen alumni have received Jeff Awards for their performances in Second City revues, including David Pasquesi (''The Gods Must Be Lazy'', 1989), Scott Adsit (''Paradigm Lost'', 1997), Jackie Hoffman (''Disgruntled Employee Picnic'', 1993), Shelley Long (''Wellsapoppin'', 1977), and Nia Vardalos (''Whitewater for Chocolate'',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1994/06/06/whitewater-revue-bounces-off-the-wall-but-hits-the-spot/ | title='Whitewater' Revue Bounces off the Wall, but Hits the Spot | website=Chicago Tribune | date=June 6, 1994 }}</ref> 1994), with Rachel Dratch and Keegan-Michael Key each being honored twice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jeffawards.org/search2/index.cfm|title=Jeff Awards List of Nominees and Recipients}}</ref>

In 2009, as the company was celebrating its 50th year, the Second City was awarded an honorary Jeff for the milestone, as well as three awards for the e.t.c.' s 33rd revue ''Studs Terkel's Not Working,'' recognizing director Matt Hovde and actress Amanda Blake Davis and naming it Best Revue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.timeoutny.com/chicago/blog/out-and-about/2009/10/second-city-takes-home-jeff-awards-and-announces-complete-50th-anniversary-lineup/|access-date=September 3, 2010|publisher=Time Out Chicago|year=2009|title=Second City takes home Jeff Awards and announces complete 50th anniversary lineup|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316164356/http://www3.timeoutny.com/chicago/blog/out-and-about/2009/10/second-city-takes-home-jeff-awards-and-announces-complete-50th-anniversary-lineup/|archive-date=March 16, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In 2011, the e.t.c.'s 35th revue ''Sky's the Limit (Weather Permitting)'' won the Jeff for Best New Work (Musical or Revue), as well Best Revue and Best Actor, for ensemble member Tim Baltz.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/156345-Chinglish-Chicago-Shakes-Candide-Porgy-and-Bess-Mike-Nussbaum-Among-Jeff-Award-Winners/|access-date=November 8, 2011|publisher=Playbill.com|year=2011|title=Chinglish, Chicago Shakes, Candide, Porgy and Bess, Mike Nussbaum Among Jeff Award Winners|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110045522/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/156345-Chinglish-Chicago-Shakes-Candide-Porgy-and-Bess-Mike-Nussbaum-Among-Jeff-Award-Winners|archive-date=November 10, 2011|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The following year, the e.t.c.'s 36th revue ''We're All In This Room Together'' won for Best Revue and Best Director of a Revue - Ryan Bernier, while ensemble member Edgar Blackman took home the Jeff for Best Actor/Actress in a Revue for his work in ''Who Do We Think We Are?'' on the Second City mainstage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/theaterloop/ct-ent-1016-jeff-awards-20121015,0,3607593.column?page=2|work=Chicago Tribune|year=2012|title='Iceman Cometh,' 'Follies' big Jeff Award winners}}</ref> In 2013, the Jeff Awards awarded Best Production: Revue to a Second City show not housed at the venue on Wells Street, ''The Second City Guide to Opera'', a collaboration with the Lyric Opera of Chicago that had been initiated by soprano and Lyric creative consultant Renée Fleming, with Best Director: Revue going to Billy Bungeroth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/chicago/article/Lyric-Opera-of-Chicago-The-Second-City-Take-Home-Two-Jeff-Awards-for-THE-SECOND-CITY-GUIDE-TO-THE-OPERA-20131106|publisher=Broadway World|year=2013|title='Lyric Opera of Chicago & The Second City Take Home Two Jeff Awards for THE SECOND CITY GUIDE TO THE OPERA}}</ref>

Toronto's Second City mainstage troupe has won ten Canadian Comedy Awards: Best Improv Troupe (2001), Best Sketch Troupe (2001, 2006 and 2009), and Best Comedic Play winners ''Family Circus Maximus'' (2002), ''Psychedelicatessen'' (2003), ''Facebook of Revelations'', ''Barack to the Future'' (2009), ''0% Down, 100% Screwed'' (2010) and ''Something Wicked Awesome This Way Comes'' (2011).

