{{Short description|English prince and nobleman (1300–1338)}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Thomas of Brotherton | image = File:Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk.png | caption = Thomas depicted on a medieval roll | succession = [[Earl of Norfolk]] | reign = 1312–1338 | successor = [[Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk]] | birth_date = 1 June 1300 | birth_place = [[Brotherton]], [[Yorkshire]] | death_date = August/September 1338 | death_place = [[Framlingham Castle]], [[Suffolk]], England | burial_place = [[Bury St Edmunds Abbey]] | spouse = Alice de Hales<br/>Mary de Brewes | issue = [[Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk]]<br/>[[Edward of Norfolk]]<br/>[[Alice of Norfolk]] | house = [[House of Plantagenet|Plantagenet]] | father = [[Edward I of England]] | mother = [[Margaret of France, Queen of England|Margaret of France]] }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}} [[File:Arms of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk.svg|thumb|Arms of Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk: ''Royal arms of King Edward I, a label of three points argent for difference'']] '''Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk''' (1 June 1300 – August/September 1338), was the fifth son of King [[Edward I of England]] (1239–1307), and the eldest child by his second wife, [[Margaret of France, Queen of England|Margaret of France]], the daughter of King [[Philip III of France]]. He was, therefore, a younger half-brother of King [[Edward II]] (reigned 1307–1327) and a full brother of [[Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent]]. He occupied the office of [[Earl Marshal]] of England.
==Early life== Thomas of Brotherton was born 1 June 1300 at the manor house at [[Brotherton]], [[Yorkshire]], son of King [[Edward I of England]] and [[Margaret of France, Queen of England|Margaret of France]].{{sfn|Prestwich|1988|p=573}} His mother was on her way to [[Cawood]], where her confinement was scheduled to take place.{{efn|He was born in the main house, later demolished in the 1930s due to disrepair, although the new 17th-century wing still exists.{{sfn|Waugh|2004}}}} According to Hilton, Margaret was staying at [[Pontefract Castle]] and was following a hunt when she went into labour.{{sfn|Hilton|2008|p=240}} The chronicler [[William Rishanger]] records that during the difficult delivery his mother prayed, as was the custom at the time, to [[Thomas Becket]], and Thomas of Brotherton was thus named after the saint and his place of birth.{{sfn|Waugh|2004}}
King Edward I hastened to the queen and the newborn baby and had Thomas presented with two cradles. His brother Edmund of Woodstock was born in the year after that. They were overseen by wet nurses until they were six years old. Like their parents, they learned to play chess and ride horses. They were visited by nobles and their half-sister [[Mary of Woodstock]], who was a nun. Their mother often accompanied their father on his campaigns to Scotland, but kept herself well-informed on their well-being.{{sfn|Hilton|2008|p=240}}
Thomas's father died when he was 7 years old. Thomas's half-brother Edward, became king of England ([[Edward II]]) and Thomas was [[heir presumptive]] until his nephew, the future King [[Edward III]], was born in 1312.{{sfn|Childs|1997|p=185}}{{sfn|Ormrod|2011|p=viii}} The [[Earl of Cornwall|Earldom of Cornwall]] had been intended for Thomas, but his brother the King instead bestowed it upon his [[favourite]], [[Piers Gaveston]], in 1306. When Thomas was ten years old, King Edward II assigned to him and his brother Edmund, the estates of [[Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk]], who had died without heirs in 1306.
==Career== [[File:Abbey Ruins WM.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ruins of the [[Bury St Edmunds Abbey|Abbey of Bury St Edmunds]] where Thomas of Brotherton was buried]] In 1312, Thomas was created [[Earl of Norfolk]] by Edward II, and on 10 February 1316, he was appointed [[Earl Marshal]]. While his brother was away [[Wars of Scottish Independence|fighting in Scotland]], he was left Keeper of England. He was known for his hot and violent temper. He was one of the many victims of the unchecked greed of the king's new favourite, [[Hugh Despenser the Younger]] and his father [[Hugh Despenser the Elder]], who stole some of the young earl's lands.
