The Duenna

{{about|Thomas Linley's English 18th-century opera|Sergey Prokofiev's 20th-century Russian opera to the same libretto|Betrothal in a Monastery|the 1949 opera by Robert Gerhard|The Duenna (Gerhard opera)}} {{about|an English opera|the social role|Chaperone (social)}} {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}

{{Short description|1775 comic opera by Thomas Linley}} {{Infobox opera |name = The Duenna |type = [[Comic opera]] |composer = [[Thomas Linley the elder|Thomas Linley]] and [[Thomas Linley the younger|his son]] |image = Richard Sheridan.jpg |image_upright = |caption = [[Richard Brinsley Sheridan]], the librettist |language = English |based_on = |premiere_date = {{start date|1775|11|21|df=y}} |premiere_location = [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden Theatre]], London }} '''''The Duenna''''' is a three-act [[comic opera]], mostly composed by [[Thomas Linley the elder]] and his son, [[Thomas Linley the younger]], to an English-language [[libretto]] by [[Richard Brinsley Sheridan]]. At the time, it was considered one of the most successful operas ever staged in England,<ref>Fiske, Roger. ''English Theatre Music of the Eighteenth Century'' (London, 1973) p.414</ref> and its admirers included [[Samuel Johnson]], [[William Hazlitt]] and [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|George Byron]] (the latter called it "the best opera ever written"<ref>{{cite news|title=The Duenna's 230-year elopement|author=Michael Billington|author-link=Michael Billington (critic)|newspaper=The Guardian|date=30 September 2010|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/sep/29/the-duenna-richard-sheridan|accessdate=30 September 2010}}</ref>).

First performed in the [[Covent Garden Theatre]] on 21 November 1775, ''The Duenna'' was performed seventy-five times in its first season, and was frequently revived in Britain until the 1840s. In total, 256 performances of the opera had been held in London from its opening in 1775 to the end of the 18th century. Another 194 performances occurred in the capital during the 19th century, with the last known London staging happening in January 1851 (there were some subsequent Dublin performances in 1853). The opera was first performed in the [[Colony of Jamaica]] in 1779, and subsequently spread round the English-speaking world. Soon after its first London performance, representations sprang up in British provincial theatres, though these often used invented dialogue (Sheridan's original libretto was not published until 1794)<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Richard Brinsley Sheridan|R[ichard] B[rinsley] Sheridan]]|title=The Duenna: A Comic Opera. In Three Acts, as Performed at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden: With Universal Applause.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHFbAAAAQAAJ|location=London|publisher=Printed by [[George Woodfall|G[eorge] Woodfall]], Paternoster-Row, for [[Thomas Norton Longman|T[homas] N[orton] Longman]], No. 39, Paternoster-Row|year=1794|oclc=19374673}}</ref> to link the published songs and musical numbers which had been published in 1775.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Richard Brinsley Sheridan]] (lyrics); [[Thomas Linley the elder]] and [[Thomas Linley the younger]] (score)|title=The Duenna or Double Elopement, a Comic-opera as Performed at the Theatre Royal in Covent Garden for the Voice, Harpsichord, or Violin|url=https://archive.org/details/duennapasticciod00linl/page/n6/mode/1up|location=London|publisher=Printed for C. and S. Thompson, No. 75, St. Paul's Church Yard|year=1775|oclc=24856683}}</ref> In autumn 2010, [[English Touring Opera]] performed the complete opera in venues around the UK, beginning in the Linbury Studio Theatre within the Royal Opera House as part of ROH2's Autumn season, bringing the opera back to its Covent Garden home. Two modern operas based on Sheridan's libretto have been performed: [[Sergei Prokofiev]]'s ''[[Betrothal in a Monastery]]'' (composed 1940–1), and [[Roberto Gerhard]]'s version of 1945–7.

