{{Short description|Volcanic cone in British Columbia, Canada}} {{Featured article}} {{Use Canadian English|date=January 2025}} {{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Tennena Cone | image = Tennena Cone.jpg | image_alt = A black cone-shaped mountain rising over glacial ice in the foreground | image_caption = Tennena Cone from the northwest | mapframe = yes | mapframe-caption = Location in [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]] | mapframe-zoom = 8 | mapframe-wikidata = yes | elevation_m = 2390 | elevation_ref = {{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=41}} | coordinates = {{Coord|57|41|03|N|130|39|44|W|type:mountain_region:CA-BC|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = {{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}} | length = {{convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=on}} | length_ref = {{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=41}} | width = {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width_ref = {{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=41}} | etymology = Combination of the [[Tahltan language|Tahltan]] words {{lang|tht|ten}} and {{lang|tht|nena}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}} | translation = {{gloss|Icebridge}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}} | map= Canada British Columbia | map_alt = Relief map of British Columbia pinpointing the location of Tennena Cone | map_caption = Location in British Columbia | country = [[Canada]]{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=39}} | region_type = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]] | region = [[British Columbia]]{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=39}} | district = [[Cassiar Land District]]{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}} | part_type = [[Protected area]] | part = [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]]{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}} | topo_maker = [[National Topographic System|NTS]] | topo_map = {{Canada NTS Map Sheet|104|G|10}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}} | formed_by = [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex|Volcanism]]{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=26}} | type = [[Subglacial mound]]{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Tennena Cone}} | geology = [[Alkali basalt]]{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}} | volcanic_zone = [[Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province|Northern Cordilleran Province]]{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=40}} | volcanic_field = [[Snowshoe Lava Field]]{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}} | last_eruption = [[Pleistocene]] or [[Holocene]] age{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Tennena Cone}}{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|pp=39, 41}} }} '''Tennena Cone''', alternatively '''Icebridge Cone''', is a small [[volcanic cone]] in [[Cassiar Land District]] of northwestern [[British Columbia]], Canada. It has an [[elevation]] of {{convert|2390|m|ft|abbr=off}} and lies on the upper western flank of [[Ice Peak]], the [[topographic prominence|prominent]] south peak of [[Mount Edziza]]. The cone is almost completely surrounded by Mount Edziza's [[ice cap]] and is one of several [[volcano]]es in the [[Snowshoe Lava Field]] on the [[Big Raven Plateau]]. Tennena Cone is {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, {{convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and up to {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide; its symmetrical structure resembles a black [[pyramidal peak|pyramid]]. The cone and the surrounding area are in [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]], which also includes the [[Spectrum Range]] to the south.
Tennena Cone is part of the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]], a group of overlapping volcanoes that have formed over the last 7.5 million years. It overlies four [[geological formation]]s of this volcanic complex that formed during the [[Miocene]], [[Pliocene]] and [[Pleistocene]] epochs, all of which consist of several types of [[volcanic rock]]s. Tennena Cone consists of [[pillow lava]]s, [[tuff breccia]]s and [[lapilli tuff]]s of the younger [[Big Raven Formation]], which were deposited by a small [[subglacial eruption|eruption under glacial ice]]. The exact timing of this eruption is unknown, but [[radiometric dating]] of [[alkali basalt]]ic pillow lavas from Tennena Cone suggests that it occurred sometime in the last 33,000 years.
