Forms of address in the United Kingdom

{{Short description|none}}  '''Forms of address used in the United Kingdom''' are given below.

==Terminology==

===Abbreviations===

Several terms have been abbreviated in the tables below. The forms used in the table are given first, followed by alternative acceptable abbreviations in parentheses. The punctuation of each abbreviation depends on the source. For example, the punctuation of "The Rt Hon" is not consistent throughout sources. ''The Gazette'' favours "The Rt. Hon.", while the government usually prefers "The Rt Hon" or "The Rt Hon."

*His/Her Majesty: HM ({{abbr|pl.|plural}} TM) *His/Her Royal Highness: HRH ({{abbr|pl.|plural}} TRH) *His/Her Grace: HG ({{abbr|pl.|plural}} TG) *The Most Honourable: The Most Hon (The Most Honble) *The Right Honourable: The Rt Hon (The Rt Honble) *The Honourable: The Hon (The Honble) *The Much Honoured: The Much Hon (The Much Hon'd) *The Most Reverend: The Most Rev (The Most Revd or The Most Rev'd) *The Right Reverend: The Rt Rev (The Rt Revd or The Rt Rev'd) *The Very Reverend: The Very Rev (The Very Revd or The Very Rev'd) *The Reverend: The Rev (The Revd or The Rev'd) *The Venerable: The Ven (The Venble)

"The Most Noble", which is an abbreviation of "The Most High, Potent, and Noble",<ref name="heraldica">{{cite web |title=The Style of Prince outside the Royal Family |url=https://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/otherprince.htm |website=www.heraldica.org |access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref> is rarely used by Dukes and Duchesses; when used, the forenames of the peer or peeress can be used after "His Grace" but before "The Duke of [...]".<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=43264 |date=6 March 1964 |page=2169}}</ref> This style is also sometimes used without "His Grace".<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=62855 |date=13 December 2019 |page=214 |supp=1 }}</ref>

===Names and territorial designations===

*"London" represents the territorial designation of any peerage. **"Edinburgh" represents any territorial designation in Scotland. **"Birmingham" represents any manor in England or Wales. *"John" and "William" represent any male name *"Jane" and "Mary" represent any female name. *"Smith" and "Brown" represent any surname, regardless of gender.

In regards to the nobility, Mary Brown represents a woman who married John Brown, while Jane Smith represents an unmarried woman.

==Royalty== {| class="wikitable" |- !Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |King||HM The King|| rowspan="2" |Your Majesty||Your Majesty, and thereafter as "Sir" (or the archaic "Sire") |- |Queen||HM The Queen||Your Majesty, and thereafter as "Ma'am" (to rhyme with "jam")<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/greeting-member-royal-family|title=Greeting a Member of The Royal Family|date=15 January 2016 |publisher=Royal.uk|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/addressing-the-royal-family/|title=Addressing the Royal Family|publisher=Debretts|access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref> |- |Prince of Wales||HRH The Prince of Wales HRH The Duke of Rothesay (in Scotland)|| rowspan="14" |Your Royal Highness||rowspan="14"|Your Royal Highness, and thereafter as "Sir" (for males) or "Ma'am" (for females) |- |Princess of Wales||HRH The Princess of Wales HRH The Duchess of Rothesay (in Scotland) |- |Princess Royal||HRH The Princess Royal |- |Royal peer||HRH The Duke/''etc.'' of London, ''e.g.'' HRH The Duke of Edinburgh |- |Royal peeress||HRH The Duchess/''etc.'' of London, ''e.g.'' HRH The Duchess of Edinburgh |- |Sovereign's son (unless a peer) Spouse to Queen ''suo jure'' (in the case of Prince Philip) |HRH The Prince John |- |Sovereign's son's wife (unless a peeress)||HRH The Princess John<ref>{{cite web|url=https://debretts.com/who-can-be-a-prince-or-princess/|title=Who can be a prince or princess?|website=Debrett's|access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-13099871|title=Royal wedding: What do we call her?|date=16 April 2011|work=BBC News}}</ref> |- |Sovereign's daughter (unless a peeress)||HRH The Princess Mary |- |Sons of the Prince of Wales (unless a peer)||HRH Prince John of Wales, ''e.g.'' HRH Prince George of Wales |- |Daughters of the Prince of Wales (unless a peer)||HRH Princess Mary of Wales, ''e.g.'' HRH Princess Charlotte of Wales |- |Sovereign's son's son Prince of Wales's eldest son's sons (unless a peer)||HRH Prince John of London, ''e.g.'' HRH Prince Michael of Kent |- |Sovereign's son's son's wife (unless a peeress)||HRH Princess John of London, ''e.g.'' HRH Princess Michael of Kent |- |Sovereign's son's daughter Prince of Wales's eldest son's daughters if unmarried (unless a peeress)||HRH Princess Mary of London, ''e.g.'' HRH Princess Lilibet of Sussex |- |Sovereign's son's daughter Prince of Wales's eldest son's daughters if married (unless a peeress)||HRH Princess Mary, Mrs John Brown, ''e.g.'' HRH Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi |- |Sovereign's son's son's son (unless a peer) (except sons of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales)||The Lord John Windsor, ''e.g.'' The Lord Nicholas Windsor||Dear Lord John||Lord John |- |Sovereign's son's son's son's wife (unless a peeress)||The Lady John Windsor, ''e.g.'' The Lady Nicholas Windsor||Dear Lady John||Lady John |- |Sovereign's son's son's daughter (unless a peeress) (except daughters of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales)||The Lady Mary Windsor, ''e.g.'' The Lady Helen Taylor||Dear Lady Mary||Lady Mary |}

