Tinos

{{About|the Greek island|the font family|Croscore fonts}} {{Redirect|Tenos|the town of ancient Thessaly|Tenos (Thessaly)}} {{Distinguish|Tilos}} {{Infobox Greece place | name = Tinos | name_local = <small>Περιφερειακή ενότητα / Δήμος</small><br />Τήνου | type = regional unit and municipality | image_skyline = Tinos panagia evangelistria 200707 04.jpg | caption_skyline = Panagia Evangelistria, landmark of the island | image_map = 2011 Dimos Tinou.png | map_caption = Tinos within the South Aegean | coordinates = {{Coord|37|37|N|25|08|E|region:GR-L_type:isle|display=inline,title}} | periph = South Aegean | seat = Tinos (town) | area = 194.5 | elevation = | population = 8934 | population_as_of = 2021 | demonym = | postal_code = 842 xx | area_code = 22830 | licence = EM | website = {{URL|www.tinos.gr}} }}

'''Tinos''' ({{langx|el|Τήνος}} {{IPA|el|ˈtinos|}}) is a Greek island situated in the Aegean Sea. It forms part of the Cyclades archipelago. The closest islands are Andros, Delos, and Mykonos. It has a land area of {{convert|194.464|km2|3|abbr=out}}<ref name=stat01>{{cite web |url=http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf |publisher=National Statistical Service of Greece |title=Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation) |language=el}}</ref> and a 2021 census population of 8,934 inhabitants.<ref name=census2023>{{cite web | url = https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_KOIN_2021.xlsx | title = Αποτελέσματα Μόνιμου Πληθυσμού κατά δημοτική κοινότητα | date = 21 April 2023 | publisher = Hellenic Statistical Authority | language = el }}</ref>

Tinos is famous amongst Greeks for the Church of Panagia Evangelistria, for the island's 80 or so windmills,<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.tinos.gr/eng/ |title =Art & Tradition:Windmills |access-date =2007-12-21 |work =Municipality of Tinos |publisher =www.tinos.gr |url-status =dead |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080105210248/http://www.tinos.gr/eng/ |archive-date =2008-01-05 }}</ref> for about 1,000 artistic dovecotes, for 50 active villages and for the Venetian fortifications on the mountain Exomvourgo. On Tinos, both Greek Orthodox and Catholic populations coexist, and the island is also well known for its sculptors and painters, such as Nikolaos Gysis, Yannoulis Chalepas and Nikiforos Lytras.

The island is located near the geographical center of the Cyclades islands complex, and because of the Panagia Evangelistria church, with the reputedly miraculous icon of Virgin Mary that it holds, Tinos is also the center of a yearly pilgrimage that takes place on the date of the Dormition of the Virgin Mary (15 August, {{langx | el | Dekapentavgoustos}}).<ref>For example: Theodore Bent, ''The Cyclades, or Life Among the Insular Greeks''. London, 1885, p. 231ff.</ref> Many pilgrims make their way along the {{convert|800|m|ft|abbr=off}} from the ferry wharf to the church on their hands and knees as sign of devotion.

==History== Anciently, the island was called '''Tenos''' ({{langx|grc|Τῆνος}}), and was also called '''Hydroussa'''/'''Hydroessa''' (Ὑδροῦσσα, Ὑδρόεσσα) from the number of its springs, and '''Ophioussa''' (Ὀφιοῦσσα) because it abounded in snakes.<ref>{{Cite Pliny|4.12.22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Mela|2.7.11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Stephanus|''s.v.'' Τῆνος}}</ref> The sons of Boreas are said to have been slain in this island by Heracles.<ref>Apollon. 1.1304, with Schol.</ref> In the invasion of Greece by Xerxes I, the Tenians were compelled to serve in the Persian fleet; but a Tenian trireme deserted to the Greeks immediately before the Battle of Salamis (480 BCE), and accordingly the name of the Tenians was inscribed upon the tripod at Delphi in the list of Grecian states which had overthrown the Persians.<ref>{{Cite Herodotus|8.82}}</ref> Pausanias relates that the name of the Tenians was also inscribed on the statue of Zeus at Olympia among the Greeks who had fought at the Battle of Plataea.<ref>{{Cite Pausanias|5|23|2}}</ref> The Tenians afterwards formed part of the Delian League, and are mentioned among the subject allies of Athens at the time of the Sicilian expedition.<ref>{{Cite Thucydides|7.57}}</ref> They paid a yearly tribute of 3600 drachmae, from which it may be inferred that they enjoyed a considerable share of prosperity.<ref>Franz, ''Elem. Epigr. Gr.'' No. 49.</ref> Alexander of Pherae took possession of Tenos for a time;<ref>Dem. c. Polycl. p. 1207</ref> and the island was afterwards granted by Marcus Antonius to the Rhodians.<ref>Appian, ''B.C.'' 5.7.</ref>

