{{Short description|Creative human and cultural expression}} {{About|the group of creative disciplines|the concept of art|Art}} {{Redirect|Arts|the acronym|ARTS (disambiguation){{!}}ARTS}} {{pp|reason=high-visibility article with history of unconstructive edits|small=yes}} {{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}} {{Multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 300 | image1 = Gauguin, Paul - Still Life with Profile of Laval - Google Art Project.jpg | image2 = Tambourin.jpg | image3 = Sonnets1609titlepage.jpg | image4 = Santuario de Las Lajas, Ipiales, Colombia, 2015-07-21, DD 26-27 HDR.JPG | image5 = Bianlian.JPG | footer = Clockwise, from top left: * ''[[Still Life with Profile of Laval]]'' by [[Paul Gauguin]], 1886 * A [[tambourine]] player at a traditional [[debaa]] dance festival in [[Mayotte]] * [[Sanctuary of Las Lajas]], [[Nariño Department]], Colombia * A [[bian lian]] performer * The title page of [[Shakespeare's sonnets]] in a 1609 edition by [[Thomas Thorpe]] }} <!--Please avoid filling the lead with sources per MOS:ORDER as the lead will usually repeat information in the body. Editors should balance the desire to avoid redundant citations in the lead with the desire to aid readers in locating sources for challengeable material.-->
'''The arts''', or '''creative arts''', are a vast range of human practices involving [[creativity|creative]] expression, [[storytelling]], and [[cultural]] participation. The arts encompass diverse and plural modes of thought, deeds, and existence in an extensive range of [[List of art media|media]]. Both a dynamic and characteristically constant feature of human life, the arts have developed into increasingly stylized and intricate forms. This is achieved through sustained and deliberate study, training, or theorizing within a particular tradition, generations, and even between [[civilization]]s. The arts are a medium through which humans cultivate distinct social, cultural, and individual identities while transmitting values, impressions, judgments, ideas, visions, spiritual meanings, patterns of life, and [[Experience|experiences]] across time and space.
The arts are divided into three main branches: visual arts, literature, and performing arts. Examples of [[visual arts]] include [[architecture]], [[ceramic art]], [[drawing]], [[filmmaking]], [[painting]], [[photography]], and [[sculpture]]. Examples of [[literature]] include [[fiction]], [[drama]], [[poetry]], and [[prose]]. Examples of [[performing arts]] include [[dance]], [[music]], and [[theatre]]. The arts can employ [[skill]] and [[imagination]] to produce [[physical object]]s and [[performance]]s, convey insights and experiences, and construct new [[natural environment]]s and spaces.
The arts can refer to common, popular, or everyday practices as well as more sophisticated, systematic, or institutionalized ones. They can be discrete and self-contained or combine and interweave with other art forms, such as combining artwork with the written word in [[comics]]. Art forms can also develop or contribute to aspects of more complex art forms, as in [[cinematography]]. By definition, the arts themselves are open to being continually redefined. The practice of [[modern art]], for example, is a testament to the shifting boundaries, improvisation and experimentation, reflexive nature, and [[self-criticism]] or questioning that art and its conditions of production, reception, and possibility can undergo.
As both a means of developing capacities of attention and sensitivity and ends in themselves ([[art for art's sake]]), the arts can be a form of response to the world. It is a way to transform human responses and what humans deem worthwhile goals or pursuits. From [[Art of the Upper Paleolithic|prehistoric cave paintings during the Upper Palaeolithic]], to ancient and contemporary forms of [[ritual]]s, to modern-day [[film]]s, the arts have registered, embodied, and preserved the ever-shifting relationships of humans with each other and the world.
== Definition == {{further|Art|Classificatory disputes about art}} The arts are considered various practices or objects done by people with skill, creativity, and imagination across cultures and history.{{sfn|Fernandez|2024}} These activities include painting, sculpting, music, theatre, literature, and more.{{sfn|''Merriam-Webster''|2023}} Art refers to the way of doing or applying human creative skills, typically, but not necessarily, in visual form.{{sfn|''Oxford''|2016}}{{sfn|Adajian|2007}}
However, there have been disputes on whether or not to classify something as a work of art, referred to as [[classificatory disputes about art]]. For example, classificatory disputes in the 20th century have included [[Cubist]] and [[Impressionist]] paintings, [[Marcel Duchamp]]'s ''[[Fountain (Duchamp)|Fountain]]'', the movies, [[J. S. G. Boggs]]' superlative imitations of banknotes, [[conceptual art]], and [[video game]]s.<ref>{{cite news |author=Deborah Solomon |author-link=Deborah Solomon |title=2003: the 3rd Annual Year in Ideas: Video Game Art |newspaper=The New York Times Magazine |date=14 December 2003 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/14/magazine/2003-the-3rd-annual-year-in-ideas-video-game-art.html |access-date=18 February 2017 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401150120/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/14/magazine/2003-the-3rd-annual-year-in-ideas-video-game-art.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