==Name and etymology== The name of the [[volcanic cone]] became official on January 2, 1980, and was adopted on the [[National Topographic System]] map 104G after being submitted to the [[BC Geographical Names]] office by the [[Geological Survey of Canada]].{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}}{{sfn|Geographical Names Data Base: Tennena Cone}} It was required for [[geology]] reporting purposes since [[Jack Souther]], a [[volcanologist]] of the Geological Survey of Canada, was studying the area in detail between 1970 and 1992.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}}{{sfn|Geological Association of Canada|1996|p=3}}{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Mount Edziza}}
''Tennena'' is a combination of the [[Tahltan language|Tahltan]] words {{lang|tht|ten}} and {{lang|tht|nena}}, which mean {{gloss|ice}} and {{gloss|bridge}}, respectively.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}} Tennena Cone was given its name because it is almost completely surrounded by glacial ice in an [[alpine tundra|alpine]] environment.{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}} In his 1992 report ''The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia'', Jack Souther gave Tennena Cone the [[numeronym]] SLF-1, SLF being an acronym for the [[Snowshoe Lava Field]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=214}} Tennena Cone and the associated [[volcanic rock]]s have collectively been called the Tennena volcanic centre.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=39}} ==Geography== Tennena Cone is located in [[Cassiar Land District]] of northwestern [[British Columbia]], Canada, and resembles a symmetrical, {{convert|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, {{convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and up to {{convert|600|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide black [[pyramidal peak|pyramid]].{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}}{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|pp=39, 41}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=230}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Cassiar Land District}} Its northern, eastern and southern flanks are mantled by the roughly {{convert|70|km2|mi2|adj=mid|abbr=off}} [[Mount Edziza#Glaciation|Mount Edziza ice cap]] and rise about {{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the ice surface.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Field|1975|p=43}} Tennena Cone lies at the northern end of [[Tencho Glacier]] and reaches an [[elevation]] of {{convert|2390|m|ft|abbr=on}} on the upper western flank of [[Ice Peak]], the [[topographic prominence|prominent]] south peak of [[Mount Edziza]].{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=41}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=26}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak}}
At lower elevations, Tennena Cone is surrounded by [[Ornostay Bluff]] in the northwest and by [[Koosick Bluff]] in the southwest.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}} Between these two bluffs is the [[river source|head]] of [[Sezill Creek]] which flows northwest from the surrounding [[Big Raven Plateau]] and then drains into [[Taweh Creek]], a [[tributary]] of [[Mess Creek]].{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Sezill Creek}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Taweh Creek}} The Big Raven Plateau is a major [[physiographic]] feature of the [[Mount Edziza volcanic complex]], which consists of a group of overlapping [[shield volcano]]es, [[stratovolcano]]es, [[lava dome]]s and [[cinder cone]]s that have formed over the last 7.5 million years.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=32}}{{sfn|Souther|1990|pp=124, 125}} At the southern end of the Big Raven Plateau is the Snowshoe Lava Field, of which Tennena Cone is a part.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}
Tennena Cone lies in [[Mount Edziza Provincial Park]] southeast of the community of [[Telegraph Creek]].{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}} With an area of {{Convert|266180|ha|acre|abbr=off}}, Mount Edziza Provincial Park is one of the largest [[provincial parks in British Columbia]] and was established in 1972 to preserve the volcanic landscape.{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Photo Gallery}}{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}} It includes not only the Mount Edziza area but also the [[Spectrum Range]] to the south, both of which are separated by [[Raspberry Pass]].{{sfn|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}} Mount Edziza Provincial Park is in the [[Tahltan Highland]], a southeast-trending [[Upland and lowland|upland]] area extending along the western side of the [[Stikine Plateau]].{{sfn|Department of Energy, Mines and Resources|1989}}{{sfn|Holland|1976|p=49}}