{{See also|Duchy of the Archipelago}} thumb|left|Map of Tinos by Giacomo Franco (1597)

Following the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, Tinos was one of several islands ruled by private Venetian citizens and belonged to Andrea Ghisi, whose heirs held it until 1390 when the last member of the family branch bequeathed both Tinos and Mykonos to Venice.<ref>William Miller, ''The Latin Orient'' (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1920), p. 39</ref><ref>D. Jacoby, ''La féodalité en Grèce médiévale. Les « Assises de Romanie », sources, application et diffusion'' (1971), p. 237</ref> It was ruled by Venice until 1715, when Tinos was captured by the Ottoman Empire (see Ottoman–Venetian War). It was known as İstendil during Ottoman era.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tinos |url=https://www.abettergreece.com/tinos/ |website=abttergreece.com |access-date=October 3, 2022}}</ref> The Ottomans held Tinos until 1821 when the inhabitants joined in the Greek War of Independence.<ref>[http://www.gefad.gazi.edu.tr/window/dosyapdf/2009/4/40.pdf 40.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221645/http://www.gefad.gazi.edu.tr/window/dosyapdf/2009/4/40.pdf |date=2014-05-12 }}</ref>

The tumult of the period gave rise to an increase in piracy in the region. In 1825 {{HMS|Cambrian|1797|6}} was the lead vessel of a small squadron in anti-piracy operations in the Archipelago, at Alexandria, and around the coasts of Syria. On 27 July 1826, ''Cambrian{{'}}''s boats captured a pirate bombard and burnt a mistico on Tinos. Five pirates were killed and several wounded.

The date of 15 August also commemorates the 1940 sinking in Tinos's harbour of the Greek cruiser ''Elli'', during peacetime, while she rode at anchor, by the Italian submarine ''Delfino''. The ''Elli'' was participating in the celebrations of the Feast of the Dormition. One of the three torpedoes fired hit the ''Elli'' under the one operating boiler and she caught fire and sank. Nine petty officers and sailors were killed and 24 were wounded. The same submarine attempted to torpedo the passenger ships M/V ''Elsi'' and M/V ''Hesperos'' anchored in the port. This attempt failed and the torpedoes only damaged a section of the port's wharf.

Tinos has a varied landscape. From the shores of Panormos and Kolimbithra on the North Shore to Kionia, Agios Yannis O Portos, and Agios Sostis on the Southern Shore, Tinos has many beaches. Tsiknias is the highest mountain on the island at {{convert|750|m|ft|abbr=off}} and hides the village of Livada. The mountain of Exobourgo is quite distinct, and unlike its more rounded Cycladic neighbors, has a jagged appearance that would be more at home in the Alps. Between Tsiknias and Exobourgo lies the fruitful plain of Falatados. This area is unique on the island as its relatively flat terrain (albeit with an elevation of about {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=off}}) is rare on the island. This made it a strong candidate for a proposed airport on the island. The Meltemi winds and concerns of local villagers of the towns of Falatados, and Steni have all but halted the project.