==The writing of ''The Duenna''==

===Background=== [[File:Gainsborough, Thomas - Thomas Linley the elder - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Portrait of Thomas Linley the Elder]]'' by [[Thomas Gainsborough]], {{circa|1770}}]]

After the triumph of ''[[The Rivals]]'', and having effectively chosen the life of a playwright over that of a lawyer, Sheridan needed a commercial success to cement his position economically and culturally. To do this he skilfully used to his advantage the resources available to him at the time. He judged correctly the popular trend in the last quarter of the 18th century theatre towards operas, pantomime and music.<ref>Auburn, Mark. 'Theatre in the age of Sheridan and Garrick' in James Morwood and David Crane (eds) ''Sheridan Studies'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)</ref>

''The Duenna'' was considered a [[pastiche]] opera, though not by choice but as a result of the "extraordinary circumstances in which it was cobbled together." In 1772–73, Sheridan and [[Elizabeth Linley]] had a courtship, eventually [[elopement|eloping]] due to the opposition of their parents towards the relationship. This incident was to later become a major theme in the opera, in the form of Louisa's elopement so she could marry Antonio. After his marriage to Elizabeth Linley in April 1773, their parents eventually relented their opposition to the couple.<ref name=Fiske>Fiske, Roger. 'The Duenna,' in ''The Musical Times'' Vol. 117. (Musical Times Publications: March 1976)</ref>

Using the musical experience of Elizabeth's father, [[Thomas Linley the elder]], Sheridan asked him to provide music for ''The Duenna''; whilst refraining from telling him about the true nature of the opera or giving him all of the lyrics to it. The remaining lyrics in the opera were written to fit melodies from the [[Italian opera]]s of that time, as well as some [[Scotland|Scottish]] tunes, such as [[Michael Arne]]'s ''The Highland Laddie'', made popular in [[ballad opera]]s. The Scottish tunes were later sent to Linley as they needed [[harmony|harmonising]]. Linley gave these tunes to his son, [[Thomas Linley the younger]], to harmonise. Linley the younger had proved to be a source of inspiration for his father when creating music for the opera.<ref name=Fiske/> Illustrating his disdain for Sheridan's decision to incorporate parts of other operas in ''The Duenna'', Thomas Linley the elder wrote to [[David Garrick]]:

{{cquote|My son has likewise written some tunes for him . . . This is a mode of proceeding I by no means approve of. I think he ought first to have finished his opera with the songs he intends to introduce in it, and then have got it entirely new set. No musician can set a song properly unless he understands the character,-and knows the performer who is to exhibit it.<ref name=Fiske/>}}<!--

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In the production of ''The Duenna'', Elizabeth's family proved to be strong influences. [[Thomas Linley the elder]], his father-in-law and [[Thomas Linley the younger]], his brother-in-law, were both famous composers and musicians; while his wife [[Elizabeth Ann Linley|Elizabeth Linley]] was one of the most beautiful singers of her generation. Even though he had little musical experience Sheridan learned quickly, combining his talents of managing people and words with his family's musical abilities. -->

===Influence of the plot and characters=== The basics of the plot of ''The Duenna'' originate in the tradition of Spanish honour dramas and the play includes many features of the genre. Its nearest predecessors are [[John Fletcher (playwright)|John Fletcher's]] ''[[The Chances]]'' and [[Sir Samuel Tuke, 1st Baronet|Sir Samuel Tuke]]'s ''[[The Adventures of Five Hours]]''. However, for the benefit of the polite 18th-century audience, Sheridan left out the risqué situations of the previous honour dramas, so that when Louisa escapes from her father's house, the street is not the dangerous place her father has threatened her with. It is, in fact, very safe.

Sheridan's personal life also provided models for the plot and characters, as was also the case in ''[[The Rivals]]''. Louisa is a sketch of [[Elizabeth Ann Linley|Elizabeth Linley/Sheridan]]; both have beautiful voices, both are forced by their fathers into marrying wealthy men whom they detest, and both flee to convents to avoid those marriages. The quarrelling of Ferdinand and Antonio can also be traced to the brotherly quarrelling of Richard and Charles Sheridan contemporary to the writing of ''The Duenna''.<ref>Morwood, James. ''The Life and Works of Richard Brinsley Sheridan'' (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985) p.55</ref>

===The songs=== {{Further|Thomas Linley the younger#The Music to The Duenna or The Double Elopement{{!}}Music to The Duenna or The Double Elopment}}