He allied himself with Queen [[Isabella of France|Isabella]] and [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March|Roger Mortimer]] when they invaded England in 1326, and stood as one of the judges in the trials against both Despensers. When his nephew [[Edward III]] reached his majority and took the government into his own hands Thomas, who had helped with the deposition,<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Norfolk, Earls and Dukes of|volume=19|page=742|short=y}}</ref> became one of his principal advisors. It was in the capacity of Lord Marshal that he commanded the right wing of the English army at the [[Battle of Halidon Hill]] on 19 July 1333.{{sfn|Oman|1978|p=106}}
Thomas died in August or September 1338, and was buried in the choir of the [[Bury St Edmunds Abbey|Abbey of Bury St Edmunds]].{{sfn|Waugh|2004}}{{sfn|Richardson IV|2011|p=182}}<ref name="DNB">[[s:Thomas of Brotherton (DNB00)|Thomas F. Tout, (1886) "Thomas of Brotherton" in Dictionary of National Biography]]</ref> As he had no surviving sons, Thomas was succeeded by his daughter, Margaret, as Countess of Norfolk.{{sfn|Waugh|2004}} She was later created Duchess of Norfolk for life in 1397.<ref name="DNB"/>
As a son of [[Edward I of England]], Thomas was entitled to bear the [[coat of arms]] of the [[Kingdom of England]], differenced by a ''label argent of three points''.
==Marriages and issue== Thomas married, firstly, before 8 January 1326, Alice de Hales (d. bef. 12 October 1330), daughter of Sir Roger de Hales of Hales Hall in Loddon in [[Roughton, Norfolk]], a coroner, by his wife, Alice Skogan, by whom he had a son and two daughters:{{sfn|Richardson II|2011|p=631}}{{sfn|Waugh|2004}}
*[[Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk]], who married firstly [[John Segrave, 4th Baron Segrave]],{{sfn|Mitchell|2010|p=129}} and secondly [[Walter Manny, 1st Baron Manny|Wauthier de Masny]]. *[[Edward of Norfolk]], who married Beatrice Mortimer, daughter of [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March]], but died without issue before 9 August 1334.{{sfn|Richardson II|2011|p=634}} *[[Alice of Norfolk]], who married [[Edward Montagu, 1st Baron Montagu]].{{sfn|Richardson II|2011|pp=634–5}}
Thomas's wife Alice died by October 1330, when a [[chantry]] was founded for her soul in [[Bosham]], [[Sussex]].{{sfn|Cokayne|1936|pp=596–9}}
Thomas married, secondly, before 4 April 1336, Mary de Brewes (died 11 June 1362), widow of [[Sir Ralph de Cobham]] (died 5 February 1326), and daughter of Sir Peter de Brewes{{sfn|Waugh|2004}} (died before 7 February 1312) of [[Tetbury]], [[Gloucestershire]], by Agnes de Clifford (died before 1332), by whom he had no surviving issue.{{sfn|Richardson II|2011|p=632}}{{sfn|Richardson IV|2011|p=180}}
== Family == === Ancestry === {{ahnentafel |collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref name="allstrom">Allström, Carl. M. Dictionary of Royal Lineage. Almberg. Chicago. 1902. pp. 135-138, 178-180, 221, 280-281, .</ref> |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. '''Thomas, Earl of Norfolk''' |2= 2. [[Edward I, King of England]] |3= 3. [[Margaret of France (died 1318)|Margaret of France]] |4= 4. [[Henry III, King of England]] |5= 5. [[Eleanor of Provence]] |6= 6. [[Philip III, King of France]] |7= 7. [[Marie of Brabant, Queen of France|Maria of Brabant]] |8= 8. [[John, King of England]] |9= 9. [[Isabella, Countess of Angoulême]] |10= 10. [[Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence]] |11= 11. [[Beatrice of Savoy]] |12= 12. [[Louis IX, King of France]] |13= 13. [[Margaret of Provence]](Sister of 5) |14= 14. [[Henry III, Duke of Brabant]] |15= 15. [[Adelaide of Burgundy (1233–1273)|Adelaide of Burgundy]] }}