== History and classifications == {{Main|History of art|History of literature|History of music}} [[File:Venus of Brassempouy.jpg|thumb|The [[Venus of Brassempouy]], a fragmentary ivory figurine from the [[Upper Paleolithic]]]] In [[Ancient Greece]], art and [[craft]] were referred to by the word [[techne]]. Ancient Greek art introduced veneration of the animal form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions. [[Roman Empire|Ancient Roman]] art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristically distinguishing features, such as [[Zeus]]' thunderbolt. In [[Byzantine art|Byzantine]] and [[Gothic art]] of the [[Middle Ages]], the dominant church insisted on the expression of Christian themes due to the overlap of [[church and state in medieval Europe]].{{sfn|Thorson|2020}} [[Asian art]] has generally worked in style akin to Western [[medieval art]], namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour.{{efn|The plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade, and reflection.}} A characteristic of this style is that local colour is defined by an outline, the [[cartoon]] being a contemporary equivalent. This is evident in the art of [[Indian art|India]], [[Tibetan art|Tibet]], and [[Japanese art|Japan]]. [[Islamic art]] avoids the representation of living beings, particularly humans and other animals, in religious contexts.{{sfn|Canby|2005|p=33}} It instead expresses religious ideas through [[calligraphy]] and geometrical designs.{{sfn|Canby|2005|p=21, 81}}
=== Classifications === [[File:Catullus-at-Lesbia's-large.jpg|thumb|[[Lawrence Alma-Tadema]]'s ''Catullus-at-Lesbia's'', 1865]] In the Middle Ages, [[liberal arts education|liberal arts were taught]] in European [[Medieval university|medieval universities]] as part of the [[trivium]], an introductory curriculum involving [[grammar]], [[rhetoric]], and [[logic]],{{sfn|Onions|Friedrichsen|Burchfield|1991|p=994}} and of the [[quadrivium]], a curriculum involving the "mathematical arts" of [[arithmetic]], [[geometry]], music, and [[astronomy]].{{sfn|Gilman|Peck|Colby|1905}} In modern academia, the arts can be grouped with, or a subset of, the [[humanities]].{{sfn|Henseler|2020}}
The arts have been classified into seven forms: painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music, [[theatre]], and [[filmmaking]].<ref name="Walker-2021">{{cite magazine |last1=Walker |first1=Sylvia |title=What are the 7 Forms of Art? A Complete Overview |url=https://www.contemporaryartissue.com/what-are-the-7-forms-of-art-a-complete-overview/ |magazine=Contemporary Art Issue |date=26 October 2021}}</ref> Some arts may be derived from others; for example, drama is literature with [[acting]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landauer |first1=Jeff |last2=Rowlands |first2=Joseph |title=Esthetics - Drama |url=http://www.importanceofphilosophy.com/Esthetics_Drama.html |website=Importance Of Philosophy |access-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806035140/http://www.importanceofphilosophy.com/Esthetics_Drama.html |archive-date=6 August 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> dance is music expressed through [[motion]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landauer |first1=Jeff |last2=Rowlands |first2=Joseph |title=Esthetics - Dance |url=http://www.importanceofphilosophy.com/Esthetics_Dance.html |website=Importance Of Philosophy |access-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121082351/http://importanceofphilosophy.com/Esthetics_Dance.html |archive-date=21 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[song]]s are music with literature and [[human voice]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Landauer |first1=Jeff |last2=Rowlands |first2=Joseph |title=Esthetics - Song |url=http://www.importanceofphilosophy.com/Esthetics_Song.html |website=Importance Of Philosophy |access-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212175309/http://importanceofphilosophy.com/Esthetics_Song.html |archive-date=12 February 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> Television is sometimes called the "eighth" and comics the "ninth art" in Francophone scholarship, adding to the traditional "Seven Arts".{{sfn|Miller|2007|p=23}}{{sfn|Ryynänen|2020|p=37}} Cultural fields like [[gastronomy]] are only sometimes considered as arts.{{sfn|Desai|DeSimone|Henig|2013}}
== Visual arts == {{Main|Visual arts}} {{further|Work of art}} Visual art forms include [[architecture]], [[ceramic art]], [[craft]]s, [[design]], [[drawing]], [[filmmaking]], [[image]], [[painting]], [[photography]], [[printmaking]], [[sculpture]], and [[video]]. Many artistic disciplines such as [[performing arts]], [[conceptual art]], and [[textile arts]], also involve aspects of the visual arts, as well as arts of other types. Within the visual arts, the [[applied arts]],<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170623143359/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/different-forms-of-art.html ''Different Forms of Art – Applied Art'']}}. Buzzle.com. Retrieved 11 December 2010.</ref> such as [[industrial design]], [[graphic design]], [[fashion design]], [[interior design]], and [[decorative arts]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.georgebrown.ca/centres/AD/index.aspx |title=Centre for Arts and Design in Toronto, Canada |publisher=Georgebrown.ca |date=2011-02-15 |access-date=2011-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028075227/http://www.georgebrown.ca/centres/AD/index.aspx |archive-date=28 October 2011}}</ref> are also included.