The songs in ''The Duenna'' were among the fundamental reasons for its success. While it does owe its heritage to the [[ballad opera]] of the 1720s ([[John Gay]]'s ''[[The Beggar's Opera]]'' being the most famous example) the songs in ''The Duenna'' were more technically complex and required trained singers in the lead roles.<ref name=troost>Troost, Linda V. 'The Characterizing Power of Song in Sheridan's ''The Duenna'',' in ''Eighteenth Century Studies'' Vol. 20</ref> The musical score was a combination of successful works by other composers, traditional ballads and new compositions. About half of the pieces are new, composed by [[Thomas Linley the elder|Linley the elder]] and (mainly) by [[Thomas Linley the younger|Linley the younger]]. Editions of the vocal score were published but a complete orchestral score was never printed. Nevertheless, about half the numbers survive in manuscript full score (numbers 1, 3, 5, 11, 16, 21–26, 28–29), printed parts (the overture, by Linley the younger) and published full score (the borrowed numbers 6, 18, 24). The original scoring of the remaining numbers in this most popular opera may never be heard again, though they were orchestrated for the English Touring Opera performances in 2010.

;Act 1 [[File:Harvard Theatre Collection - The Duenna, TCS 44.jpg|thumb|Illustration for the song ''Had I a heart for falsehood fram'd'']] 1. Song (Antonio): Tell me, my lute, can thy soft strain 2. Trio (Antonio, Louisa, Don Jerome): The breath of morn bids hence the night 3. Air (Ferdinand): Could I her faults remember 4. Air (Antonio): I ne'er could any lustre see 5. Air (Antonio): Friendship is the bond of reason 6. Air (Ferdinand): Tho' cause for suspicion appears 7. Air (Louisa): Thou canst not boast of fortune's store 8. Air (Don Jerome): If a daughter you have, she's the plague of your life 9. Air (Clara): When sable night, each drooping plant restoring 10. Air (Carlos): Had I a heart for falsehood fram'd 11. Trio (Isaac, Louisa and Carlos): My mistress expects me

;Act 2 12. Song (Isaac): Give Isaac the nymph who no beauty can boast 13. Song (Don Jerome): When the maid whom we love 14. Song (Duenna): When a tender maid is first essay'd 15. Song (Carlos): Ah! sure a pair was never seen 16. Duet (Isaac, Don Jerome): Believe me, good sir 17. Glee (Jerome, Ferdinand and Isaac): A bumper of good liquor 18. Air (Louisa): What Bard, O Time, discover 19. Song (Carlos): O, had my love ne'er smil'd on me 20. Trio (Antonio, Carlos, Louisa): Soft pity never leaves the gentle breast

;Act 3 21. Song (Don Jerome): O, the days when I was young 22. Air (Ferdinand): Ah! Cruel maid, how hast thou chang'd 23. Recit. Accomp. & Air (Ferdinand): Shall not my soul?/Sharp is the woe 24. Air (Clara): By him we love offended 25. Song (Antonio): How oft, Louisa, hast thou told 26. Air (Clara): Adieu, thou dreary pile 27. Glee and Chorus (Father Paul, Francis, Augustine, and Friars): This bottle's the sun of our table 28. Duet (Louisa and Clara): Turn thee round, I [[pray thee]] 29. Chorus: Oft does Hymen smile to hear 30. Final ensemble (Jerome, Louisa, Ferdinand, Antonio, Clara): Come now for jest and smiling

===Writing for the talent=== Sheridan wrote many of the roles in ''The Duenna'' to match a specific performer's ability, tailoring the text to the capacities of the singer. For example, [[Michael Leoni]] was cast for the role of Don Carlos, but his heavy German-Jewish accent meant that he could not deliver long lines of dialogue. To counter this problem Don Carlos's speeches were cut and his dialogues turned into [[Duet (music)|duets]] and [[Trio (music)|trios]].<ref>O'Toole, Fintan. ''A Traitor's Kiss: The Life and Works of Richard Brinsley Sheridan'' (London: Granta Books, 1998) p.105</ref> [[John Quick (actor)|John Quick]], who had proved himself as a great actor of Sheridan's comic characters as [[Bob Acres]] in ''[[The Rivals]]'' and Doctor Rosy in ''[[St Patrick's Day (play)|St Patrick's Day]]'', was given the part of the equally ridiculous Isaac Mendoza; Mrs. Green, the original [[Mrs Malaprop]], was given the role of the duenna.