==Nobility==

The preposition ''of'' may be omitted in the form of Marquessates and Earldoms and included in the form of Scottish Viscountcies. It is not often present in peerage Baronies and Lordships of Parliament, though always present in Dukedoms and Scottish feudal Baronies.

The definite article ''the'' in the middle of two or more titles is sometimes capitalized, as in these tables. However this is controversial: traditional British guides use the lower-case ''the''. As a single example, Debrett's gives "Major-General the Lord ...",<ref>{{cite web|title=Baron and Baroness|url=https://www.debretts.com/debretts-a-to-z/b/baron-and-baroness/|website=Debrett's|access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> and Pears' Cyclopaedia in the section on Modes of Address gives several examples where the definite article interior to a list of honours is lower case.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Barker|editor1-first=L. Mary|title=Pears Cyclopedia|date=1957–58|publisher=A. & F. Pears Limited|location=Isleworth, Middlesex|pages=649–650|edition=66th|quote=Modes of Address to Persons of Rank}}</ref>

===Peers and peeresses=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter{{efn|The forms given under "Salutation in Letter" are for use in social correspondence only. In formal letters, "Sir" or "Madam" would be used instead.}}!!Oral address |- |Duke||(The Most Noble) (His Grace) The Duke of London ||My Lord Duke ''or'' Dear Duke (of London)||Your Grace ''or'' Duke<ref> {{cite book|editor-last= Montegue-Smith|editor-first= Patrick|title= Debrett's Correct Form|year= 1984|publisher= Futura Publications|location= London|isbn= 0-7088-1500-6|page= 27}}</ref> |- |Duchess||(The Most Noble) (Her Grace) The Duchess of London||Madam ''or'' Dear Duchess (of London)||Your Grace ''or'' Duchess<ref> {{cite book|editor-last= Montegue-Smith|editor-first= Patrick|title= Debrett's Correct Form|year= 1984|publisher= Futura Publications|location= London|isbn= 0-7088-1500-6|page= 29 }}</ref> |- |Marquess||(The Most Hon) The Marquess (of) London||My Lord Marquess ''or'' Dear Lord London||My Lord ''or'' Your Lordship ''or'' Lord London |- |Marchioness||(The Most Hon) The Marchioness (of) London||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady London||My Lady<ref name="Debrett38"> {{cite book |editor-last= Montegue-Smith |editor-first= Patrick |title= Debrett's Correct Form |year= 1984 |publisher= Futura Publications |location= London |isbn= 0-7088-1500-6 |pages= 38–39 }}</ref> ''or'' Your Ladyship ''or'' Lady London |- |Earl||(The Rt Hon) The Earl (of) London||My Lord ''or'' Dear Lord London||My Lord ''or'' Your Lordship ''or'' Lord London |- |Countess||(The Rt Hon) The Countess (of) London||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady London||My Lady<ref name="Debrett38"/> ''or'' Your Ladyship ''or'' Lady London |- |Viscount||(The Rt Hon) The Viscount (of) London||My Lord ''or'' Dear Lord London||My Lord ''or'' Your Lordship ''or'' Lord London |- |Viscountess||(The Rt Hon) The Viscountess (of) London||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady London||My Lady<ref name="Debrett38"/> ''or'' Your Ladyship ''or'' Lady London |- |Baron Lord of Parliament||(The Rt Hon) The Lord London||My Lord ''or'' Dear Lord London||My Lord ''or'' Your Lordship ''or'' Lord London |- |Baroness (in her own right)||(The Rt Hon) The Baroness London ''or'' (The Rt Hon) The Lady London{{efn|Nowadays it is more common to use the form of "The Baroness (of) X" when addressing a baroness in her own right, instead of the more archaric form of "The Lady (of) X", and to distinguish her from a baron's wife. This is customary when addressing female members of the House of Lords who have a life peerage, and as well the directive of Her Majesty's Passport Office.<ref>[https://www.parliament.uk/business/lords/whos-in-the-house-of-lords/how-to-address-a-lord/ Addressing members of the Lords] - official website of the Parliament of the United Kingdom</ref><ref>[https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/959788/Titles_V7.pdf Titles: Guidance for Her Majesty's Passport Office operational staff on how to add and record titles and observations on a passport] -official website of the Government of the United Kingdom</ref>}}||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady London||My Lady<ref name="Debrett38"/> ''or'' Your Ladyship ''or'' Lady London |- |Baroness (in her husband's right) Lady of Parliament (in her or her husband's right)||(The Rt Hon) The Lady London||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady London||My Lady<ref name="Debrett38"/> ''or'' Your Ladyship ''or'' Lady London |}