The landscape around Volax is surreal and unusual with giant boulders some the size of multi-storey buildings.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} The village of Volax lies at the center of this landscape. To the west, the mountains surrounding Pyrgos contain green marble.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

All around the island of Tinos, the islanders have made the most unusual things out of stone. The hills are all terraced with stone walls and every village is connected to its nearest neighbors by stone walkways set between a parallel set of stone walls.

The island's mineral resources include marble, Verde antico, asbestos and a granite mine near Volax (also known as Volakas).

==Administration== thumb|View of the town of Tinos

Tinos is a separate regional unit of the South Aegean region, and the only municipality of the regional unit. As a part of the 2011 Kallikratis government reform, the regional unit Tinos was created out of part of the former Cyclades Prefecture. At the same reform, the current municipality Tinos was created out of the three former municipalities:<ref name=Kallikratis>{{Cite web|url=http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL8-SrPzKAEPjjtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6hq6ZkZV96FIukI0UzcPsWCK0LpLhpa7rhiWB4R5ntTnoWw7U8E1Amg.|title=ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text|language=el|publisher=Government Gazette}}</ref>

* Exomvourgo * Panormos * Tinos (town)

===Province=== The province of Tinos ({{langx|el|Επαρχία Τήνου}}) was one of the provinces of the Cyclades Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present regional unit.<ref name=census91>{{cite web|url= http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00086.pdf |title=Detailed census results 1991 }} {{small|(39 MB)}} {{in lang|el|fr}}</ref> It was abolished in 2006.

==Climate== Tinos experiences a Mediterranean climate and has warm and dry summers and mild and wet winters. In the island you come across the etesians (also known as meltemi winds) — the strong, dry north winds of the Aegean Sea, which blow from about mid-May to mid-September. They are at their strongest in the afternoon and often die down at night, but sometimes meltemi winds last for days without a break. Meltemi winds are dangerous to sailors because they come up in clear weather without warning and can blow at 7-8 Beaufort.

{| class="wikitable" |Month |Jan |Feb |Mar |Apr |May |Jun |Jul |Aug |Sep |Oct |Nov |Dec |- |High |14 °C |15 °C |16 °C |19 °C |22 °C |26 °C |28 °C |28 °C |26 °C |23 °C |19 °C |15 °C |- |Low |10 °C |10 °C |11 °C |13 °C |17 °C |21 °C |23 °C |24 °C |21 °C |19 °C |15 °C |12 °C |- |Precipitation |8 |7 |5 |5 |3 |0 |0 |0 |2 |2 |6 |11 |- |Winds in km/h |29 |30 |26 |20 |21 |23 |23 |26 |23 |26 |23 |28 |- |}

==Transportation== Tinos has three ports, one for passenger speed boats, and two for ferries and highspeed boats which carry passengers and cars to other ports, including Mykonos (35 min), Piraeus, Rafina, Andros and Syros.

There is a heliport close to Aghios Fokas beach, some {{convert|2|km|0|abbr=off}} from the town of Tinos.

There are regular buses linking the town of Tinos with other villages on the island.

==Towns and villages== thumb|The village of Kardiani thumb|The village of Volax, postcard from 1907

{{Div col|colwidth=10em}} * Aetopholia * Agapi * Agia Varvara * Agios Fokas * Agios Romanos * Agios Sostis * Arnados * Berdemiaros * Chatzirados * Dyo-Choria * Falatados * Fero Chorio * Kabos * Kaki Skala * Kalloni * Kampos * Kardiani * Karkados * Karya * Kato Kleisma * Kechros * Kionia * Komi * Koumaros * Koumelas * Krokos * Ktikados * Laouti * Livada * Loutra * Lychnaftia * Malli * Mamados * Marlas * Mesi * Monastiri * Monastiria * Mountados * Myrsini * Ormos Agiou Ioannou * Ormos Panormou * Panormos * Perastra * Platia * Potamia * Pyrgos * Rocharis * Skalados * Sklavochorio * Smardakito * Sperados * Steni * Tarampados * Tinos * Triantaros * Tripotamos * Tzados * Venardados * Volax * Vourni * Xinara * Ysternia {{Div col end}}