===Textual corruption=== In his ''Reminiscences'', [[Michael Kelly (tenor)|Michael Kelly]] tells the story that in 1807 he was appearing in ''The Duenna'' at Drury Lane, as Ferdinand. One morning he went out for a ride, and returned home to find Sheridan with pen and ink correcting his printed copy of the dialogue. 'Do you act the part of Ferdinand from this printed copy?' asked Sheridan. Kelly replied that he had done so for 20 years. 'Then you have been acting great nonsense,' came the reply, and Sheridan went through correcting every sentence. Kelly adds, 'What could prove his negligence more than correcting an opera which he had written in 1775 in the year 1807; and then, for the first time, examining it and abusing the manner in which it was printed?'<ref>H. van Thal (Ed.), ''Solo Recital – The Reminiscences of Michael Kelly'' (Folio Society, London 1972), 265.</ref>

==Roles== The scene is Seville. [[Image:Sarah Harlowe as The Duenna.jpg|thumb|right|230px|The actress [[Sarah Harlowe|Mrs Harlowe]] as The Duenna, depicted by [[George Cruikshank]] in an engraving published 1823.]] {|class="wikitable" ! ! !Premiere 21 November 1775 !Revival December 1924 |- |Don Jerome |[[baritone]] |[[Richard Wilson (stage actor)|Richard Wilson]] |[[Nigel Playfair]] |- |Donna Louisa, ''his daughter'' |[[soprano]] |[[Isabella Mattocks|Mrs. Mattocks]] |Elsa Macfarlane |- |Don Ferdinand, ''his son'' |[[tenor]] |[[George Mattocks]] |Michael Cole |- |Isaac Mendoza, ''a rich Jewish merchant'' |[[tenor]] |[[John Quick (actor)|John Quick]] |[[Frank Cochrane]] |- |Don Carlos | |[[Myer Lyon|Michael Leoni]] |Guy Lefeuvre [[tenor]] |- |Lady Margaret, ''Louisa's duenna'' |[[mezzo-soprano]] |[[Jane Green (actress)|Mrs Green]] |Elsie French |- |Donna Clara |[[soprano]] |[[Ann Cargill|Mrs. Cargill]] (née Brown) |Isobel McLaren |- |Don Antonio |[[tenor]] |Mr. Dubellamy |Denys Erlam |- |Father Paul |[[tenor]] |Robert Mahon |Frederick Carlton |- |Father Francis | |Mr. Fox |- |Father Augustine | |Mr. Baker |- |Lopez, ''Ferdinand's manservant'' | |[[Ralph Wewitzer|Mr. Wewitzer]] |Alfred Harris |- |Maids, servants, friars and masqueraders | | |}

==Plot== The play is set in Seville, and centres on the family of the wealthy Don Jerome. His son, Don Ferdinand, is in love with Donna Clara, whose cruel father is set upon forcing her into a nunnery—the nearby convent of St Catherine. In desperation, Don Ferdinand bribes her maid to admit him to her bedchamber at dead of night, to beg her to run away with him, but she indignantly refuses – but keeps the duplicate key he has made, and runs away by herself on the morrow.

Meanwhile, Don Ferdinand's sister Donna Louisa is in love with the poor but gallant Don Antonio. Her avaricious father Don Jerome wants to marry her to the equally avaricious and cunning Isaac Mendoza, who through his inordinate fondness for overreaching whosoever he has to do, is generally as much a fool as a knave, and is thus the dupe of his own art, as Donna Louisa tells her father.

==Stage history== ''The Duenna'' was first performed on 21 November 1775 at [[Covent Garden Theatre]], London. The play catered to the reputation of the [[Covent Garden Theatre]] as the home of low comedy, the comedy of the jape, the leer and the pratfall.<ref>'Theatre in the age of Sheridan and Garrick' in James Morwood and David Crane (eds) ''Sheridan Studies'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)</ref> However, Covent Garden was also the traditional home of opera and musical entertainment, being built with the original profits from [[John Gay|Gay's]] ''[[The Beggar's Opera]]'' (Covent Garden Theatre is now called the Royal Opera House). The opera was an immediate hit, with 75 performances in its first season and a total of 254 performances at Covent Garden alone in the 25 years between its opening and the end of the eighteenth century.<ref name=troost/>