=== Architecture === {{Main|Architecture}} [[File:The Parthenon in Athens.jpg|thumb|The [[Parthenon]] on top of the [[Acropolis of Athens|Acropolis]], Athens, [[Greece]]]]
Architecture is the art and science of [[design]]ing [[building]]s and [[structure]]s. Some definitions include the wider design of the built environment, from the macro level of [[urban planning]], [[urban design]], and [[landscape architecture]], to the micro level of creating furniture.{{sfn|American Heritage Dictionary}} Architectural design usually must address feasibility and [[cost]] for the builder, as well as function and [[aesthetics]] for the user.{{sfn|Ching|2012|p=}}
In modern usage, architecture is the art and [[Discipline (academia)|discipline]] of creating or inferring an implied or apparent plan for a complex object or [[system]].{{sfn|Rechtin|Maier|2000|p=7}} Some types of architecture manipulate space, volume, texture, light, shadow, or abstract elements, to achieve pleasing aesthetics.{{sfn|Demery|2010}} Architectural works may be seen as cultural and political [[symbol]]s or works of art. The role of architects, though changing, has been central to the design and implementation of pleasingly built environments in which people live.{{sfn|Evans|2023}}
=== Ceramic art === {{Main|Ceramic art}} [[File:청자 어룡 모양 주전자.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|12th-century [[Goryeo ware|Goryeo]] [[celadon]] kettle. Goryeo wares are considered a great achievement of [[Korean art]].]] Ceramic art is art made from [[ceramic]] materials,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Language of Ceramic Art |url=https://amoca.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/The-Language-of-Ceramic-Art.pdf |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=American Museum of Ceramic Art |pages=1–3 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624071131/http://www.amoca.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/The-Language-of-Ceramic-Art.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> which may take forms such as [[pottery]], [[tile]]s, [[figurine]]s, [[sculpture]]s, and [[tableware]]. While some ceramic products are considered [[fine art]], others are considered [[Decorative arts|decorative]], [[Industrial design|industrial]], or [[Applied arts|applied]] art objects. Ceramics may also be considered [[Artifact (archaeology)|artefacts]] in [[archaeology]]. People design, manufacture, and decorate pottery in pottery or ceramic factories. Some pottery is regarded as [[art pottery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2008 |title=Art Pottery Manufacturers and Collectors |url=http://artpotterymanufacturers.com/Welcome.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602012550/http://artpotterymanufacturers.com/Welcome.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 }}</ref> In one-person pottery studios, ceramists or potters produce [[studio pottery]]. Ceramics exclude [[glass]] and [[mosaic]]s made from glass [[tessera]]e.<ref>As glass is not a ceramic, [https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/faq-how-are-glass-ceramics-and-glass-ceramics-defined Twi global "how are glass ceramics and glass-ceramics-defined?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228194815/https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/faq-how-are-glass-ceramics-and-glass-ceramics-defined |date=28 December 2023 }}</ref>
=== Conceptual art === {{Main|Conceptual art}} Conceptual art is art where the concepts or ideas involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Conceptual art |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/conceptual-art |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=Tate |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604060814/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/conceptual-art |url-status=live }}</ref> The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text.{{sfn|LeWitt|1967|pp=79–83}} Through its association with the [[Young British Artists]] and the [[Turner Prize]] during the 1990s,{{sfn|Huntsman|2015|p=221}} the popular usage of conceptual art, particularly in the United Kingdom, developed into a synonym for all [[contemporary art]] that does not practice the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2004 |title=Tate Britain {{!}} Turner Prize History {{!}} Issue: Conceptual Art |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/turnerprize/history/issue_conceptual.htm |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211013930/http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/turnerprize/history/issue_conceptual.htm |archive-date=11 December 2004 }}</ref>
=== Drawing === {{Main|Drawing}} Drawing is a means of making an [[image]] using various tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are [[graphite]] [[pencil]]s, pen and [[ink]], inked [[brush]]es, wax [[coloured pencil]]s, [[crayon]]s, [[charcoal]]s, [[pastel]]s, and [[marker pen]]s. Digital tools with similar effects are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, [[hatching]], cross-hatching, random hatching, scribbling, [[stippling]], and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a ''drafter'', ''draftswoman'', or ''draughtsman''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/draftsman|title=The definition of draftsman|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029235558/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/draftsman|archive-date=29 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Drawing can be used to create art used in cultural industries such as [[illustration]]s, comics, and animation. Comics are often called the "ninth art" ({{lang|fr|le neuvième art}}) in Francophone scholarship, adding to the traditional "Seven Arts".{{sfn|Miller|2007|p=23}}
=== Painting === {{Main|Painting}} [[File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]]] Painting is considered to be a form of self-expression.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2015 |title=Painting: A Visual Language of Self-Expression {{!}} Bing Nursery School |url=https://bingschool.stanford.edu/news/painting-visual-language-self-expression |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=bingschool.stanford.edu |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607164656/https://bingschool.stanford.edu/news/painting-visual-language-self-expression |url-status=live }}</ref> Drawing, [[gesture]] (as in [[action painting]]), [[Composition (visual arts)|composition]], [[narrative|narration]] (as in [[narrative art]]), or [[abstraction]] (as in [[abstract art]]), among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.{{sfn|Perry|2014|p=85}} Paintings can be on a wide variety of topics, such as [[Photorealism|photographic]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2022 |title=The essential connection between photography and painting |url=https://www.edkashi.com/dispatches/the-essential-connection-between-photography-and-painting |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=ED KASHI |language=en-US |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601235910/https://www.edkashi.com/dispatches/the-essential-connection-between-photography-and-painting |url-status=live }}</ref> abstract,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Abstract art |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/abstract-art |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Tate |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329083720/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/abstract-art |url-status=live }}</ref> narrative,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Narrative |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/narrative |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Tate |language=en-GB |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227140235/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/narrative |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Symbolism (art)|symbolistic]] ([[Symbolism (movement)|symbolism]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Myers |first=Nicole |title=Symbolism {{!