==Geology== ===Background=== Tennena Cone is part of the [[Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province]], a broad area of volcanoes and lava flows extending from northwestern British Columbia northwards through [[Yukon]] into easternmost [[Alaska]].{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=40}}{{sfn|Edwards|Russell|2000|pp=1280, 1281, 1283, 1284}} The dominant rocks comprising these volcanoes are [[alkali basalt]]s and [[hawaiite]]s, but [[nephelinite]], [[basanite]] and [[peralkaline rock|peralkaline]]{{efn|''Peralkaline rocks'' are magmatic rocks that have a higher ratio of sodium and potassium to aluminum.{{sfn|McGraw Hill|2003|p=253}}}} [[phonolite]], [[trachyte]] and [[comendite]] are locally abundant. These rocks were deposited by volcanic eruptions from 20 million years ago to as recently as a few hundred years ago. Volcanism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to be due to [[rift]]ing of the [[North American Cordillera]], driven by changes in relative [[plate tectonics|plate motion]] between the [[North American Plate|North American]] and [[Pacific Plate|Pacific]] plates.{{sfn|Edwards|Russell|2000|p=1280}}
===Lithology=== Tennena Cone consists mainly of [[Big Raven Formation]] alkali basalt that can be mapped into four subdivisions, all of which are exposed on the eastern, southern and western flanks of the cone.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=46}} The first subdivision is crudely [[bed (geology)|bedded]] massive [[tuff breccia]] exposed in near-vertical cliffs on the flanks of Tennena Cone. Exposed in scarps on the eastern and southern flanks of Tennena Cone is [[lapilli tuff]] of the second subdivision which forms {{convert|10|to|30|cm|in|adj=mid|-thick|abbr=off}} beds. Two {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide [[dike (geology)|dikes]]{{efn|A ''dike'' is a sheet-shaped intrusion of magma into pre-existing rock.{{sfn|Korteniemi|2015|pp=591–595}}}} comprise the third subdivision, both of which consist of fragmented [[plagioclase]]-[[phyric]] rock.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|pp=41, 46}} The first dike forms a {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} high remnant and is exposed on the eastern flank of Tennena Cone whereas the second dike is exposed {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} to the south. In addition to occurring on the eastern flank, the second dike is also exposed on the western flank and along the summit ridge of Tennena Cone.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=43}} The fourth subdivision consists of [[pillow lava|pillow]] and fluidal lavas that overlie tuff breccia in the northern section of the cone.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|pp=41, 46, 48}}
At the southwestern base of Tennena Cone are elongated mounds of pillow lava that cover about {{convert|0.45|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} of [[hummock]]y topography. They have a maximum basal diameter of {{convert|75|m|ft|abbr=on}} and range from {{convert|3|to|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} high, decreasing in height to the southwest. The orientation of these mounds suggest that they were formed by a [[fissure vent|fissure]] eruption.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=48}} Just west of these pillow lava mounds are massive non-pillowed lava flows which are exposed over an area of around {{convert|0.4|km2|mi2|abbr=off}} across gently sloping [[terrain]].{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|pp=40, 41, 49}} Extending west of Tennena Cone north of the pillow lava mounds and massive non-pillowed lava flows is a {{convert|4.4|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|abbr=off}} pillowed lava flow that terminates at the head of Sezill Creek valley.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|pp=40, 49}} It contains pillows that range from less than to more than {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter, as well as vertically oriented pillow-like lava bodies.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|pp=43, 45, 49}}
[[Pumice]] of the [[Sheep Track Member]] is present on Tennena Cone and other volcanoes in the Snowshoe Lava Field.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=228, 237}} This is [[tephra]], deposited via [[pyroclastic fall]] by a small but violent [[Volcanic Explosivity Index|VEI]]-3 eruption from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak in the last 7,000 years, most likely around 950 CE.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=27, 228}}{{sfn|Global Volcanism Program: Edziza|loc=Eruptive History}} Sheep Track pumice is [[lithologically]] distinct from the rest of the Big Raven Formation, consisting mainly of comenditic trachyte rather than alkali basalt or hawaiite.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=213}} The source of the pumice is unknown, but it probably originated from a vent under Tencho Glacier, the largest glacier of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=237}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Tencho Glacier}}