===Eldest sons of dukes, marquesses and earls=== {{see also|Courtesy titles in the United Kingdom}} Eldest sons of dukes, marquesses and earls use their father's most senior subsidiary title as courtesy titles, without "The" before the title.{{efn|Some sources do not recommend the use of the definite article before certain courtesy titles (particularly those who have prospects of promotion within the family's titles), but it is used by official Court publications such as the Court Circular.}} If applicable, eldest sons of courtesy marquesses or courtesy earls also use a subsidiary title from their (great) grandfather, which is lower ranking than the one used by their father. Eldest daughters do not have courtesy titles; all courtesy peeresses are wives of courtesy peers.{{efn|If the definite article is not used before courtesy peerages and The Hon Elizabeth Smith marries Sir William Brown, she becomes The Hon Lady Brown, but if she marries the higher-ranked Lord Brown, a courtesy Baron, she becomes only Lady Brown. If this Sir William Brown's father is created Earl of London and Baron Brown, as a result of this ennoblement his wife's style will actually change, from "The Hon Lady Brown" to "Lady Brown". While the style may appear diminished, the precedence taken increases from that of a wife of a knight to that of a wife of an earl's eldest son.}} {| class="wikitable" |- !Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |Courtesy marquess||Marquess (of) London||My Lord ''or'' Dear Lord London||My Lord ''or'' Lord London |- |Courtesy marquess's wife||Marchioness (of) London||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady London||My Lady ''or'' Lady London |- |Courtesy earl||Earl (of) London||My Lord ''or'' Dear Lord London||My Lord ''or'' Lord London |- |Courtesy earl's wife||Countess (of) London||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady London||My Lady ''or'' Lady London |- |Courtesy viscount||Viscount (of) London||My Lord ''or'' Dear Lord London||My Lord ''or'' Lord London |- |Courtesy viscount's wife||Viscountess (of) London||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady London||My Lady ''or'' Lady London |- |Courtesy baron Courtesy Lord of Parliament||Lord London||My Lord ''or'' Dear Lord London||My Lord ''or'' Lord London |- |Courtesy baron's wife Wife of courtesy Lord of Parliament||Lady London||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady London||My Lady ''or'' Lady London |}

===Heirs of Scottish peers===

Heirs-apparent and heirs-presumptive of Scottish peers use the titles "Master" and "Mistress"; these are substantive, not courtesy titles. If, however, the individual is the eldest son of a Duke, Marquess or Earl, then he uses the appropriate courtesy title, as noted above.

{| class="wikitable" |- !Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |Scottish peer's heir-apparent or heir-presumptive||The Master of Edinburgh||Sir ''or'' Dear Master of Edinburgh||Sir ''or'' Master |- |Scottish peer's heiress-apparent or heiress-presumptive||The Mistress of Edinburgh||Madam ''or'' Dear Mistress of Edinburgh||Madam ''or'' Mistress |}

===Male descendants of peers=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |Duke's younger son (Courtesy) Marquess's younger son||The Lord John Smith||My Lord ''or'' Dear Lord John (Smith)||My Lord ''or'' Lord John |- |Duke's younger son's wife (Courtesy) Marquess's younger son's wife||The Lady John Smith||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady John||My Lady ''or'' Lady John |- |(Courtesy) Earl's younger son (Courtesy) Viscount's son (Courtesy) Baron's son (Courtesy) Lord of Parliament's son||The Hon John Smith||Sir ''or'' Dear Mr Smith||Sir ''or'' Mr Smith |- |(Courtesy) Earl's younger son's wife (Courtesy) Viscount's son's wife (Courtesy) Baron's son's wife (Courtesy) Lord of Parliament's son's wife||The Hon Mrs John Smith||Madam ''or'' Dear Mrs Smith||Madam ''or'' Mrs Smith |}

===Female descendants of peers===

If a daughter of a peer or courtesy peer marries another peer or courtesy peer, she takes her husband's rank. If she marries anyone else, she keeps her rank and title, using her husband's surname instead of her maiden name.

