{{Short description|Marble sculpture of Apollo recovered from the Tiber River}}{{Infobox artifact|name=The Tiber Apollo|image=File:0 Apollon du Tibre - Pal. Massimo alle Terme (1).JPG|material=Marble|height=2.04 meters|created=1st century CE; presumably a copy from 450 BC|discovered_date=1891|discovered_place=Ponte Garibaldi, Rome, Italy|location=Museo Nazionale Romano|culture=Roman}}
The '''Tiber Apollo''' is an over lifesize<ref>222 cm (7 ft. 3 ¼ in.).</ref> marble sculpture of Apollo, a Hadrianic or Antonine Roman marble copy after a bronze Greek original of about 450 BCE.<ref>Brunilde Sismondo Ridgeway (''Fifth Century Styles in Greek Sculpture'', 1981) suggested that its original, along with many other famous and established models generally dated in the 5th century BCE, should be attributed to a Late Hellenistic classicizing cultural phase of the first centuries BCE/CE;similarly E. Simon (''LIMC'' '''2''' 1984, ''s.v.'' "Apollon/Apollo", 373f no. 38) called it an Antonine copy of a classicising Augustan original.</ref> Dredged from the bed of the Tiber in Rome, in making piers for the Ponte Garibaldi (1885, bridge completed 1888).
Found in multiple fragments at the bottom of the river in the Tiber in Rome between the Palatine bridge and the so-called Bagni di Doma Olimpia.
It is conserved in the Museo Nazionale Romano in Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, Rome. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tiber Apollo {{!}} Museum of Classical Archaeology Databases |url=https://museum.classics.cam.ac.uk/collections/casts/tiber-apollo |access-date=2023-07-23 |website=museum.classics.cam.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>Inv. 608; its rusty staining are the result of its long immersion.</ref>
== Description == A small trace of the bow once held in the right hand remains visible above the right knee. This attribute helps to identify the figure as Apollo. The gaze was clearly turned towards some object once held in the left hand.<ref name=":1">https://academic.oup.com/bics/article/56/Supplement_105_Part_1/433/5599786?searchresult=1</ref>
The style of the sculpture reflects the school of Phidias, perhaps the young Phidias himself, as Jiří Frel suggested,<ref>Frel, "A Hermes by Kalamis and Some Other Sculptures" ''The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal'', '''1''' (1974:55-60) p. 57, and again in a review of Ridgeway, ''The Severe Style in Greek Sculpture'' in ''The Art Bulletin'' '''56'''.2, (June 1974:274).</ref> and Kenneth Clark observed of it, "If only this figure, instead of the ''Apollo Belvedere'',<!--italics in original--> had been known to Winckelmann, his insight and beautiful gift of literary re-creation would have been better supported by the sculptural qualities of his subject."<ref>Clark, ''The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form'', 1956, p.74, illus. p. 75, fig.30.</ref> Of this marble Brian A. Sparkes reminds us that "the general effect of copies always tends towards sweetness, and so it is here."<ref>Sparkes, "Greek Bronzes" ''Greece & Rome'', Second Series, '''34'''.2 (October 1987:152-168) p 167, illus. fig. 9 p, 166. </ref>
The figure, with his girlish curls,<ref>Susan E. Wood. ''Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images, 40 BC - AD 68'' (1999, rev. ed. 2001:225: "The arrangement of hair drawn back over the ears and long shoulder locks appears in statues of both male and female deities, including Apollo"; note 69: Tiber Apollo and other examples.</ref> may once have held the laurel branch and bow, as he is not a ''citharoedus''. The pensive reserve of such Apollos provided the iconographical type for Hadrianic portrait heads of Antinous in the following century.<ref>Thorsten Opper, ''Hadrian: Empire and Conflict'' (2008) makes this point with an illustration of the Tiber Apollo, fig. 162, p. 185 paired with an Antinous.</ref> As a patron of the arts, many of the Hadrianic and Nerva–Antonine sculptures sought a softer, more relaxed form of masculinity.<ref name=":0" />
Though it is missing its hand and left arms, the posture of the head and angled shoulder suggests that Apollo was holding something, whether it is a laurel branch or bow. <ref name=":0" />
A copy was formerly in the Villa Borghese gardens.<ref>Illustrated from an old photograph and captioned "lost" by Frel 1974:59, fig. 7.</ref>
== Examples of type == The group of sculptures of the '''Apollo Tiber type''' has been supposed by many scholars to derive from a bronze original statue to Pheidias, and by others to Calamis. Some scholars consider the type to be a classicizing one of Augustan origin.<ref name=":1" />
Exist 7 replicas, comprising three marble statues, two heads and two bronze statuettes of Tiber Apollo type:<ref name=":1" />
* ''Tiber Apollo'' himself * ''Cherchel Apollo.'' Version recovered in 1910 among the ruins of Cherchel, Algeria, the Roman Caesarea Mauretaniae.<ref>''LIMC'' ii. 373 no. 38, ''s.v.'' "Apollo"; Christa Landwehr, ''Die Römische Skulpturen von Caesarea Mauretaniae'', vol. II (Idealplastik).</ref> Cherchel Museum. AD 130-150. * ''Ex Villa Borghese Apollo Tiber type.'' Location unknown * ''Capitoline head of Apollo Tiber type''. Rome, Museo Capitolino. Ivv. 648. Julio-Claudian period. Combined with body of Kassel Apollo. * ''Paris statuette of Apollo Tuber type''. Louvre. Bronze. From the Este and Pourtales Collection * ''Terme'' ''statuette'' ''head of Apollo Tuber type''. Marble, AD 14-54. Rome, Museo Nazionale, inv. 40090. * ''Vienna'' ''statuette'' ''head of Apollo Tuber type.'' Bronze. Vienna, Antikensammlung, VI 2848. <gallery> File:Algérie.Cherchell.Apollon Pythien.Gloire du Musée.jpg|Cherchell Apollo File:Statue of Apollo im Kapitolinischen Museum 01.jpg|Apollo in Capitoline museum (combined) </gallery>
== See also ==
* Tiber Dionysus - a life-sized bronze sculpture of Dionysus discovered 6 years earlier in 1885 during construction work on the Ponte Garibaldi
== Bibliography ==
* Michon, E. (1916-18) L' Apollon de Cherchel. MonPiot XXII, 55-70, pls. 7-9.
==Notes== {{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiber Apollo}}{{Museo Nazionale Romano}} Category:Roman copies of 5th-century BC Greek sculptures Category:Sculptures of Apollo Category:Collection of the Museo Nazionale Romano Category:Archaeological discoveries in Italy