==On film== * ''Goldstein'' (1964) – The directing debut of Philip Kaufman (''The Right Stuff'', ''The Unbearable Lightness of Being'') featured several members including Severn Darden, Jack Burns, and Del Close, as well as teacher Viola Spolin. A modern-day interpretation of the story of Elijah,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcm.com/this-month/article/453547|title=Turner Class Movies Film Article: Goldstein|last=Doll|first=Susan|publisher=Turner Classic Movies}}</ref> it won the Prix de la Nouvelle Critique at the Cannes Film Festival, and Jean Renoir called it the best American film he had seen in twenty years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/articles/goldstein,9416/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225055725/http://www.avclub.com/articles/goldstein%2C9416/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 25, 2010|title=Goldstein/DVD|publisher=A.V. Club|last=Murray|first=Noel|date=January 25, 2006 }}</ref> * ''The Monitors'' (1969) – A satirical alien invasion film in which earth's invaders run the planet as though they were 1950s hallway monitors, featuring members Avery Schreiber, Alan Arkin, Fred Kaz, and Peter Boyle. * ''Second to None'' (2001) – A documentary by Matt Hoffman and Scott Silberstein about the process of writing ''Paradigm Lost'', following the cast and director Napier from the initial rehearsal through opening night. Originally narrated by alum Jim Belushi, the film was reworked, with rehearsal footage added, ten years after its initial release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/4694137-421/inside-the-improv-process-at-second-city.html?print=true|title=Inside the Improv Process at Second City|work=The Chicago Sun Times}}</ref> * ''The Second City: First Family of Comedy'' (2006) – A documentary by Sharon Bartlett and alum Dave Thomas in three parts, focusing on the origins of The Second City in Chicago, the life of ''SCTV'', and the success of notable alumni, including Tina Fey, Mike Myers, Ryan Stiles, Patrick McKenna, and Martin Short. * ''I Want Someone to Eat Cheese With'' (2006) – An independent film starring, written, directed and produced by Jeff Garlin, himself a former Second City actor, features scenes shot within The Second City's Chicago theater, and features several of its alumni, including Mina Kolb, David Pasquesi, Amy Sedaris, Richard Kind, Dan Castellaneta, Tim Kazurinsky, and Bonnie Hunt. * ''Don't Think Twice'' (2016) – A film written and directed by Mike Birbiglia centered around an improv troupe dealing with the effects of one member's success. It stars Second City alumni Tami Sagher, Steve Waltien and Keegan-Michael Key. The film features archival footage and photographs of Second City ensembles in the course of establishing the roots of improv comedy in Chicago. * ''For Madmen Only: The Stories of Del Close'' (2020) – A documentary on the life and career of Second City director Del Close who mentored and trained up-and-coming comedians including John Belushi, Bill Murray, Tina Fey, Harold Ramis, Dave Thomas, George Wendt, and countless others.

==Touring Company== Created in 1967 as a way to increase the talent pool, the initial Touring Company, featuring Ramis, Doyle-Murray and Flaherty, was tested on the road for two years before taking the stage as ''The Next Generation'' after the mainstage ensemble was sent to perform in New York. The Touring Company continued to perform greatest hit shows on the road, and in 1982, with the assistance of producer Joyce Sloane (and without Sahlins's knowledge) they staged an original revue in what would become the theater's second stage, the Second City e.t.c.<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas, Mike|title=The Second City Unscripted|pages=34,41,146–150|year=2009|publisher=Villard Books|isbn=978-0-345-51422-6}}</ref>