}} Essay {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/symb/hd_symb.htm |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |date=August 2007 |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519072706/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/symb/hd_symb.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> [[emotion|emotive]] ([[Expressionism]]), or political in nature ([[artivism]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artivism: Making a Difference Through Art {{!}} Art & Object |url=http://www.artandobject.com/articles/artivism-making-difference-through-art |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=www.artandobject.com |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303035548/https://www.artandobject.com/articles/artivism-making-difference-through-art |url-status=live }}</ref> Some modern painters, such as [[Jean Dubuffet]] or [[Anselm Kiefer]], incorporate different materials, such as [[sand]], cement, [[straw]], wood, or strands of hair, for their [[Texture (visual arts)|artwork texture]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlineartlessons.com/tutorial/all-you-need-to-know-about-matter-painting/|title=Alchemy on Canvas: The Captivating World of Matter Painting|website=Online Art Lessons|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226101203/https://onlineartlessons.com/tutorial/all-you-need-to-know-about-matter-painting/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_2143_300062878.pdf |title=Anselm Kiefer, By Mark Rosenthal |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206092600/https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_2143_300062878.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Photography === {{Main|Photography}} {{Further|Fine-art photography}} Photography as an art form refers to photographs that are created in accordance with the creative vision of the photographer. Art photography stands in contrast to [[photojournalism]], which provides a visual account of news events, and commercial photography, the primary focus of which is to advertise products or services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.falmouth.ac.uk/news/what-commercial-photography|title=What is Commercial Photography?|website=www.falmouth.ac.uk|date=8 August 2024|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223195359/https://www.falmouth.ac.uk/news/what-commercial-photography|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Sculpture === {{Main|Sculpture}} Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the [[plastic arts]]. Durable sculptural processes originally used [[carving]] (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, such as clay), in [[stone]], metal, [[ceramic]], wood, and other materials, but shifts in sculptural processes have led to almost complete freedom of materials and processes following [[modernism]]. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by [[welding]] or modelling, or [[Molding (process)|moulded]] or [[Casting|cast]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/vocabulary-for-sculpture-materials-styles-techniques.html#:~:text=Four%20sculpture%20techniques%20are%20casting%2C,Casting%20requires%20the%20pouring|title=Vocabulary for Sculpture Materials|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228172449/https://study.com/academy/lesson/vocabulary-for-sculpture-materials-styles-techniques.html#:~:text=Four%20sculpture%20techniques%20are%20casting%2C,Casting%20requires%20the%20pouring|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernsculptureartists.com/2021/07/21/four-basic-methods-for-making-a-sculpture-are/|title=Four Basic Methods For Making A Sculpture Are|date=21 July 2021|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228172450/https://www.modernsculptureartists.com/2021/07/21/four-basic-methods-for-making-a-sculpture-are/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Applied arts === {{Main|Applied arts}} The applied arts are the application of [[design]] and decoration to everyday, functional objects to make them [[aesthetically]] pleasing.{{sfn|Chilvers|2004|p=29}} The applied arts include fields such as [[industrial design]], [[illustration]], and commercial art.<ref name="dictionary.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/applied-art |title=Define Applied art at Dictionary.com |publisher=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731085429/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/applied-art |archive-date=31 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> The term "applied art" is used in distinction to [[fine art]], where the latter is defined as arts that aim to produce objects that are beautiful or provide intellectual stimulation but have no primary everyday function. In practice, the two often overlap.
== Literary arts == {{Main|Language|Literature}} {{Listen|filename=Sonnet18.ogg|title=Sonnet 18|description= '''''[[Sonnet 18]]''''' by [[William Shakespeare]], part of the Fair Youth [[Sonnet sequence|sequence]] of [[sonnet]]s.|format=[[Ogg]]}} Literature (also known as ''literary arts'' or ''language arts'') is generally identified as a collection of [[writing]]s, which in [[Western culture]] are mainly [[prose]] (both fiction and non-fiction), drama, and poetry. In much, if not all, of the world, artistic linguistic expression can be [[oral literature|oral]] as well and include such [[genre]]s as [[Epic poetry|epic]], [[legend]], [[Mythology|myth]], [[ballad]], other forms of oral poetry, and [[folklore|folktale]]s. Comics, the combination of drawings or other visual arts with narrating literature, are called the "ninth art" ({{lang|fr|le neuvième art}}) in Francophone scholarship.{{sfn|Miller|2007|p=23}}
== Performing arts == {{Main|Performing arts}} {{See also|Martial arts|Sport}} [[File:Bharata Natyam Performance DS.jpg|upright=.7|thumb|''[[Bharatanatyam]]'' performer of [[Indian classical dance]]]] Performing arts comprise dance, music, theatre, [[opera]], [[mime]], and other art forms in which human performance is the principal product. Performing arts are distinguished by this performance element in contrast with disciplines such as visual and literary arts, where the product is an object that does not require a performance to be observed and experienced. Each discipline in the performing arts is temporal in nature, meaning the product is performed over a period of time. Products are broadly categorized as being either repeatable (for example, by script or score) or improvised for each performance.{{sfn|Honderich|2006}} Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are called performers, including [[actor]]s, [[Magic (illusion)|magicians]], [[comedian]]s, [[dancer]]s, [[musician]]s, and [[singer]]s. Performing arts are also supported by the services of other artists or essential workers, such as [[songwriter]]s and those involved with [[stagecraft]]. Performers adapt their [[physical appearance]] with tools such as [[costume]]s and [[theatrical makeup]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Durbin | first = Holly Poe | title = The Costume Designer's Toolkit: The Process of Creating Effective Design | date = 15 December 2022 | isbn = 978-1-00-072914-6 | publisher = Taylor & Francis }}</ref>