==Notable people== [[File:A portrait of Kösem Sultan.jpg|thumb|Kösem Sultan, Valide Sultan and the Regent of the Ottoman Empire]]

* Kösem Sultan (Anastasia), wife of Ottoman Sultan Ahmed I, Haseki Sultan and Valide sultan of the Ottoman Empire, mother of Ottoman Sultans Murad IV, Ibrahim I and the official Regent of the Ottoman Empire. She was the most powerful woman in Ottoman history and one of the most powerful women of the 17th Century. She was the de facto supreme ruler of the Ottoman Empire for 20 years and the only woman to held supreme control over the Ottoman Empire and Caliphate with absolute power similar to that of a Sultan. * Saint Pelagia * Ieronymos I (Kotsonis), Archbishop of Athens and All Greece * Haralambos “Babis” Marmanis, Author, Scientist, CTO * Yannoulis Chalepas (1851–1938), sculptor * Lazaros Sochos (1862–1911), sculptor * Patriarch Photius of Alexandria * Nikiphoros Lytras (1832–1904), painter * Nicholaos Gysis (1842–1901), painter * Stelios Perpiniadis (1899–1977), musician * Errikos Kontarinis (1906–1971), actor * Vangelis Protopappas (1917–1995) actor * Anna Fonsou, actress * Lefteris Valakas, sculptor * Fragiskos Alvertis, basketball player * Alekos Alavanos, politician

==Gallery== <gallery class="center" widths=250 heights=250> File:Tinos (15597098751).jpg|Tinos town, view of the port File:Tino - Dapper Olfert - 1688.jpg|Tinos map, Olfert Dapper, Amsterdam, Wolfgangh, 1688 File:Tinos (15573872195).jpg|Saint Nicolas church in Panormos (Pyrgos), Tinos File:Yannoulis Chalepas portrait.jpg|Yannoulis Chalepas File:Tinos kolimbithra bucht 120707 02.jpg|View of Mikri Kolibithra beach File:Tinos 309.jpg|Street of Tinos File:Tinos, Greece (Unsplash).jpg|Tinos, Volax File:Tinos 319.JPG|The congress centre File:Ktikados, Tinos, Greece 2018040618370N00701.jpg|Catholic church at the village of Ktikados File:Tinos (15082052382).jpg|Tinos, Volax landscape File:Lichnaftia, Tinos, Greece 2018041010060N01443.jpg|Dovecote near Lichnaftia, Tinos, Greece File:Tinos (15422595820).jpg|Tinos, Kardiani File:Triantaros Tinos Greece 2018040613200NP0515.jpg|View of Dyo-Choria and Triantaros, Tinos File:Tinos, Greece 2018040613120NP0488.jpg|Tinos panorama </gallery>

==References== {{reflist}}

===Attribution=== {{DGRG|title=Tenos}}

==External links== {{commons category|Tinos}} * [http://www.tinos.gr/ The official travel guide of Tínos] {{in lang|el}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120730050442/http://www.tinos.gov.gr/ Official website of Municipality of Tinos] {{in lang|el}} * [http://www.exombourgo.gr/ Official website of Municipality of Exomvoúrgo] {{in lang|el}}

{{Geographic location | Centre = Tinos | North = ''Aegean Sea'' | Northeast = ''Aegean Sea'' | East = Icaria | Southeast = Mykonos | South = Delos | Southwest = Syros | West = Gyaros | Northwest = Andros }} {{The Cyclades}} {{Kallikratis-South Aegean}} {{Tinos div}} {{Aegean Sea}} {{Regional units of Greece}} {{Prefectures and provinces of Greece}} {{Stato da Mar}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Tinos Category:Cyclades Category:Islands of the South Aegean Category:Landforms of Tinos Category:Members of the Delian League Category:Municipalities of the South Aegean Category:Places in Greek mythology Category:Populated places in the ancient Aegean islands Category:Provinces of Greece Category:Stato da Màr