===Formation=== [[File:Mt. Edziza - 4037245997.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A black cone-shaped mountain rising over glacial ice and three climbers in the foreground|Glacier of [[Mount Edziza]] with the summit of Tennena Cone obscured by clouds in the background]] Tennena Cone was one of the first volcanoes to erupt during the [[Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex#Fifth magmatic cycle|fifth magmatic cycle]] of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=26, 267}} Its formation began when basaltic [[magma]] issued from a vent under {{convert|500|–|1400|m|ft|abbr=on}} of glacial ice where it was quenched to create the pillow lavas, tuff breccias and lapilli tuffs comprising Tennena Cone.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=39}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=26}} This volcanic material accumulated inside a [[depression (geology)|depression]] melted in the ice but did not breach the ice surface, resulting in the formation of a [[subglacial mound]].{{sfn|Natural Resources Canada: Tennena Cone}}{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=55}} Lava flows from Tennena Cone travelled west through tunnels created by eruption-generated [[meltwater]] escaping at the base of the enclosing ice.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=55}}
The longest lava flow at the head of Sezill Creek valley {{convert|4.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of Tennena Cone travelled to the western edge of the enclosing ice, causing a violent [[steam explosion]].{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=26}}{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|pp=40, 41, 51}} This explosive interaction between meltwater and lava spilled over the terminal [[moraine]] and spread onto the Big Raven Plateau beyond the ice.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=26}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=51}} Although the lava flow was quenched by meltwater throughout its entire length, it has a thickness of {{convert|2|–|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} and travelled into small depressions of the current topography. This suggests that the lava flow was relatively fluid at the time of eruption, resulting in higher mobility.{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=230}}
The exact age of Tennena Cone is unknown, but it may have formed during the [[Last Glacial Maximum]] between 23,000 and 18,000 years ago when the Mount Edziza volcanic complex was covered by the [[Cordilleran Ice Sheet]].{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=39}}{{sfn|Cunha et al.|2011|p=175}} Another possibility is the cone formed under an expansion of the Mount Edziza ice cap during the [[Younger Dryas]] between 12,900 and 11,600 years ago or during a more recent glacial advance.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=39}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|p=26}}{{sfn|Fiedel|2011|p=262}} [[Argon–argon dating]] of [[volcanic glass|glassy]] pillow lava from Tennena Cone has yielded ages of 0.011 ± 0.033 million years and 0.005 ± 0.033 million years, but further work is required to improve the precision of these ages.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=52}}{{sfn|Smellie|2018|p=364}}
Since its eruption under glacial ice, Tennena Cone has been modified by [[glacial erosion]].{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=56}} This includes the steepening of its flanks and the formation of its {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} long summit ridge, which is covered with morainal [[detritus (geology)|detritus]].{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|pp=48, 56}} The degree of glacial erosion and the deposition of morainal detritus on the summit ridge of Tennena Cone suggest that the volcano was overlain by significantly thick ice. This ice may have also overlain the summit of Mount Edziza, which is {{convert|3.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the north-northeast and {{convert|397|m|ft|abbr=on}} higher than that of Tennena Cone.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|pp=41, 56}}
===Basement=== [[File:Mt. Edziza - 4037996194.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Three climbers standing on a dark glacier with a black mountain in the right background|Glacier of Mount Edziza with the summit of Tennena Cone obscured by clouds in the right background]] Tennena Cone overlies the [[Armadillo Formation|Armadillo]], [[Ice Peak Formation|Ice Peak]], [[Nido Formation|Nido]] and [[Raspberry Formation|Raspberry]] formations, all of which are older [[stratigraphic unit]]s of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex}} The Ice Peak Formation is the youngest of the four [[geological formation]]s and is divided into two principal assemblages of [[Pleistocene]] age. The lower assemblage consists of alkali basalt and hawaiite with minor [[tristanite]], [[trachybasalt]] and [[mugearite]]. These rocks are in the form of pillow lavas, pillow breccias, tuff breccias and [[glaciovolcanism|ice-contact]] deposits, as well as [[subaerial]] lava flows and [[pyroclastic rock|pyroclastic]] breccias. The upper assemblage consists of alkali basalt, trachybasalt, trachyte, tristanite, [[benmoreite]] and mugearite, which comprise pyroclastic breccias, lava flows and lava domes.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}} Underlying the Ice Peak Formation are alkali basalt lava flows and flow breccias of the [[Tenchen Member]] of the Nido Formation, which were erupted from multiple volcanoes during the [[Pliocene]].{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex}}