=== Dance === {{Main|Dance}} Dance generally refers to human [[Motion|movement]], either used as a form of expression or presented in a social, [[spirituality|spiritual]], or performance setting.{{sfn|Fraleigh|1987|p=3}}{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 1}}{{efn|The term "dance" is also used to describe the steps or pattern for particular [[choreography]],{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 2}} a certain [[dance (music)|musical form]] or [[music genre]],{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 2b}} a [[dance party]],{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 3}} or [[motion]] in inanimate objects (e.g. "the dance of the waters [...] was visible for over a mile around").{{sfn|''OED''|loc=§ 4}}}} [[Choreography]] is the art of making dances,{{sfn|Goodwin|Halfyard|2011|loc=§ para. 1}} and the person who does this is called a choreographer.{{sfn|Goodwin|Halfyard|2011|loc=§ para. 3}} Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, [[aesthetic]], artistic, and moral constraints, ranging from functional movement (such as [[folk dance]]) to codified [[virtuoso]] techniques such as [[ballet]]. Dance disciplines in sports include gymnastics, [[figure skating]], and [[synchronized swimming]]. In martial arts, ''[[kata]]'' is compared to dance.<ref>{{cite book | last = O'Brien | first = Andrew | title = The Little Bubishi: A History of Karate for Children | year = 2010 | isbn = 978-1-60911-717-7 | page = 7 | publisher = Strategic Book Publishing }}</ref>
=== Music === {{Main|Music}} [[File:MozartExcerptK331.svg|thumb|[[Sheet music]] of the opening [[Bar (music)|measures]] from [[Piano Sonata No. 11 (Mozart)|Piano Sonata No. 11]] by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] ({{audio|MozartExcerptK331.mid|Play}})]] Music is defined as an art form which [[Media (arts)|medium]] is a combination of sounds.{{sfn|Nettl|2001|loc=§I "3. General encyclopedias": "There may be disagreement on the need for explicit definition, but all these works maintain that music involves sounds and their combination, that it is both art and science"}} Though scholars agree that music generally consists of [[elements of music|a few core elements]], their exact definitions are debated.{{sfn|Gardner|1983|p=104}} Commonly identified aspects include [[Pitch (music)|pitch]] (which governs melody and harmony), [[Duration (music)|duration]] (including [[rhythm]] and [[tempo]]), intensity (including [[Dynamics (music)|dynamics]]), and [[timbre]].{{sfn|Owen|2000|p=6}} Though considered a [[cultural universal]], the [[definition of music]] varies throughout the world as it is based on diverse views of [[nature]], the supernatural, and humanity.{{sfn|Nettl|2001|loc=§I "5. Looking to the vernacular and to behaviour"}} Music is differentiated into [[Musical composition|composition]] and performance, while [[musical improvisation]] may be regarded as an intermediary tradition.{{sfn|Nettl|2001|loc=§III "5. Music among the arts"}} Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between genres are subtle, open to individual interpretation, and controversial.{{sfn|Nettl|2001|loc=§III "6. Classification or Typology"}}
=== Theatre === {{Main|Theatre}} Theatre is the branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound, and spectacle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Theater of the Deaf (NTD) |url=https://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/topics/nationaltheaterofthedeaf.htm |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=www.lifeprint.com |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206215027/https://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/topics/nationaltheaterofthedeaf.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style, theatre takes such forms as opera (including [[Chinese opera]]), ballet, mime, [[kabuki]], and [[Indian classical dance]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Steven |date=26 February 2024 |title=The performing arts combined: the triad of music, dance, and narrative |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=15 |article-number=1344354 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1344354 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-1078 |pmid=38469212|pmc=10925613 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajika Puri – Indian Dance & Theatre |url=http://www.rajikapuri.com/indian_dance.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=www.rajikapuri.com |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182944/http://rajikapuri.com/./indian_dance.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Art of Facial Makeup in Chinese Opera {{!}} Lan Su Chinese Garden |url=https://lansugarden.org/things-to-do/ongoing-programs/the-art-of-facial-makeup-in-chinese-opera |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=lansugarden.org |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605215504/https://lansugarden.org/things-to-do/ongoing-programs/the-art-of-facial-makeup-in-chinese-opera |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Multidisciplinary artistic works == Areas exist in which artistic works incorporate multiple artistic fields, such as film, opera, and performance art. While opera is often categorized as the performing arts of music, the word itself is Italian for "works", because opera combines artistic disciplines into a singular artistic experience. In a traditional opera, the work uses the following: sets, costumes, acting, a [[libretto]], singers, and an orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/opra/hd_opra.htm#:~:text=Independent+Scholar,history,+opera+has+reflected|title=The Opera | Essay|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|first=Jean|last=Sorabella|website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|date=October 2004 |access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228165204/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/opra/hd_opra.htm#:~:text=Independent+Scholar,history,+opera+has+reflected|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Ernestine Schumann-Heink as Waltraute.png|thumb|left|[[Ernestine Schumann-Heink]] as Waltraute in ''[[Götterdämmerung]]'']] The composer [[Richard Wagner]] recognized the fusion of many disciplines into a single work of opera, exemplified by his cycle ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' ("The Ring of the Nibelung"). He did not use the term opera for his works, but instead ''[[Gesamtkunstwerk]]'' ("synthesis of the arts" or sometimes "music drama"), emphasizing the literary and theatrical components, which were as important as the music. [[Classical ballet]] is another form that emerged in the 17th century in which orchestral music is combined with dance.<ref name="Au">{{cite book | last = Au | first = Susan | title = Ballet and Modern Dance | year = 2002|publisher=Thames and Hudson | isbn = 978-0-500-20352-1}}</ref>
