{{Short description|Memorial to William Shakespeare in Stratford-upon-Avon}} {{Infobox monument |monument_name = The Gower Monument |native_name = |image = Gower Monument.jpg |caption = The Gower Monument, Bancroft Gardens, Stratford-Upon-Avon |location = Stratford-Upon-Avon, Warwickshire |designer = Lord Ronald Gower |type = Sculptural monument |material = Yorkstone, Bath stone, and Bronze |length = |width = |height = |begin = 1876 |complete = 1888 |open = |dedicated_to = William Shakespeare |coordinates = {{coord|52.192154|-1.702369|format=dms|region:GB|display=inline,title}} | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 14 |map_image = |map_caption = |map_width = |extra = }}'''The Gower Monument''' is a grade II* listed monument in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. Erected in 1888, the monument's centrepiece is a seated bronze sculpture of the playwright and poet William Shakespeare.<ref name=":0">{{NHLE|num=1204176|desc=The Gower Monument, Stratford-upon-Avon|grade=II*|access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref> The monument is flanked by four detached bronze statues on plinths representing popular characters from Shakespeare's plays; Prince Hal, Lady Macbeth, Hamlet, and Falstaff.

== Design == The monument was designed and constructed in Paris over a 12-year period between 1876 and 1888 by Lord Ronald Gower, Luca Madrassi, Raux & Marley, and the House of De Cauville & Perzinku.<ref name=":0" /> Its estimated price per year of construction was £500.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward-Jackson |first=Philip |date=1987-01-01 |title=Lord Ronald Gower, Gustave Doré and the Genesis of the Shakespeare Memorial at Stratford-on-Avon |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/751322 |journal=Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=160–170 |doi=10.2307/751322 |issn=0075-4390|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The stone portions of the structure comprise a mixture of Yorkstone and Bath stone. The sculptures and fittings on the monument are made of bronze.

The monument features a central stone plinth adorned with a bronze seated sculpture of William Shakespeare, holding both pen and parchement. Each side of this central plinth features an inscription from four of Shakespeare's plays; Henry V, Henry IV, Part 2, Macbeth, and Hamlet. Attached to each of the four corners of the central plinth is a bronze Greek mask.<ref name=":0" />

Detached from the main plinth are four bronze statues on separate pedestals representing popular characters from Shakespeare's plays. These characters were intended to be emblematic of Shakespeare's creative versatility. The statue of Prince Hal represents history, Hamlet is to represent philosophy, Lady Macbeth symbolises tragedy, whilst finally Falstaff signifies comedy.

== History ==

Following its completion in 1888, the monument was originally erected in the gardens behind what was then the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre (now the Swan Theatre).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bearman |first=Robert |url=https://www.stratfordsociety.co.uk/files/Stratford__A_History_of_its_Streets_and_Buildings.pdf |title=Stratford Upon Avon A History of its streets and buildings |publisher=Stratford-Upon-Avon Society |year=1988 |pages=68}}</ref>

The monument was unveiled in Stratford-Upon-Avon accompanied by a speech from Sir Francis Philip Cunliffe-Owen, director of the South Kensington Museum (now the V&A Museum), and Oscar Wilde reading a poem dedicated to the monument written by Mrs. R. S. de Courcey Laffan, wife of the headmaster of the local grammar school.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bristow |first=Joseph |date=2016-05-27 |title=Oscar Wilde, Ronald Gower, and the Shakespeare Monument |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-etudes-anglaises-2016-1-page-7?lang=fr&tab=texte-integral |journal=Études anglaises |language=en |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=7–22 |doi=10.3917/etan.691.0007 |issn=0014-195X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The unveiling of the memorial did receive some criticism. The satirical magazine ''Punch'' mocked both the cost allegedly incurred by Lord Gower to construct the monument and the 'originality' of its design in an article titled "''Immortality Indeed!"''. The anonymous author of the article remarked "''Now who but a born genius would ever dreamt of representing Shakespeare in such an attitude, and with all these properties,"a pen in his right hand," and a "roll of manuscript in his left." What perfect symbolism!"''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anon. |date=20 October 1888 |title=Immortality Indeed! |url=https://archive.org/details/punchvol94a95lemouoft/page/184/mode/2up |access-date=17 September 2024 |work=Punch Magazine}}</ref>

The monument, along with the four detached bronze statues was moved to its current position in Bancroft gardens in 1933 following the 1926 fire in the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre and subsequent redevelopment of the area.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-03-08 |title=Archive: Shakespeare theatre destroyed by fire to be rebuilt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/mar/08/shakespeare-william-theatre-fire-rebuilt-stratford-1926 |access-date=2024-09-17 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The Gower Monument became a listed monument on 25 October 1951.<ref name=":0" />thumb|308x308px|The Gower Monument in the gardens behind the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre

== References == {{Reflist}}

Category:Grade II listed statues in England Category:1888 sculptures Category:Monuments and memorials in Warwickshire Category:Memorials to William Shakespeare Category:Statues of writers