=== Family tree === {{Dukes of Norfolk family tree}}
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{Reflist|30em}}
==Bibliography== *{{cite ODNB |last=Archer |first=Rowena E. |year=2004 |title='Brotherton, Margaret, suo jure duchess of Norfolk (c. 1320–1399) |id=53070}} *{{cite book |chapter=Resistance and Treason in the ''Vita Edwardi Secundi'' |first=Wendy |last=Childs |title=Thirteenth Century England VI: Proceedings of the Durham Conference 1995 |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Prestwich |editor-first2=R. H. |editor-last2=Britnell |editor-first3=Robin |editor-last3=Frame |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=1997 }} *{{cite book |last=Cokayne |first=George Edward |year=1936 |title=The Complete Peerage, edited by H.A. Doubleday and Lord Howard de Walden |location=London |publisher=St. Catherine Press |volume=IX |pages=596–9 |authorlink=George Edward Cokayne}} *{{cite book |last=Hilton |first=Lisa |authorlink=Lisa Hilton (writer) |year=2008 |title=Queens Consort, England's Medieval Queens |location=London |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |page=240 |isbn=978-0-7538-2611-9 }} *{{cite book |last=Oman |first=Charles |title=A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages |volume=2 |publisher=Routledge |year=1978 |edition=3rd}} *{{cite book |last=Ormrod |first=W.M. |title=Edward III |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2011 }} *{{cite book |last=Prestwich |first=Michael |title=Edward I |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1988}} *{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Douglas |year=2011 |title=Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families |editor-first=Kimball G. |editor-last=Everingham |location=Salt Lake City |edition=2nd |volume=II |ref={{sfnref |Richardson II |2011}} |authorlink=Douglas Richardson |isbn=978-1449966348}} *{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Douglas |year=2011 |title=Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families |editor-first=Kimball G. |editor-last=Everingham |location=Salt Lake City |edition=2nd |volume=IV |ref={{sfnref |Richardson IV |2011}} |isbn=978-1460992708 }} *{{cite book |chapter=Maud Marshal and Margaret Marshal: Two Viragos Extraordinaire |first=Linda E. |last=Mitchell |pages=121–142 |title=The Ties that Bind: Essays in Medieval British History in Honor of Barbara Hanawalt |editor-first1=Katherine L. |editor-last1=French |editor-first2=Douglas L.|editor-last2=Biggs |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 }} *{{cite ODNB |last=Waugh |first=Scott L. |year=2004 |title=Thomas, first earl of Norfolk (1300–1338) |id=27196}}
==Further reading== *Mortimer, Ian. ''The Greatest Traitor'', 2003.
{{S-start}} {{S-off}} {{S-bef|before=[[Nicholas Seagrave]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Earl Marshal|Lord Marshal]]|years=1316–1338}} {{S-aft|after=[[Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk|The Countess of Norfolk]]}} {{S-reg|en}} {{S-new|creation}} {{S-ttl|title=[[Earl of Norfolk]]|creation=3rd creation|years=1312–1338}} {{S-aft|after=[[Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk|Margaret]]}} {{s-end}}
{{House of Plantagenet}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thomas Of Brotherton, Earl Of Norfolk}} [[Category:1300 births]] [[Category:1338 deaths]] [[Category:Earls of Norfolk (1312 creation)|1st Earl of Norfolk]] [[Category:Earls Marshal]] [[Category:Heirs presumptive to the English throne]] [[Category:House of Plantagenet]] [[Category:People of the Wars of Scottish Independence]] [[Category:13th-century English nobility]] [[Category:14th-century English nobility]] [[Category:Sons of kings]] [[Category:Children of Edward I]] [[Category:English princes]]