{| class="wikitable" |- !Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |Duke's daughter (Courtesy) Marquess's daughter (Courtesy) Earl's daughter (unmarried or married to a commoner)||The Lady Mary Smith (if unmarried), The Lady Mary Brown (husband's surname, if married)||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady Mary||My Lady ''or'' Lady Mary |- |(Courtesy) Viscount's daughter (Courtesy) Baron's daughter (Courtesy) Lord of parliament's daughter (unmarried)||The Hon Mary Smith||Madam ''or'' Dear Miss Smith||Madam ''or'' Miss Smith |- |(Courtesy) Viscount's daughter (Courtesy) Baron's daughter (Courtesy) Lord of Parliament's daughter (married to a commoner)||The Hon Mrs Brown (husband's surname)||Madam ''or'' Dear Mrs Brown||Madam ''or'' Mrs Brown |}

==Gentry and minor nobility==

Knights and Baronets are distinguished by the use of "Bt" (or, archaically, "Bart") after the latter's names (and by the use of the appropriate post-nominal letters if the former are members of an Order of Chivalry). Esquires are distinguished by the use of "Esq" except in the case of a Scottish laird, whose territorial designation implies the rank of esquire.<ref>{{cite book |url={{GBurl|_U0Ii-Om3EwC|page=410}} |title=The Clans, Septs & Regiments of the Scottish Highlands |last1=Adam |first1=Frank |first2=Thomas |last2=Innes |authorlink2=Thomas Innes of Learney |orig-year=1934 |date=1970 |edition=8th |publisher=Clearfield |page=410 |isbn=978-0-8063-0448-9 |access-date=2023-11-26 |chapter=Highland Surnames and Titles}}</ref>

===Baronets===

{| class="wikitable" |- !width=27.5%|Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |Baronet||Sir John Smith, Bt (or Bart)||Sir ''or'' Dear Sir John (Smith)||Sir ''or'' Sir John |- |Baronetess in her own right||Dame Mary Smith, Btss||Madam ''or'' Dear Dame Mary (Smith)||Madam ''or'' Dame Mary |- |Baronet's wife||Lady Brown||rowspan="3"|Madam ''or'' Dear Lady Brown||rowspan="3"|My Lady ''or'' Lady Brown |- |Baronet's divorced wife||Mary, Lady Brown |- |Baronet's widow||Mary, Lady Brown Dowager Lady Brown, ''or'' Lady Brown (if the heir incumbent is unmarried) |}

===Scottish barons=== Barons in Scotland are non-peerage nobles in the Baronage of Scotland. The Scottish equivalent to an English baron is Lord of Parliament. {| class="wikitable" |- ! width="27.5%" |''<ref name="debretts">{{cite web |title=Debrett's Forms of Address for Scottish feudal barons |url=http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/titles/scottish--and-irish-titles/scottish-feudal-baronies.aspx |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725234418/http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/titles/scottish--and-irish-titles/scottish-feudal-baronies.aspx |archivedate=2013-07-25}}</ref><ref name="scotsbarons">{{cite web |title=The Convention of the Baronage of Scotland |url=http://www.scotsbarons.org/titles_and_usages.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225165126/http://www.scotsbarons.org/titles_and_usages.htm |archive-date=2015-02-25 |access-date=2010-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2024 |title=Female Barons (in their own right) or the wife of a baron |url=https://www.scotsbarons.org/female_barons.htm |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=Convention of the Baronage of Scotland}}</ref>''!!Baron!!Baroness or Baron's wife |- !Envelope |(The Much Hon) John Smith [of Edinburgh], Baron of Edinburgh ''or'' (The Much Hon) (The) Baron of Edinburgh

''(Incorrect: Baron Edinburgh)''

''[of Edinburgh] if baron has territorial designation'' |(The Much Hon) Jane Smith, Baroness of Edinburgh ''or'' (The Much Hon) (The) Baroness of Edinburgh ''or''

(The) Lady Edinburgh |- !Salutation in a letter |Dear Baron (of Edinburgh) ''or'' Dear Edinburgh |Dear Baroness (of Edinburgh) ''or'' Dear Lady Edinburgh

''("Dear Baroness Edinburgh" is incorrect)'' |- !Invitation / Place Card / Introduction |The Baron of Edinburgh ''Together:'' The Baron of Edinburgh and Lady Edinburgh |The Baroness of Edinburgh ''or'' Lady Edinburgh |- !Oral address |Baron ''or'' Edinburgh |Baroness ''or'' Lady Edinburgh<ref name="scotsbarons" /> |} {| class="wikitable" |- !Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |Scottish baron's heir-apparent or heir-presumptive||The Younger of Edinburgh||Sir ''or'' Dear Younger of Edinburgh||Sir ''or'' Master |- |Scottish baron's heiress-apparent or heiress-presumptive||The Maid of Edinburgh||Madam ''or'' Dear Maid of Edinburgh||Madam ''or'' Mistress |- |Scottish baron's's heir-apparent's wife |Mrs Smith, yr of Edinburgh |Madam ''or'' Dear Mrs Smith, Younger of Edinburgh |Madam ''or'' Mrs Smith |- |Scottish baron's's heir-apparent's wife ''(if baron has territorial designation)'' |Mrs Smith of Edinburgh, yr |Madam ''or'' Dear Mrs Smith of Edinburgh the Younger |Madam ''or'' Mrs Smith of Edinburgh |- |Scottish baron's younger daughters ''(if baron has territorial designation)'' |Miss Mary Smith of Edinburgh |Madam ''or'' Dear Miss Smith of Edinburgh |Madam ''or'' Miss Smith of Edinburgh |}