Other works in the late 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries have fused other disciplines in creative ways, such as performance art. Performance art is a performance over time that combines any number of instruments, objects, and art within a predefined or less well-defined structure, some of which can be improvised. Performance art may be scripted, unscripted, random, or carefully organized—even audience participation may occur. [[John Cage]] is regarded by many as a performance artist rather than a composer, although he preferred the latter term. He did not compose for traditional ensembles. For example, Cage's composition ''[[Living Room Music]],'' composed in 1940, is a quartet for unspecified instruments, really non-melodic objects, that can be found in the living room of a typical house, hence the title.<ref>James Pritchett. ''The Music of John Cage''. Cambridge University Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-521-56544-8}} p.20</ref>
=== Video games === {{Main|Video game|Video games as an art form}} [[File:Hideo Kojima na Brasil Game Show 2017.jpg|alt=Hideo Kojima holding a video game case of one of his popular works, Metal Gear.|thumb|Hideo Kojima holding a video game case of one of his popular series, ''[[Metal Gear]]''.]] [[Video game]]s are multidisciplinary works that include uncontroversial artistic elements such as visuals and sound, as well as an emergent experience from the nature of their interactivity. Within [[video game culture]], debates surround whether video games should be [[Video games as an art form|classified as an art form]] and whether [[video game developer]]s—[[AAA (video game industry)|AAA]] or [[Indie game|indie]]—should be classified as artists.<ref name="pratt">Pratt, Charles J. ''[https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/the-art-history-of-games-games-as-art-may-be-a-lost-cause The Art History... Of Games? Games As Art May Be A Lost Cause] ''. [[Gamasutra]]. 8 February 2010.</ref>
[[Hideo Kojima]], a video game designer considered a gaming ''[[auteur]]'', argued in 2006 that video games are a type of service rather than an art form.{{sfn|Gibson|2006}}{{sfn|Parker|2012|p=42}} In the social sciences, cultural economists show how playing video games is conducive to involvement in more traditional art forms.{{sfn|Borowiecki|Prieto-Rodriguez|2013|pp=239–258}} In 2011, the [[National Endowment for the Arts]] included video games in its definition of a "work of art",{{sfn|Barber|2012}} and the [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]] presented an exhibit titled ''The Art of the Video Game'' in 2012.{{sfn|Parker|2012|p=46}}
== Criticism == {{See also|Architecture criticism|Art criticism|Dance criticism|Film criticism|Literary criticism|Music criticism|Television criticism|Theatre criticism}} [[File:Gabriel Cornelius von Max, 1840-1915, Monkeys as Judges of Art, 1889.jpg|thumb|''Monkeys as Judges of Art'', [[Gabriel von Max]], 1889]] Art criticism is the discussion or evaluation of art.<ref name="ntifotva">{{cite web|title=Art Criticism|url=http://art.unt.edu/ntieva/pages/teaching/tea_comp_artcriticism.html|work=Comprehensive Art Education|publisher=North Texas Institute For Educators on the Visual Arts|access-date=12 December 2013|archive-date=10 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210014430/http://art.unt.edu/ntieva/pages/teaching/tea_comp_artcriticism.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="gemtou2010">{{cite journal|last=Gemtou|first=Eleni|title=Subjectivity in Art History and Art Criticism|journal=Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities|year=2010|volume=2|issue=1|pages=2–13|url=http://rupkatha.com/V2/n1/SubjectivityinArtHistoryandArt%20Criticism.pdf|access-date=12 December 2013|doi=10.21659/rupkatha.v2n1.02|doi-access=free|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928054512/http://rupkatha.com/V2/n1/SubjectivityinArtHistoryandArt%20Criticism.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="elkins1996">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Elkins |first=James |editor=Jane Turner |encyclopedia=Grove Dictionary of Art |title=Art Criticism |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=https://www.academia.edu/163427 |year=1996 |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=14 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514231216/https://www.academia.edu/163427/Art_Criticism_dictionary_essay_ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Art critic]]s usually criticize art in the context of [[aesthetics]] or the theory of beauty.<ref name="gemtou2010" /><ref name="elkins1996" /> A goal of art criticism is the pursuit of a rational basis for art appreciation<ref name="ntifotva" /><ref name="gemtou2010" /><ref name="elkins1996" /> but it is questionable whether such criticism can transcend prevailing sociopolitical circumstances.<ref>Kaplan, Marty. [http://www.jewishjournal.com/marty_kaplan/article/the_curious_case_of_criticism "The curious case of criticism."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001247/http://www.jewishjournal.com/marty_kaplan/article/the_curious_case_of_criticism |date=5 March 2016 }} ''[[Jewish Journal]]''. 23 January 2014.</ref>
The variety of [[art movement]]s has resulted in a division of art criticism into different disciplines, which may each use different criteria for their judgements.<ref name="elkins1996" /><ref name="tekiner2006">{{cite journal|last=Tekiner|first=Deniz|title=Formalist Art Criticism and the Politics of Meaning|journal=Social Justice|year=2006|volume=33|issue=2 (104) – Art, Power, and Social Change|pages=31–44|jstor=29768369}}</ref> The most common division in the field of criticism is between historical criticism and evaluation, a form of [[art history]], and contemporary criticism of work by living artists.<ref name="ntifotva" /><ref name="gemtou2010" /><ref name="elkins1996" />
Despite perceptions that criticism is a lower-risk activity than making art, opinions of current art are liable to corrections with the passage of time.<ref name="gemtou2010" /> Critics of the past can be ridiculed for dismissing artists now venerated (like the early work of the [[Impressionists]]).<ref name="elkins1996" /><ref name="rewald1973" /><ref name="ackerman1960">{{cite journal|last=Ackerman|first=James S.|title=Art History and the Problems of Criticism|journal=Daedalus|date=Winter 1960|volume=89|issue=1 – The Visual Arts Today|pages=253–263|jstor=20026565}}</ref> Some art movements themselves were named disparagingly by critics, with the name later adopted as a badge of honour by the artists of the style with the original negative meaning forgotten, e.g. Impressionism and [[Cubism]].<ref name="rewald1973">Rewald, John (1973). ''The History of Impressionism'' (4th, Revised Ed.). New York: The Museum of Modern Art. p. 323 {{ISBN|0-87070-360-9}}</ref><ref name="Christopher Green">{{Cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10068&displayall=1#skipToContent|title=The Collection | MoMA|access-date=15 December 2023|archive-date=13 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813112047/http://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10068&displayall=1#skipToContent|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fishman1963p6">{{cite book|last=Fishman|first=Solomon|title=The Interpretation of Art: Essays on the Art Criticism of John Ruskin, Walter Pater, Clive Bell, Robert Fry, and Herbert Read|year=1963|publisher=University of California Press|page=6}}</ref> Artists have had an uneasy relationship with their critics. Artists usually need positive opinions from critics for their work to be viewed and purchased.<ref name="gemtou2010" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Seenan|first=Gerard|title=Painting by ridiculed but popular artist sells for £744,800|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/apr/20/arts.artsnews1|access-date=12 December 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 April 2004|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105020218/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/apr/20/arts.artsnews1|url-status=live}}</ref>