Interest in ''The Duenna'' was renewed in the early 20th century with performances at the [[Maddermarket Theatre]], Norwich in 1923, and by [[Barry Jackson (director)|Sir Barry Jackson]] at Birmingham soon after: and a further revival was advocated by [[Lovat Fraser]], designer of the scenery and dresses for [[Frederic Austin]]'s restoration of ''[[The Beggar's Opera]]'' at Hammersmith with [[Nigel Playfair]] in 1920–23. Playfair took up the challenge with [[George Sheringham]] as his designer of costumes and scenery, in a production with the music reharmonised, and in some cases rewritten, at the [[Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith]] in December 1924. The full text (without music) and designs (in colour plates) were published as a book with a foreword by Playfair in 1925.<ref>''The Duenna, a comic opera in three acts by Richard Brinsley Sheridan, with an introduction by Nigel Playfair, and illustrated with the designs for costumes and scenery used in the production at the Lyric Theatre Hammersmith and other drawings by George Sheringham'' (Constable & Co. Ltd., London 1925).</ref>

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="180"> File:SHERINGHAM(1925) p011 THE DUENNA - Title Page.jpg File:CUMBERLAND(1774) Page XXI.jpg File:CUMBERLAND(1774) Page XXIII.jpg File:CUMBERLAND(1774) Page XXV.jpg File:CUMBERLAND(1774) Page XXVII.jpg File:SHERINGHAM(1925) p099 The Duenna.jpg|The Duenna File:SHERINGHAM(1925) p045 Don Antonio.jpg|Don Antonio File:SHERINGHAM(1925) p092 Isaac Mendoza.jpg|Mendoza File:SHERINGHAM(1925) p070 Donna Clara.jpg|Donna Clara File:SHERINGHAM(1925) p127 The Dancers.jpg|Dancers File:SHERINGHAM(1925) p184 Collotype reproduction.jpg|Dance scene File:SHERINGHAM(1925) p118 Isaac's Lodging.jpg|Stage design </gallery>

===Adaptations=== In 1964, a live performance adapted for radio by [[Peter Bryant]] was given at the [[Camden Theatre]] in London and broadcast on the [[BBC Home Service]]. Don Antonio was played by [[Denis Quilley]] and Donna Louisa by [[Jane Wenham (actress)|Jane Wenham]], and original music was composed by [[Julian Slade]]. It was rebroadast in 2024 by [[BBC Radio 4 Extra]] as part of the station's Home Service Day.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio 4 Extra - The Duenna by Richard Brinsley Sheridan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m002682d|access-date=2025-01-26|website=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> A version of this had been previously performed as ''The Gay Chaperone'' with music by Slade in London and Toronto.<ref>{{cite news|work=Toronto Star|first=Nathan|last=Slade|title=Calamity at the Crest|date=February 2, 1961|page=32}}</ref>

===Modern reworkings=== ''The Duenna'' has two modern reworkings that use the storyline of the opera but not the original music. The first is by [[Sergei Prokofiev]] in 1940 (first performed in 1946 owing to the [[Second World War]]) – Prokofiev changes the name of the play to ''[[Betrothal in a Monastery]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/nov/03/betrothal-in-a-monastery-prokofiev-opera-review-millennium-centre-mariinsky|title=Betrothal in a Monastery review – humour survives concert performance|last=Evans|first=Rian|date=2014-11-03|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-01-17|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The second is [[The Duenna (opera)|''The Duenna'']] by the Spanish Catalan exile [[Roberto Gerhard]] in 1947–49.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/opera/8064609/The-Duenna-English-Touring-Opera-Linbury-Studio-review.html|title=The Duenna, English Touring Opera, Linbury Studio, review|last=Christiansen|first=Rupert|journal=The Daily Telegraph|date=2010-10-14|access-date=2019-01-17|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

==See also== *[[Betrothal in a Monastery]] – Russian XX century opera by Sergey Prokofiev to the same libretto.

==References== {{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duenna}} [[Category:1775 operas]] [[Category:Compositions by Thomas Linley the elder]] [[Category:English-language operas]] [[Category:Operas]] [[Category:Operas by Thomas Linley the younger]] [[Category:Plays by Richard Brinsley Sheridan]]