{{Short description|Theory of microtonal music}} '''Sonido 13''' is a theory of microtonal music created by the Mexican composer Julián Carrillo around 1900<ref>Randel, Don Michael, ed. (1996). "Carrillo (Trujillo), Julián (Antonio)", ''The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music'', p. 138. {{ISBN|0-674-37299-9}}.</ref> and described by Nicolas Slonimsky as "the field of sounds smaller than the twelve semitones of the tempered scale."<ref>Slonimsky, Nicolas (1945). ''Music of Latin America'', p.229. 1972 {{ISBN|9780306711886}}. Cited in Bethell (1998), p.95.</ref> Carrillo developed this theory in 1895<ref>Malmström, Dan (1974). ''Introduction to Twentieth Century Mexican Music'', pp. 34–36. {{ISBN|91-7222-050-3}}.</ref> while he was experimenting with his violin. Though he became internationally recognized for his system of notation, it was never widely applied.<ref name="Cultural"/> His first composition in demonstration of his theories was ''Preludio a Colón'' (1922).<ref name="Cultural"/>
The Western musical convention up to this day divides an octave into twelve different pitches that can be arranged or tempered in different intervals. Carrillo termed his new system Sonido 13, which is Spanish for "Thirteenth Sound" or Sound 13, because it enabled musicians to go beyond the twelve notes that comprise an octave in conventional Western music.
Julián Carrillo wrote: "The thirteenth sound will be the beginning of the end and the point of departure of a new musical generation which will transform everything."<ref>Carrillo, Julián (1923). "El Sonido 13", ''Pláticas musicales'', Vol. II. Mexico City. Also Carrillo (1923) "The Thirteenth Sound", ''Musical Advance'' 10, no. 10, pp. 1–4. Quoted in Madrid, Alejandro L. (2015). ''In Search of Julián Carrillo and Sonido 13'', p.137. Oxford. {{ISBN|9780190215781}}.</ref><ref>"El ''Sonido13'' será el principio del fin, y el punto de partida de una nueva generación musical que llegue a transformarlo todo." Carrillo (1938). ''Teoría lógica de la música'', p.5. Quoted in Zaramella, Enea (2017). "''Estridentismo'' and ''Sonido Trece'': The Avant-garde in Post-Revolutionary Mexico", ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hg3EDgAAQBAJ&dq=a+new+musical+generation+that+will+arrive+and+transform+everything&pg=PA13 International Yearbook of Futurism Studies]'', Vol. 7, p. 13, n. 28. Aguirre, Sarabia, Silverman, and Vasconcelos; eds. De Gruyter. {{ISBN|9783110527834}}.</ref>
==History==
===Early life=== {{unsourced section|date=December 2022}} Carrillo attended the National Conservatory of Music in Mexico City, where he studied violin, composition, physics, acoustics, and mathematics. The laws that define music intervals instantly amazed Carrillo, which led him to conduct experiments on his violin. He began analyzing the way the pitch of a string changed depending on the finger position, concluding that there had to be a way to split the string into an infinite number of parts. One day, Carrillo was able to divide the fourth string of his violin with a razor into 16 parts in the interval between the notes G and A, thus creating 16 unique sounds. This event was the beginning of Sonido 13 that led Carrillo to study more about physics and the nature of intervals.
===Professional life===
{{citation needed-span|date=December 2022|text=Carrillo became an excellent musician at the Conservatory and received a scholarship to study at the Leipzig Royal Conservatory. After Carrillo returned to Mexico in 1918, he became conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra and in 1920 he also became principal of the National Conservatory of Music. It was during this time that he began to invest a significant amount of time on Sonido 13. His achievements in this area were extensive and consisted of writing over 20 books, making more than 40 compositions, patenting fifteen pianos capable of producing small intervals, and organizing the Sonido 13 Symphonic Orchestra that performed in different parts of the world, playing microtonal music composed by Carrillo in different intervals. In 1933, Ahualulco, the town where Carrillo was born, was renamed to Ahualulco del Sonido 13 in honor of Carrillo's work.}}
Carrillo was, "closely associated with the Díaz regime," and preferred neo-classicism to nationalism.<ref name="Cultural">Bethell, Leslie, ed. (1998). ''A Cultural History of Latin America: Literature, Music and the Visual Arts in the 19th and 20th Centuries'', p. 95. {{ISBN|0-521-62626-9}}.</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
==Further reading== * {{cite book | last = Carrillo | first = Julián | title = Rectificación Básica al Sistema Musical Clásico | publisher = Editorial del Sonido 13 | year = 1930|language=es| edition = 2nd|ref=none}} * {{cite book | last = Carrillo | first = Julián | title = 3 Conferencias | publisher = Editorial del Sonido 13 | year = 1945|language=es| edition = 3rd|author-mask=1|ref=none}} * {{cite book | last = Carrillo | first = Julián | title = Sonido 13 | publisher = Editorial del Sonido 13 | year = 1948|language=es|author-mask=1|ref=none}} * {{cite book | last = Carrillo | first = Julián | title = El Infinito en las Escalas y en los Acordes | publisher = Editorial del Sonido 13|language=es| year = 1957|author-mask=1|ref=none}} * {{cite book | last = Madrid | first = Alejandro L. | title = In Search of Julián Carrillo and Sonido 13 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2015|ref=none}} *Mena, María Cristina (1914). "Julian Carrillo: The Herald of a Musical Monroe Doctrine", ''The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine'', vol. 89. Josiah Gilbert Holland and Richard Watson Gilder, eds. Digitized 2008. * {{cite web | last = Winkler | first = Ernesto S. | title = Julián Carrillo y el Sonido 13: Un Sistema Microtonal/Julian Carrillo and the 13th Sound: a microtonal musical system. | date = 2006-06-07 | url = http://paginas.tol.itesm.mx/campus/L00280370/carrillo.html | access-date = 2006-09-20 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060901232520/http://paginas.tol.itesm.mx/campus/L00280370/carrillo.html | archive-date = 2006-09-01|language=es|ref=none}}
==External links== * {{cite web|title=Julián Carrillo y el Sonido 13|date=January 2010|url=https://sonido13.com/|website=sonido13.com|access-date=2022-12-27|language=es}} * {{cite web|title=Julián Carrillo y el Sonido 13|date=April 2006|url=https://sonido13.tripod.com/|website=sonido13.tripod.com|access-date=2022-12-27|language=es}}
{{Microtonal music|state=collapsed}}
Category:Equal temperaments Category:Musical notation Category:Mexican inventions Category:Microtonality