=== Knights and dames === {| class="wikitable" |- !Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |Knight (of any order)||Sir John Smith||Sir ''or'' Dear Sir John (Smith)||Sir ''or'' Sir John |- |Lady (of the Order of the Garter or the Thistle)||Lady Mary Brown||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady Mary (Smith)||My Lady ''or'' Lady Mary |- |Dame (of an order other than the Garter or the Thistle)||Dame Mary Brown||Madam ''or'' Dear Dame Mary (Smith)||Madam ''or'' Dame Mary |- |Knight's wife||Lady Smith||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady Smith||My Lady ''or'' Lady Smith |}

===Seigneurs of Fiefs (Channel Islands only)=== {| class="wikitable" |- !width=27.5%|Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |Feudal Fief Seigneur||The Much Hon John Smith of Fief de Sausmarez ''or'' The Much Hon John Smith, Seigneur of Fief de Sausmarez ''or'' The Much Hon Seigneur of Fief de Sausmarez <ref name="debretts" />||Sir ''or'' Dear Sausmarez ''or'' Dear Sieur ||Sausmarez ''or'' Seigneur or Abbreviated Sieur (Sgr.) |- |Female Feudal Dame of a Fief or Feudal Seigneur's wife||As feudal Seigneur, substituting "Madam" for first name ''and'' substituting "Dame" for "Seigneur", ''or'' Dame Sausmarez ||Madam ''or'' Dear Dame ''or'' Dear Dame of Sausmarez ||Madam ''or'' Sausmarez ''or'' Dame Sausmarez |}

===Chiefs, chieftains and lairds=== {| class="wikitable" |- !width=27.5%|Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |Chief, chieftain or laird (Only lairds recognised in a territorial designation by the Lord Lyon)||John Smith of Smith ''or'' John Smith of Edinburgh ''or'' John Smith of that Ilk ''or'' The Smith of Smith ''or'' The Smith of Edinburgh ''or'' The Smith{{efn|The exact form of a Scottish chief's style varies from family to family, and is generally based on tradition rather than formal rules.}} (''only the 2nd form of address above applies to lairds'')||Sir ''or'' Dear Edinburgh (if placename in title) ''or'' Dear Smith (otherwise)||Edinburgh (if placename in title) ''or'' Smith (otherwise) |- |Female Chief, chieftain or laird or Chief, chieftain or laird's wife||Chief, chieftain or laird's wife, substituting "Madam" or "Mrs" for first name or "The" ''or'' Lady Edinburgh<ref>Frank Adams (1952) ''The Clans, Septs and Regiments of the Scottish Highlands''</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Titles and Forms of Address |isbn=9781408148129| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UZKrBAAAQBAJ&q=laird+title+of+wife+of&pg=PT88| publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing| date= 31 January 2007|access-date=26 January 2016|quote=The widow of a chief or laird continues to use the territorial style and the prefix Dowager may be used in the same circumstances ... In rural Scotland (laird's) wives are often styled Lady, though not legally except in the case of the wives of chiefs.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Adam|first1=Frank|title=The Clans, Septs & Regiments of the Scottish Highlands|year=1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_U0Ii-Om3EwC&q=The+much+Honoured+++laird&pg=PA410|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com, 1970 - Page 410|isbn=9780806304489|access-date=26 January 2016|quote=In personal letters...(The) old pre-fix of a laird or chief was "The Much Honoured"...where husband and wife are referred to, the correct styles are "Glenfalloch and the Lady Glenfalloch"}}</ref> ||Madam ''or'' as on envelope||Madam ''or'' as on envelope |- |Chief (etc.)'s heir-apparent||John Smith of Edinburgh, yr ''or'' John Smith, yr of Edinburgh ''or'' John Smith of Edinburgh (last only if different first name to father)||Sir ''or'' Dear Younger of Edinburgh ''or'' Dear Mr Smith of Edinburgh||Sir ''or'' Young Edinburgh ''or'' The Younger of Edinburgh |- |Chief (etc.)'s heir-apparent's wife||Mrs Smith of Edinburgh, yr ''or'' Mrs Smith, yr of Edinburgh||Madam ''or'' Dear Mrs Smith of Edinburgh the Younger||Madam ''or'' Mrs Smith of Edinburgh |- |Chief (etc.)'s eldest daughter (if none senior)||Miss Smith of Edinburgh ''or'' Jane Smith, Maid of Edinburgh||Madam ''or'' Dear Miss Smith of Edinburgh ''or'' Dear Maid of Edinburgh||Madam ''or'' Miss Smith of Edinburgh ''or'' Maid of Edinburgh |- |Chief (etc.)'s younger daughter||Miss Mary Smith of Edinburgh||Madam ''or'' Dear Miss Smith of Edinburgh||Madam ''or'' Miss Smith of Edinburgh |}

