Tibetology

{{Short description|Study of things related to Tibet}} '''Tibetology''' ({{bo|t=བོད་རིག་པ།|w=bod-rig-pa}}) refers to the study of things related to Tibet, including its history, religion, language, culture, politics and the collection of Tibetan articles of historical, cultural and religious significance.<ref name="Dotson 2009 p. ">{{cite book | last=Dotson | first=B. | title=Contemporary Visions in Tibetan Studies: Proceedings of the First International Seminar of Young Tibetologists | publisher=Serindia Publications | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-932476-45-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U62JQAAACAAJ | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=}}</ref> The last may mean a collection of Tibetan statues, shrines, Buddhist icons and holy scripts, Thangka embroideries, paintings and tapestries, jewellery, masks and other objects of fine Tibetan art and craftsmanship.<ref name="Shih Chen 2018 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Shih | first1=C. | last2=Chen | first2=Y.W. | title=Tibetan Studies in Comparative Perspective | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2018 | isbn=978-1-317-98059-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Snx0DwAAQBAJ | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=}}</ref><ref name="Coleman 2016 p. ">{{cite book | last=Coleman | first=G. | title=A Handbook Of Tibetan Culture: A Guide to Tibetan Centres and Resources Throughout the World | publisher=Ebury Publishing | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-4735-5022-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcyUCwAAQBAJ | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=}}</ref>

==History== [[Image:Thanka.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A Thanka painting inside the Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, in Gangtok]] The Jesuit Antonio de Andrade (1580–1634) and a few others established a small mission and church in Tsaparang (1626), in the kingdom of Guge (Western Tibet) in the 17th century. When the kingdom was overrun by the king of Ladakh (1631), the mission was destroyed.<ref name="Kerin 2015 p. 217">{{cite book | last=Kerin | first=M.R. | title=Art and Devotion at a Buddhist Temple in the Indian Himalaya | publisher=Indiana University Press | series=Contemporary Indian Studies | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-253-01309-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrPdCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA217 | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=217}}</ref>

A century later another Jesuit, the Italian Ippolito Desideri (1684–1733) was sent to Tibet and received permission to stay in Lhasa where he spent 5 years (1716–1721) living in a Tibetan monastery, studying the language, the religion of the lamas and other Tibetan customs.<ref name="Chapman 1940 p. ">{{cite book | last=Chapman | first=F.S. | title=Lhasa the Holy City | publisher=Readers Union Limited | year=1940}}</ref> He published a couple of books in Tibetan on Christian doctrine. Because of a conflict of jurisdiction (the mission was entrusted to the Capuchins, and not to the Jesuits) Desideri had to leave Tibet and returned to Italy, where he spent the rest of his life publishing his ''Historical notes on Tibet''. They were collected, in 4 volumes, under the title of ''Opere Tibetane'' (Rome;1981–1989). Desideri may be considered as the first Tibetologist and he did much to make Tibet known in Europe.<ref name="Anderson Cattoi 2022 p. 156">{{cite book | last1=Anderson | first1=C. | last2=Cattoi | first2=T. | title=The Routledge Handbook of Buddhist-Christian Studies | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Handbooks in Religion | year=2022 | isbn=978-1-000-63728-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXiGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT156 | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=156}}</ref>

Desideri was however a pioneer, and as such what he produced were rather 'observations' on Tibet, a work he did with objectivity and sympathy, but not always perfect accuracy. The inception of Tibetology as an authentic academic discipline is thus associated with the Hungarian Sándor Kőrösi Csoma (1784–1842) who is considered as its founder to present day,<ref name="Terjék Csoma 1986 p. ">{{cite book | last1=Terjék | first1=J. | last2=Csoma | first2=S.K. | title=Grammar of the Tibetan Language | publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó | series=Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica Series | year=1986 | isbn=978-963-05-4361-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sL_yswEACAAJ | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=}}</ref> the other early Tibetologists of note being Philippe Édouard Foucaux who in 1842 occupied the first chair for Tibetan studies in Europe{{efn|At the school of Oriental Studies in Paris. See:Le Calloc'h, Bernard. "Philippe-Edouard Foucaux: First Tibetan teacher in Europe." Tibet Journal 12.1 (1987): 39-49.}} and Isaac Jacob Schmidt, who was primarily the pioneering mongolist residing in Saint Petersburg.<ref name="Cox 2022 p. 91">{{cite book | last=Cox | first=S. | title=The Subtle Body: A Genealogy | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford Studies in Western Esotericism | year=2022 | isbn=978-0-19-758105-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtrbEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=91}}</ref>