Many variables determine judgement of art, such as aesthetics, cognition, or perception. Aesthetic, pragmatic, expressive, formalist, relativist, processional, imitation, ritual, cognition, mimetic, and postmodern theories are some of the many theories to criticize and appreciate art. Art criticism and appreciation can be subjective based on personal preference toward aesthetics and form, or on the elements and principles of design and by social and cultural acceptance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Art Subjective or Objective? |url=https://www.eden-gallery.com/news/is-art-subjective |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=EDEN Gallery |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519224919/https://www.eden-gallery.com/news/is-art-subjective |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Education == {{Main|Arts in education}}
Arts in education is a field of [[educational research]] and practice informed by investigations into [[learning]] through arts experiences. In this context, the arts can include [[performing arts education]] (dance, drama, and music), literature and poetry, [[storytelling]], [[visual arts education]] in film, [[craft]], design, [[digital art]], media, and photography.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D30335%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|title=UNESCO, Road Map for Arts Education, 2006|access-date=15 December 2023|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123011256/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D30335%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Political and moral issues == {{Main|The arts and politics|Artivism|Artistic freedom}}
A strong relationship between the arts and politics, particularly between various kinds of art and [[power (social and political)|power]], occurs across history and [[archaeological culture]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intersection of Art and Politics |url=https://wellsinternationalfoundation.org/art-and-politics/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Wells International Foundation |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602010016/https://wellsinternationalfoundation.org/art-and-politics/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As the arts respond to [[news]] and politics, they take on political as well as social dimensions, becoming a focus of controversy and a force of political and [[social change]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 June 2016 |title=Art of Propaganda |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/art-of-propaganda/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607164702/https://www.independent.co.ug/art-of-propaganda/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Some artists have been observed to have [[freethought|free spirit]]s. For instance, [[Alexander Pushkin]], a well-regarded writer,<ref name="Nab81Censors">[[Vladimir Nabokov]] (1981) ''[[Lectures on Russian Literature]]'', lecture on ''Russian Writers, Censors, and Readers'', pp.13–4</ref> attracted the irritation of [[Russian Empire|Russian officialdom]], particularly [[Emperor Alexander I]], since he "instead of being a good servant of the state in the rank and file of the administration and extolling conventional virtues in his vocational writings (if write he must), composed extremely arrogant, independent, and wicked verse in which dangerous freedom of thought was evident in the novelty of his versification, in the audacity of his sensual fancy, and in his propensity for making fun of major and minor tyrants."<ref name="Nab81Censors" /> In more recent times, [[Banksy]], an England-based [[graffiti]] artist who constantly conflicted with the authorities, has also been considered a "free spirit" due to his work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Syer |first=Joe |title=F**k the Police: The Theme of Disorder & Authority in Banksy's Prints |url=https://www.myartbroker.com/artist-banksy/articles/fk-the-police-the-theme-of-disorder-authority-in-banksys-prints |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=MyArtBroker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agnihotri |first=Akanksha |date=9 November 2023 |title='The Mystery of Banksy': The unauthorized exhibition |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/the-mystery-of-banksy-the-unauthorized-exhibition-101699532123872.html |access-date=6 February 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
Artists use their work to express their political views and promote social change, from negatively influencing through [[hate speech]] to positively influencing through [[artivism]].<ref name="Tuula2020">{{cite journal |last1=Jääskeläinen |first1=Tuula |date=April 2020 |title=Countering Hate Speech through Arts and Arts Education: Addressing Intersections and Policy Implications |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1478210319848953 |journal=Policy Futures in Education |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=344–357 |doi=10.1177/1478210319848953 |via=ERIC |access-date=29 July 2024|hdl=10138/312169 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Governments use art, or [[propaganda]], to promote their own agendas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.odysseyroute.com/the-art-of-war-understanding-how-art-was-used-by-governments-to-win-over-people/|title=The Art of War: Understanding How Art Was Used by Governments to Win Over People|work=odyssey route |date=11 July 2023|access-date=29 December 2023|archive-date=29 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229000353/https://www.odysseyroute.com/the-art-of-war-understanding-how-art-was-used-by-governments-to-win-over-people/}}</ref>
[[Moral issues]] impact on the arts and the arts impact on discussion of moral issues. One approach to this issue is that taken by the [[Catholic Church]], which declared in 1963 that the arts are "not exempt" from "the absolute primacy of the objective moral order".<ref>[[Second Vatican Council]], [https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19631204_inter-mirifica_en.html ''Inter mirifica'': Decree on the Media of Social Communications], paragraph 6, published on 4 December 1963, accessed on 2 August 2025</ref>
== Notes == {{portal|The arts}} {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
== References == {{reflist|22em}}