===Lords of the Manor (England and Wales)=== {| class="wikitable" |- !width=27.5%|Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |Lord of the Manor||John Brown, Lord of the Manor of Birmingham<ref name=Manor>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/manors/practice-guide-22-manors|title=Manors: manorial titles and rights|publisher=HM Land Registry|accessdate=26 November 2023}}</ref> ''or'' Lord of the Manor of Birmingham ''or'' John Brown, Esq||Sir ''or'' Dear Lord of the Manor of Birmingham||Sir ''or'' Lord of the Manor |- |Lady of the Manor||Jane Brown, Lady of the Manor of Birmingham<ref name=Manor/> ''or'' Lady of the Manor of Birmingham||Madam ''or'' Dear Lady of the Manor of Birmingham||Madam ''or'' Lady of the Manor |}

==Clergy==

===Church of England===

Similar styles are also applied to clergy of equivalent status in other religious organisations. The words ''clergy'' and ''cleric/clerk'' are derived from the proper term for bishops, priests and deacons still used in legal documents: {{nowrap|Clerk in Holy Orders}} (e.g. {{nowrap|{{nowrap|"Vivienne Frances Faull,}} {{nowrap|Clerk in Holy Orders")}}}}. Clergy in the Church of England are never addressed as "Revd (Surname)".

{| class="wikitable" |- !width=27.5%|Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |Archbishop||The Most Revd and Rt Hon The Lord Archbishop of Canterbury/York||Dear Archbishop||Your Grace ''or'' Archbishop |- |Diocesan bishop in Privy Council||The Rt Revd and Rt Hon The Lord Bishop of London||Dear Bishop||My Lord ''or'' Bishop |- |Bishop, diocesan or suffragan||The Rt Revd The Lord Bishop of Durham||Dear Bishop||My Lord ''or'' Bishop |- |Dean||The Very Revd The Dean of York||Dear Mr/Madam Dean||Dean ''or'' Mr/Madam Dean |- |Archdeacon||The Ven The Archdeacon of London||Dear Archdeacon||Archdeacon |- |Prebendary||The Revd Prebendary Smith||Dear Prebendary Smith||Prebend |- |Canon||The Revd Canon John Smith||Dear Canon||Canon |- |Priest||The Revd John Smith ''or'' The Revd Mr John Smith ''or'' The Revd Dr John Smith (if applicable)||Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms/Dr Smith ||Mr/Mrs/Ms Smith ''or'' Vicar/Rector/Prebendary/Curate/Chaplain etc. ''as applicable'' |- |Deacon||The Revd Deacon John Smith ''or'' The Revd John Smith|| Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms Smith ''or'' Dear Deacon Smith||Deacon Smith ''or'' Mr/Mrs/Ms Smith |}

===Church of Scotland=== The Church of Scotland, as a Presbyterian church, recognizes state-awarded titles only as courtesy. In court (assembly, presbytery and session) a person may only be addressed as Mr, Mrs, Miss, Dr, Prof, etc. depending on academic achievement. Thus ministers are correctly addressed as, for example, Mr Smith or Mrs Smith unless they have a higher degree or academic appointment e.g. Dr Smith or Prof. Smith. It is 'infra dig' to use the style 'Rev' and even the use of 'the Rev Mr' requires sensitivity to official style. {| class="wikitable" |- !width=27.5%|Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address |- |Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly||His Grace The Lord High Commissioner||Your Grace||Your Grace or Sir/Ma'am |- |Clergy||The Rev John Smith||Dear Mr Smith ||Mr Smith/Dr Smith etc. |- |Current Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland||The Right Rev John Smith||Dear Mr Smith ||Mr Smith/Dr Smith etc. |- |Former Moderators of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland||The Very Rev John Smith||Dear Mr Smith ||Mr Smith/Dr Smith etc. |}

==Judiciary==

===United Kingdom=== {{see also|Judge#United Kingdom}} {|class="wikitable" |- !width=27.5%|Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address!!In court |- |Male Justice of the Supreme Court holding a peerage |The Right Honourable The Lord Smith |Lord Smith |Lord Smith |My Lord<ref name="supreme" /> |- |Male Justice of the Supreme Court||The Right Honourable Lord Smith||Lord Smith||Lord Smith||My Lord<ref name="supreme">{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/legal/the-supreme-court.aspx|title=The Supreme Court|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623040208/http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/legal/the-supreme-court.aspx|archive-date=2012-06-23}}</ref> |- |Female Justice of the Supreme Court holding a peerage |The Right Honourable The Lady Smith |Lady Smith |Lady Smith |My Lady<ref name="supreme" /> |- |Female Justice of the Supreme Court||The Right Honourable Lady Smith||Lady Smith||Lady Smith||My Lady<ref name="supreme" /> |}