The publications of the British diplomat Charles Alfred Bell contributed towards the establishment of Tibetology as an academic discipline. Outstanding Tibetologists of the 20th century include the British Frederick William Thomas, David Snellgrove, Michael Aris, and Richard Keith Sprigg, the Italians Giuseppe Tucci and Luciano Petech, the Frenchmen Jacques Bacot and Rolf Alfred Stein, the Dutchman Johan van Manen, and finally the Germans Dieter Schuh and Klaus Sagaster.<ref name="Bell 1927 p. 175">{{cite book | last=Bell | first=C.A. | title=Tibet, Past & Present | publisher=Oxford University Press : H. Milford | year=1927 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GdxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA175 | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=175}}</ref>

In recent decades, particularly in English-speaking countries, the study of Tibet and Tibetology has opened out towards other disciplines, prompting works with an interdisciplinary approach. This has become most obvious in the regular conferences of the IATS (International Association of Tibetan Studies), held at intervals of three years in different cities around the world. Examples of such broader-based research include the work of the American anthropologist Melvyn Goldstein, among others, who has produced publications on subjects such as lexical questions, Tibetan nomadism, and the modern history of Tibet. Other recent research includes the work of Robert Barnett, Matthew Kapstein, Elliot Sperling, Alex McKay, Geoffrey Samuel, Flavio Geisshuesler, among others.<ref name="Coward Smith 2012 p. 91">{{cite book | last1=Coward | first1=H. | last2=Smith | first2=G.S. | title=Religion and Peacebuilding | publisher=State University of New York Press | series=SUNY series in Religious Studies | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-7914-8585-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPg6YIpDNOgC&pg=PA91 | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=91}}</ref>

==Gallery== <gallery> File:Turrell Wylie.png|Professor Turrell Wylie in 1979 at the University of Washington Department of Asian Languages and Literature File:David Germano.jpg|David Germano in 2013 File:GiuseppeTucci.jpg|Giuseppe Tucci (1894-1984) Italian Tibetologist drinking butter tea in Tibet in the 1930s File:Elliot Sperling 2014 (cropped).jpg|Elliot Sperling in 2014 File:Passeportshakabpa2.jpg|Shakabpa on the Tibetan Passport 1947 issued to Wangchuk Deden Shakabpa (Tibetan: ཞྭ་སྒབ་པ་དབང་ཕྱུག་བདེ་ལྡན།), then "Chief of the Finance Department of the Government of Tibet"<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Richardson|first1=Hugh|title=Introduction |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=15 |issue=4 |date=Winter 1990 |jstor=43300372 |pages=3–4}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet|url=http://www.brill.com/one-hundred-thousand-moons-2-vols|website=Brill.com|publisher=Brill|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316064953/http://www.brill.com/one-hundred-thousand-moons-2-vols|archive-date=16 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pommaret|first1=Françoise|title=Reviewed Work(s): ''One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet'' |jstor=41302243 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=70 |issue=1 |date=February 2011 |pages=230–233 |doi=10.1017/S0021911810003360 }}</ref> File:Charles Alfred Bell.jpg|Sir Charles Alfred Bell, Author of the "Biography of the Dalai Lama" about the 13th Dalai Lama File:Kőrösi Csoma Sándor.jpg|Sándor Kőrösi Csoma authored the first Tibetan-English dictionary File:Hugh Richardson in Tibet c. 1940.jpg|Hugh Richardson in Tibet about 1940 File:AntónioAndrade.jpg|The Jesuit priest Antonio de Andrade (1580 - 1634) was the first known European to have visited Tibet </gallery>

==References== ===Notes=== {{notelist}}

===Citations=== {{Reflist}}

===Other sources=== * Tsering Shakya: ''The Development of Modern Tibetan Studies''. In: Robert Barnett (Hg.): Resistance and Reform in Tibet (Bloomington/Indianapolis, Indiana University Press 1994), {{ISBN|0-253-31131-4}}, S. 1–14. * SHAKABPA, W. D. 1967. ''Tibet: A Political History'' [With plates and maps.]. Yale University Press: New Haven & London.

==External links== * [http://www.iats.info/ IATS - The International Association of Tibetan Studies] * [http://www.tibetology.org Tibetology Network] * [https://www.thdl.org/ Tibetan & Himalayan Digital Library]

Category:Tibetology