==Fiftieth anniversary== In December 2009, the theater celebrated its fiftieth anniversary with a weekend of panels and performance which featured many prominent alumni, including an ''SCTV'' reunion show starring Joe Flaherty, Eugene Levy, Andrea Martin, Catherine O'Hara, Harold Ramis, Martin Short, and Dave Thomas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.timeoutny.com/chicago/blog/out-and-about/2009/12/second-city-50th-anniversary-sctv-reunion-live-review|access-date=September 3, 2010|publisher=Time Out NY|title=Second City 50th Anniversary, SCTV Reunion: Live review|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825074452/http://www3.timeoutny.com/chicago/blog/out-and-about/2009/12/second-city-50th-anniversary-sctv-reunion-live-review/|archive-date=August 25, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Other notable alumni returning to participate included Steve Carell, Stephen Colbert, Jeff Garlin, Jack McBrayer, James Belushi, Dan Castellaneta, Amy Sedaris, Ian Gomez, Richard Kind, Robert Klein, Fred Willard, David Rasche, Betty Thomas, Barbara Harris, Richard Henzel and George Wendt,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chicago.broadwayworld.com/article/Whats_in_a_Ticket_Second_Citys_50th_Anniversary_Alumni_Performance_Sells_for_1800_a_Pop_20091211|access-date =September 3, 2010|publisher=Broadway World|title=What's in a Ticket}}</ref> as well as original cast member Mina Kolb, Compass Player Shelley Berman, and co-founder Bernard Sahlins, along with Playwrights Theater Club co-founder Sheldon Patinkin;<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzTFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 ''Long Form Improvisation and American Comedy: The Harold''] by Matt Fotis, Palgrave MacMillan, 2014, page 33. Retrieved September 11, 2021;</ref> he later served as assistant director to Paul Sills, then succeeded him as artistic director, spending over five decades as an artistic mentor of the troupe while chairman of the theater department at Columbia College Chicago for three decades.<ref>[https://www.secondcity.com/people/other/people-other-sheldon-patinkin/ "Sheldon Patinkin"] ''The Second City''. Retrieved September 11, 2021.</ref>

== Alumni == {{main|List of alumni of the Second City}}

==Training Center and The Second City Film School == {{main|The Second City Training Center}} The Second City Training Center was founded in the mid-1980s to facilitate the growing demand for workshops and instruction from the world-famous Second City theatre. Training Centers are located in Chicago, Toronto and Los Angeles. The Training Centers have grown substantially since the Second City Conservatory was established in the mid-1980s under the tutelage of longtime Chicago improv instructors and mentors Martin de Maat and Sheldon Patinkin. The Chicago Training Center has over 5,000 students in several disciplines, including improvisation and comedy writing. Former Training Center students include Steve Carell, Tina Fey, Amy Poehler, Mike Myers, Chris Farley, Tim Meadows, Bonnie Hunt, Stephen Colbert, Halle Berry, Sean Hayes, Amy Sedaris, Jon Favreau, Hinton Battle, Jack McBrayer, Dave Foley, and Kevin McDonald. Classes are taught by working professionals, many of whom are existing or former Second City performers. In 2007, the Comedy Studies program was created, as a collaboration with Chicago's Columbia College, which provides students with an immersion in "all aspects of the study of comedy and improvisation".<ref>{{cite web|last=Winchell|first=Stephen|title=Inside the Second City's Comedy Studies Program|work=Splitsider |date=August 30, 2012 |url=http://splitsider.com/2012/08/inside-the-second-citys-comedy-studies-program/}}</ref> In 2016, the Training Center expanded to include the Harold Ramis Film School, now called The Second City Film School, dedicated to comedy in filmmaking.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Chris|title=Second City to open Harold Ramis Film School, a first for comedy moviemaking|date=February 9, 2016 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/ct-harold-ramis-film-school-second-city-column.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> In 2021, The Second City's educators voted to unionize as the Association of International Comedy Educators (AICE).<ref>{{cite web|last=Jones|first=Chris|title=Second City teachers vote to form a union|date=April 15, 2021 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/theater/chris-jones/ct-ent-second-city-union-vote-20210415-77sdl5m2i5fpzoyjecujmjtlse-story.html|publisher=Chicago Tribune}}</ref>

==The Second City Detroit== The Second City Detroit was a comedy theater and training center in Novi, Michigan. It was the Second City's third mainstage location in North America following the Second City Chicago and Toronto.<ref name="The Second City | Timeline">{{Cite web|url=https://www.secondcity.com/|title=Comedy Shows in Chicago, Toronto & Hollywood|website=The Second City}}</ref> Originally established in September 1993 in downtown Detroit,<ref name="The Second City | Timeline"/> it relocated to a strip mall in Novi in 2005. The original downtown Detroit theater in the Hockeytown Cafe complex was renamed the City Theater and has since reopened as the Detroit House of Comedy; the Novi location has become the Andiamo Novi Theater.