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;Articles * {{cite web |last=Adajian |first=Thomas |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/art-definition/ |title=The Definition of Art |editor=Edward N. Zalta |date=2022 |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=29 July 2024 |ref={{sfnref | Adajian | 2007}} }} * {{cite journal |date=2013 |title=Video Games Playing: A substitute for cultural consumptions? |last1=Borowiecki |first1=Karol J. |last2=Prieto-Rodriguez |first2=Juan |journal=Journal of Cultural Economics |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=239–258 |doi=10.1007/s10824-014-9229-y |citeseerx=10.1.1.676.2381|s2cid=49572910 }} * {{cite journal |last=Demery |first=Ibrahim Mostafa El |title=Sustainable Architectural Design: Reviving Traditional Design and Adapting Modern Solutions |journal=International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR |publisher=Emerald |volume=4 |issue=1 |date=1 March 2010 |issn=1938-7806 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43529965 |access-date=12 August 2024 |via=ResearchGate |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607164058/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43529965_Sustainable_Architectural_Design_Reviving_Traditional_Design_and_Adapting_Modern_Solutions |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Fernandez |first=Angel |title=The Importance of Art |website=Tarrant County College District |date=30 April 2024 |url=https://www.tccd.edu/magazine/volume-03/issue-02/arts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601230348/https://www.tccd.edu/magazine/volume-03/issue-02/arts/ |archive-date=1 June 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2024 }} * {{cite magazine |last=LeWitt |first=Solomon |author-link=Sol LeWitt |date=June 1967 |title=Paragraphs on Conceptual Art |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/196706/paragraphs-on-conceptual-art-36719 |magazine=[[Artforum]] |language=en-US |volume=5 |issue=10 |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726100127/https://www.artforum.com/print/196706/paragraphs-on-conceptual-art-36719 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal |date=12 December 2012 |title=An Art World for Artgames |url=https://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/119/160 |last=Parker |first=Felan |journal=Loading... |volume=7 |issue=11 |issn=1923-2691 |access-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226143132/http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/viewArticle/119 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live }} * {{cite journal|last=Perry |first=Lincoln |title=The Music of Painting |journal=The American Scholar |date=Summer 2014 |volume=83 |issue=3}}
;Online * {{cite news |last=Barber |first=Bonnie |date=16 August 2012 |title=Professor Mary Flanagan Participates in White House Consortium |publisher=Dartmouth News |url=https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2012/08/professor-mary-flanagan-participates-white-house-consortium |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726103117/https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2012/08/professor-mary-flanagan-participates-white-house-consortium |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Evans |first=George |title=The Role Of Architects In Shaping Cities And Communities |website=Commercial Architecture Magazine |date=16 February 2023 |url=https://www.commercialarchitecturemagazine.com/role-of-architects-in-shaping-cities-and-communities/ |access-date=12 August 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228153619/https://www.commercialarchitecturemagazine.com/role-of-architects-in-shaping-cities-and-communities/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |last=Gibson |first=Ellie |date=24 January 2006 |title=Games aren't art, says Kojima |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news240106kojimaart |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309104553/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news240106kojimaart |archive-date=9 March 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Gamer Network }} * {{cite web |title=The New Face of French Gastronomy – Knowledge@Wharton |url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/new-face-french-gastronomy/ |last1=Desai |first1=Trex |last2=DeSimone |first2=Frank |last3=Henig |first3=Sarit |date=20 December 2013 |website=knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu |publisher=[[Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192044/http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/new-face-french-gastronomy/ |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=8 May 2018 }} * {{cite web|url=http://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/archive/2012/games/|title=The Art of Video Games|website=SI.edu|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|access-date=7 March 2015|archive-date=10 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110015838/http://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/archive/2012/games/|url-status=live}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/c/conceptual-art |title=Conceptual art |website=Tate Glossary |access-date=7 March 2015 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320082742/http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/c/conceptual-art |url-status=live }} * {{cite web |url=http://arts.endow.gov/grants/apply/AIM-presentation.html |title=FY 2012 Arts in Media Guidelines |website=Endow.gov |publisher=National Endowment for the Arts |access-date=7 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213155959/http://arts.endow.gov/grants/apply/AIM-presentation.html |archive-date=13 February 2012 }} * {{cite web |last=Thorson |first=Mark |title=Byzantine and Medieval Art: Teaching Christianity |publisher=Bethel University Library Press |date=1 September 2020 |url=https://mlpp.pressbooks.pub/encounterswiththeartsartc150/chapter/byzantine-and-medieval-art-teaching-christianity/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228144022/https://mlpp.pressbooks.pub/encounterswiththeartsartc150/chapter/byzantine-and-medieval-art-teaching-christianity/ |url-status=live }} * {{cite web | title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: architecture | website=[[American Heritage Dictionary]] | url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=architecture | ref={{sfnref|American Heritage Dictionary}} | access-date=7 August 2024 | archive-date=7 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807171628/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=architecture | url-status=live }} * {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[OED Online]] |title=dance, n. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/47116 |ref={{sfnRef|''OED''}} |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002015651/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dance_n |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}} * {{cite web | title=definition of art in English from the Oxford dictionary | website=Oxford Dictionaries | date=30 July 2016 | url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901233826/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art | archive-date=1 September 2016 | url-status=deviated | ref={{sfnref|Oxford|2016}} | access-date=6 August 2024 }} * {{cite web |title=Definition of THE ARTS |website=Merriam-Webster |date=23 October 2023 |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20arts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601021001/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20arts |archive-date=1 June 2017 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref | Merriam-Webster | 2023}} |access-date=3 August 2024 }} * {{Cite NIE |wstitle= Quadrivium |volume= XVI | page=|quote=The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy.}} {{refend}}
== External links == {{Library resources box |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes }} * [https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/topic/art Topic Dictionaries] at [[Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary|Oxford Learner's Dictionaries]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225612/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/art Definition of Art] by [[Lexico]]
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Arts}} [[Category:The arts| ]] [[Category:Aesthetics]] [[Category:Arts-related lists| ]] [[Category:Humanities]]