[[Miocene]] comendite, trachyte, alkali basalt and minor sparsely [[porphyritic]]{{efn|''Porphyritic'' pertains to the resemblance of [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] which are magmatic rocks consisting of large crystals in a fine-grained matrix.{{sfn|McGraw Hill|2003|p=271}}}} hawaiite of the Armadillo Formation underlie the Nido Formation; they are in the form of lava flows, flow breccias, pumice, [[ash flow]]s and [[Agglutinate (geology)|agglutinate]]. The oldest geological formation underlying Tennena Cone is the Raspberry Formation, which consists of Miocene alkali basalt and minor hawaiite and mugearite.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex}} These volcanic rocks are in the form of lava flows, flow breccias and agglutinate, although pillow lava and tuff breccia occur locally.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}} Underlying the Raspberry Formation are [[sedimentary rock|sedimentary]], volcanic or [[metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] rocks of the [[Stikinia terrane]], which are [[Paleozoic]] and [[Mesozoic]] in age.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex}}{{sfn|Souther|1992|pp=2, 39}}
===Significance=== Tennena Cone and its eruptive products are of geological significance because they contain an unusually wide range of features characteristic of a small-volume eruption under thick glacial ice.{{sfn|Smellie|Edwards|2016|p=45}} These features include ordinary pillow lavas and vertically oriented, distended pillow lavas, as well as massive non-pillowed lavas, [[interbedded]] gravelly sands, and [[sandstone]] which is poorly [[lithification|consolidated]].{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|pp=40, 41}} The subglacially emplaced lavas erupted from Tennena Cone are also of geological significance because they can be traced more than {{convert|3|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the vent area.{{sfn|Smellie|Edwards|2016|p=45}} Their well-preserved textures and [[geomorphological]] structures can be used to help identify other subglacially-emplaced lava flows on Earth and on other terrestrial bodies such as Mars.{{sfn|Hungerford et al.|2014|p=39}} Tennena Cone is one of two [[glaciovolcanic]] features at Mount Edziza that have been investigated in detail, the other being [[Pillow Ridge]] on the northwestern side of the mountain.{{sfn|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}{{sfn|Smellie|2018|p=364}}{{sfn|BC Geographical Names: Pillow Ridge}}
==See also== {{Portal|Volcanoes|Mountains}} *[[List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes]] *[[List of volcanoes in Canada]] *[[Volcanism of Western Canada]]
==Notes== {{notelist}}
==References== {{reflist}}
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G.|last2=Edwards|first2=Benjamin R.|last3=Skilling|first3=Ian P.|last4=Cameron|first4=Barry I.|title=Evolution of a Subglacial Basaltic Lava Flow Field: Tennena Volcanic Center, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia, Canada|journal=[[Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research]]|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|pages=39–58|volume=272|year=2014|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.09.012|bibcode=2014JVGR..272...39H |issn=0377-0273|ref={{harvid|Hungerford et al.|2014}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=859|name=Ice Peak|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930230334/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/859.html|archive-date=September 30, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak}}}} *{{cite encyclopedia|editor-last1=Hargitai|editor-first1=Henrik|editor-last2=Kereszturi|editor-first2=Ákos|last1=Korteniemi|first1=Jarmo|title=Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms|date=2015|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|isbn=978-1-4614-3134-3|chapter=Dike (Igneous)|pages=591–595 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3_112}} *{{cite web|url=https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123120553/https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/|archive-date=January 23, 2023|title=Mount Edziza Provincial Park|publisher=[[BC Parks]]|ref={{harvid|BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=16786|name=Pillow Ridge|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001004911/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/16786.html|archive-date=October 1, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Pillow Ridge}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=15312|name=Sezill Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001042010/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15312.html|archive-date=October 1, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Sezill Creek}}}} *{{cite book|editor-last1=Menzies|editor-first1=John|editor-last2=van der Meer|editor-first2=Jaap J. M.|last1=Smellie|first1=J. L.|title=Past Glacial Environments|chapter=Glaciovolcanism: A 21st Century Proxy for Palaeo-Ice|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|edition=2|year=2018|pages=335–375|isbn=978-0-08-100524-8}} *{{cite book|last1=Smellie|first1=John L.