== The Parents School == In the early years of the Second City and Game Theater, several parents and Lincoln Park community members—including Carol and Paul Sills and activists Mona and Dennis Cunningham—started a progressive school for their children, based on Viola Spolin's Theater Games techniques and philosophy with her son Paul Sills' refinements. Early on it was called "Playroom School," after Spolin's "Educational Playroom," a progressive school project during the 1930's on Sheridan Road which Paul Sills had attended.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sills |first1=Aretha |last2=Sills |first2=Carol |title=Viola Spolin: Biography |url=https://www.violaspolin.org/bio |website=Viola Spolin Official Website |publisher=The Viola Spolin Estate |access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref> Theater Games were gaining recognition and are now incorporated in drama therapy, play therapy, and are used as an educational tool. Early Second City and Game Theater members, as well as some Old Town and Lincoln Park community members, were closely involved, including the Sillses and Cunninghams, Viola Spolin, Joyce and Byrne Piven, John Schultz, Mel Spiegel, Carol Dougal, and Beverly Gold. The highly progressive curriculum included daily theater games, and some students went on to careers in entertainment. Briefly at the Game Theater site at 1935 N. Sedgwick, the school moved to several locations in Lincoln Park before it closed in the mid-1970s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetimprov.com/uncategorized/improv-hall-of-fame-part-i/ |title=Planet Improv | Index |access-date=2014-04-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013745/http://www.planetimprov.com/uncategorized/improv-hall-of-fame-part-i/ |archive-date=April 19, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

== Audio recordings == * ''Comedy from The Second City'' (Mercury, 1961) * ''From The Second City'' (Mercury, 1962) * ''The Sound of My Own Voice and Other Noises: Severn Darden at The Second City'' (Mercury, 1961) * ''The Second City Writhes Again!'' (Mercury, 1969) * ''The Cosa Nostra Story'' (Mercury/Smash) * ''The Second City Survival Kit'' (Spirit, 1982) * Archival audio was released as part of Sheldon Patinkin's book, ''The Second City: Backstage at the World's Greatest Comedy Theater'' (2000)

== Other influences == In 1971, The Players Workshop was Chicago's only official school of Improvisation for over a decade. Although it was never officially a part of The Second City cabaret theater, The Players Workshop was often referred to as Players Workshop Of The Second City, due to the school's close affiliation with the famous sketch comedy stage.

==Further reading== * Bernard Sahlins 2001 ''Days and nights at the Second City: a memoir, with notes on staging review theatre'' * Donna McCrohan 1987 ''The Second City: a backstage history of comedy's hottest troupe'' * Patinkin, Sheldon; Klein, Robert 2000 ''The Second City: backstage at the world's greatest comedy theater'' * {{citation |last=Thomas |first=Dave |year=1996 |title=SCTV: Behind the Scenes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WbhiPAAACAAJ&q=Second%20City%20Television&pg=PR1 |publisher=McFarland & Stewart |isbn=978-0-771-08568-0}} * {{citation |last=Thomas |first=Mike |year=2009 |title=The Second City Unscripted: Revolution and Revelation at the World-Famous Comedy Theater |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TyGOO2JjU1sC&q=Second%20City%20Television&pg=PR1 |publisher=Villard |isbn=978-0-345-51422-6}} * {{citation |last=Robbins |first=Jeff |year=2007 |title=Second City Television: A History and Episode Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPFX6daYP0MC&q=Second%20City%20Television&pg=PP1|publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-0-7864-3191-5}} * {{citation |last=Martin |first=Andrea |year=2014 |title=Lady Parts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjJ0AwAAQBAJ&q=Second%20City%20Television&pg=PP1|publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-062-38728-8}} * {{citation |last=Short |first=Martin |year=2014 |title=I Must Say: My Life As a Humble Comedy Legend |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPFX6daYP0MC&q=Second%20City%20Television&pg=PP1|publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0-062-30954-9}}

== References == {{reflist|30em}}

==External links== *{{official website}} *[http://traffic.libsyn.com/media/tsoya/tsoya070205.mp3 Audio interview with Anne Libera, author of ''The Second City Almanac of Improvisation'', on ''The Sound of Young America''] *[http://members.shaw.ca/kitschy/iwebber/TheStenonsNewDigs/Blog/Entries/2008/6/21_The_Second_City_Benefit_of_Laughter_SCTV_Reunion.html "StensonsNewDigs" blog review of the "Benefit of Laughter" show and ''SCTV'' reunion and after-party] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080719094331/http://www.davepye.com/2008/05/sctvs-benefit-of-laughter-charity-show-and-reunion-review.htm "Pye in the Face" blog review of the "Benefit of Laughter" show and ''SCTV'' reunion and after party]

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