====England and Wales====

{|class="wikitable" |- !width=27.5%|Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address!!In court |- |Lord Chief Justice||The Rt Hon the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales||Lord Chief Justice||Lord Chief Justice||My Lord<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/legal/lord-chief-justice.aspx|title=Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106060008/http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/legal/lord-chief-justice.aspx|archive-date=2013-01-06}}</ref> |- |Male Lord Justice of Appeal||The Rt Hon Lord Justice (John) Smith||Lord Justice||Lord Justice||My Lord |- |Retired male Lord Justice of Appeal||The Rt Hon Sir John Smith||Judge or Sir John||Sir John||My Lord |- |Female Lord Justice of Appeal||The Rt Hon Lady Justice (Mary) Smith, DBE||Lady Justice||Lady Justice||My Lady |- |Retired female Lord Justice of Appeal||The Rt Hon Dame Mary Smith, DBE||Judge or Dame Mary||Dame Mary||My Lady |- |Male High Court judge||The Hon. Mr Justice (John) Smith||Judge||Judge||My Lord |- |Retired male High Court judge||Sir John Smith||Judge or Sir John||Sir John||My Lord |- |Female High Court judge||The Hon. Mrs Justice (Mary) Smith, DBE||Judge||Judge||My Lady |- |Retired female High Court judge||Dame Mary Smith, DBE||Judge or Dame Mary||Dame Mary||My Lady |- |High Court Master||Master (John) Smith (KC should be added if applicable)||Master||Master{{efn|name=Master|"Master" is used as the form of address whether the High Court Master is male or female.}}||Master{{efn|name=Master}} |- |Insolvency and Companies Court Judge||Insolvency and Companies Court Judge (John) Smith (KC, if applicable)||Judge||Judge||Judge |- |Circuit judge{{efn|Some circuit judges – for example, the Recorder of Liverpool or circuit judges sitting in the Central Criminal Court – are addressed in court as "My Lord" or "My Lady".}}||His Honour Judge (John) Smith (KC, if applicable)||Judge||Judge||Your Honour |- |Recorder |Mr (or Mrs) Recorder Smith (KC, if applicable) |Judge |Judge |Your Honour |- |District judge||District Judge (John) Smith (KC, if applicable)||Judge||Sir or Madam||Sir or Madam |- |Justice of the Peace/Magistrate||Mr John Smith, JP||Mr Smith||Mr Smith or (if "Chair/Lead") Sir or Madam<ref name="The criminal courts">{{cite web |title=The criminal courts |url=https://fullfact.org/law/criminal-courts-explained/ |publisher=© Copyright 2010-2020 Full Fact. |access-date=5 May 2020 |date=25 January 2015 |quote=Professional magistrates are now called District Judge (Magistrates' Court), or DJ for short (they used to be called Stipendiary Magistrates, which is a term you will still hear being used)......In court, a DJ (Magistrate) will be called 'sir' or 'madam' as the case may be. If there is a lay bench, then you normally pretend you are speaking to the 'chair' and address them as 'sir' or 'madam'. Some people will address the whole panel as 'your worships', although this is becoming old-fashioned.}}</ref><ref name="Bench Chairmen">{{cite web|last1=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary|title=Bench Chairmen|url=https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/who-are-the-judiciary/judicial-roles/magistrates/bench-chairmen/|website=Courts and Tribunals Judiciary|access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref>||Sir or Madam (if 'Chair/Lead') or Your Worship<ref name="The criminal courts"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/legal/justice-of-the-peace.aspx|title=Justice of the Peace|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101202535/http://www.debretts.com/forms-of-address/professions/legal/justice-of-the-peace.aspx|archive-date=2013-11-01}}</ref><ref name="Bench Chairmen"/> |- |Chancellor of a diocese (ecclesiastical) |The Worshipful Mr (or Mrs) Smith (KC, if applicable) |Chancellor |Chancellor |Your Worship

A judge's first name only forms part of their judicial style if, at the time of their appointment, there is a senior judge with the same or a similar surname. Thus, if there is a "Mr Justice Smith", subsequent judges will be "Mr Justice John Smith", "Mrs Justice Mary Smith", etc. High Court Judges and above who are King's Counsel do not use the post-nominal letters following appointment or after retirement.

A member of the Bar (but not a solicitor) addresses a circuit judge or higher, out of court, as "Judge".