|last2=Edwards|first2=Benjamin R.|title=Glaciovolcanism on Earth and Mars: Products, Processes and Palaeoenvironmental Significance|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1-107-03739-7}} *{{cite map|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|title=Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia|map=1623A|scale=1:50,000|type=[[Geological map]]|cartography=M. Sigouin, [[Geological Survey of Canada]]|publisher=[[Energy, Mines and Resources Canada]]|year=1988|language=en|doi=10.4095/133498|doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Souther 1988: Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia}}}} *{{cite map|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|url=https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/gsc/memoirs/420/map_1623a_accompany.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706002237/https://emrlibrary.gov.yk.ca/gsc/memoirs/420/map_1623a_accompany.pdf|archive-date=July 6, 2024|title=Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex|scale=1:50,000|type=Diagrammatic [[cross section (geology)|cross sections]]|cartography=M. Sigouin, [[Geological Survey of Canada]]|publisher=[[Energy, Mines and Resources Canada]]|year=1988|ref={{harvid|Souther 1988: Diagrammatic Cross-sections A-B-C, D-E, F-G-H-I, J-K-L, M-N-O, P-Q-R to Accompany Map 1623A, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex}}}} *{{Cite report|last1=Souther|first1=J. G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|title=The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia| work=[[Geological Survey of Canada]]|publisher=Canada Communication Group|series=Memoir 420|year=1992|isbn=0-660-14407-7|doi=10.4095/133497|doi-access=free}} *{{cite book|editor-last1=Wood|editor-first1=Charles A.|editor-last2=Kienle|editor-first2=Jürgen|last1=Souther|first1=Jack G.|author-link1=Jack Souther|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eyDRib-FJh4C|title=Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada|year=1990|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=0-521-43811-X}} *{{cite web|title=Stikine Volcanic Belt: Mount Edziza|work=Catalogue of Canadian Volcanoes|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=April 1, 2009|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_edziza_e.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608034953/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/feature_edziza_e.php|archive-date=June 8, 2009|ref={{harvid|Natural Resources Canada: Mount Edziza}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=18502|name=Taweh Creek|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001050520/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/18502.html|archive-date=October 1, 2021|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Taweh Creek}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=15009|name=Tencho Glacier|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607215233/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15009.html|archive-date=June 7, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Tencho Glacier}}}} *{{cite bcgnis|id=15030|name=Tennena Cone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608011914/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15030.html|archive-date=June 8, 2024|ref={{harvid|BC Geographical Names: Tennena Cone}}}} *{{cite web|title=Tennena Cone|work=Catalogue of Canadian Volcanoes|publisher=[[Natural Resources Canada]]|date=March 10, 2009|url=http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_tcn_094|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211101432/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_tcn_094|archive-date=December 11, 2010|ref={{harvid|Natural Resources Canada: Tennena Cone}}}} *{{cite cgndb|id=JBAWC|title=Tennena Cone|ref={{harvid|Geographical Names Data Base: Tennena Cone}}}} {{refend}}
==Further reading== {{refbegin}} {{commons category|Tennena Cone}} *{{cite conference|last1=Hungerford|first1=J. D.|last2=Skilling|first2=I.|last3=Lloyd|first3=A.|last4=Edwards|first4=B.|title=Preliminary Interpretation on the Role of Sub-Ice Topography on the Emplacement of Basaltic Pillow Lavas at Tennana Cone, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia, Canada|conference=[[American Geophysical Union]], Fall Meeting 2006|website=[[Astrophysics Data System]]|year=2006|bibcode=2006AGUFM.V53C1756H|ref=none}} *{{cite thesis|last1=Hungerford|first1=Jefferson D. G.|url=http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/20197/10/Hungerfordjdg_etd2013_v2.1.pdf|degree=PhD|title=The Mechanics of Subglacial Basaltic Lava Flow Emplacement: Inferring Paleo-Ice Conditions|publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]|year=2013|ref=none}}
==External links== *{{cite peakbagger|pid=51406|name=Tennena Cone, British Columbia}}
{{refend}}
{{Mount Edziza volcanic complex}} {{Northern Cordilleran volcanoes}} {{Interior Mountains}}
[[Category:Parasitic cones of Mount Edziza]] [[Category:Subglacial mounds of Canada]] [[Category:Quaternary volcanoes]] [[Category:Snowshoe Lava Field]] [[Category:Two-thousanders of British Columbia]] [[Category:Tahltan place names]]