====Scotland====

{|class="wikitable" |- !width=27.5%|Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address!!In court |- |Lord President of the Court of Session/Lord Justice General of Scotland||The Rt Hon (the) Lord/Lady Smith Lord President of the Court of Session/Lord Justice General of Scotland||Lord President/Lord Justice General||Lord President/Lord Justice General||My Lord/Lady |- |Lord Justice Clerk||The Rt Hon (the) Lord/Lady Smith Lord Justice Clerk||Lord Justice Clerk||Lord Justice Clerk||My Lord/Lady |- |Senator of the College of Justice and the Chairman of the Scottish Land Court||The Hon./Rt Hon. (the) Lord/Lady Smith||Lord/Lady Smith||Lord/Lady Smith||My Lord/Lady |- |Sheriff principal||Sheriff Principal Smith (KC should be added where applicable)||Sheriff Principal Smith||Sheriff Principal Smith||My Lord/Lady |- |Sheriff||Sheriff Smith (KC should be added where applicable)||Sheriff Smith||Sheriff Smith||My Lord/Lady |- |Summary sheriff||Sheriff Smith (KC should be added where applicable)||Sheriff Smith||Sheriff Smith||My Lord/Lady |- |Justice of the Peace||Mr John/Mrs Mary Smith ||Mr/Mrs Smith||Mr/Mrs Smith||Your Honour<ref name="scotland-judiciary">{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/38/0/Justices-of-the-Peace|title=Justices of the Peace|access-date=2013-05-20|archive-date=2013-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719190059/http://www.scotland-judiciary.org.uk/38/0/Justices-of-the-Peace|url-status=dead}}</ref> |}

==Academics==

The forms of address used for academics can, in most cases, be either formal or social.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.debretts.com/debretts-a-to-z/a-2/academics/|title=Academics|work=A to Z|publisher=Debrett's|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.debretts.com/expertise/forms-of-address/professions/|title=Academics|work=Forms of Address|publisher=Debrett's|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" |- !Position!!On envelopes!!Salutation in letter!!Oral address!!In conversation |- | Chancellor (formal)||The Chancellor of [university name]||Dear Chancellor||Chancellor (if on a platform) or by name and title||The Chancellor or by name |- | Chancellor (social)|| [Name],{{efn|name=Title|This is the full name and title as it would be according to the rules elsewhere on this page, ''e.g.'' The Viscount London, Sir John Smith, KBE, Professor Jane Doe, Dr Tom Brown.}} Chancellor of [university name]||By name||By name or Chancellor||The Chancellor or by name |- | Vice-Chancellor (formal)||The Vice-Chancellor of [university name]{{efn|Check official title for the university concerned: The Reverend the Vice-Chancellor (Oxford) The Right Worshipful the Vice-Chancellor (Cambridge), The Vice-Chancellor and Warden (Durham), The President and Provost (UCL), etc.}}||Dear Sir/Madam/Vice-Chancellor||Vice-Chancellor (if on a platform) or by name||The Vice-Chancellor or by name |- | Vice-Chancellor (social)|| [Name],{{efn|Title}} Vice-Chancellor of [university name]||By name or Dear Vice-Chancellor||Vice-Chancellor (if on a platform) or by name||The Vice-Chancellor or by name |- | Professor (formal)|| Professor Jane Smith{{efn|If a professor holds an ecclesiastical rank this, strictly speaking, supersedes the academic rank. However, the academic style may still be used within academia and the two can be combined, e.g. as The Reverend Professor Jane Smith. If a professor holds a peerage or a knighthood, this title can be combined, e.g. Professor Lord Smith, Professor Sir John Smith, Professor Dame Jane Smith.}}|| Dear Sir/Madam|| Professor Smith|| Professor Smith |- | Professor (social)|| Professor Jane Smith|| Dear Professor Smith|| Professor Smith|| Professor Smith |- | Doctor (formal){{efn|name=Doctor|The forms of address for a doctor applies to "the recipient of a doctorate conferred by a university or other body, such as the Council for National Academic Awards", not just those working in academia. The exception is surgeons, who are never addressed as Doctor even if they hold a doctorate.}}|| Dr Jane Smith ''or'' The Revd John Smith DD ''or'' Susan Brown MD ''or'' Tom Brown PhD, etc.{{efn|Doctorates in divinity and medicine are always given as letters after the name, and this form may optionally be used for doctorates in other faculties. If "Dr" is used before the name, degrees are not given after it.}} || Dear Sir/Madam || Dr Smith || Dr Smith |- | Doctor (social){{efn|name=Doctor}} ||Dr Jane Smith || Dear Dr Smith|| Dr Smith || Dr Smith |}

==Notes== {{notelist}}

==References== {{reflist|30em}}

==External links== * [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/prince_highness.htm Styles of the members of the British royal family]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Forms Of Address In The United Kingdom}} Category:Titles in the United Kingdom Category:Culture of the United Kingdom Category:United Kingdom culture-related lists United Kingdom United Kingdom