Kazakhstani tenge

The tenge (ten-gay, /ˈtɛŋɡeɪ/^[4] or /tɛŋˈɡeɪ/;^[5] Kazakh: теңге, teñge tʲeŋˈɡʲe; Russian: тенге; sign: ₸ ; code: KZT) is the currency of Kazakhstan. It is divided into 100 tiyn (tea-ANN, Kazakh: тиын, tiyn təˈjən).

History

After the breakup of the Soviet Union in December 1991, most of the formerly Soviet republics attempted to maintain a common currency. Some politicians hoped to at least maintain "special relations" among former Soviet republics (the "near abroad"). Other reasons were the economic considerations for maintaining the ruble zone. The wish to preserve strong trade relations between former Soviet republics was considered the most important goal.^[6]

The break-up of the Soviet Union was not accompanied by any formal changes in monetary arrangements. The Central Bank of Russia took over the State Bank of the USSR (Gosbank) on 1 January 1992. It continued to ship Soviet notes and coins to the central banks of the eleven newly independent countries, which had formerly been the main branches of Gosbank in the republics.

The political situation, however, was not favourable for maintaining a common currency.^[6] Maintaining a common currency requires a strong political consensus in respect to monetary and fiscal targets, a common institution in charge of implementing these targets, and some minimum of common legislation (concerning the banking and foreign-exchange regulations).^{[citation needed]} These conditions were far from being met amidst the turbulent economic and political situation.

During the first half of 1992, there existed a monetary union where 15 independent states all used the ruble. Since it was clear that the situation would not last, each of them was using its position as "free-riders" to issue huge amounts of money in the form of credit.^[7] As a result, some countries were issuing coupons in order to "protect" their markets from buyers from other states. The Russian central bank responded in July 1992 by setting up restrictions to the flow of credit between Russia and other states. The final collapse of the ruble zone began when Russia pulled out with the exchange of banknotes by the Central Bank of Russia on Russian territory at the end of July 1993.^[8]

As a result, Kazakhstan and other countries still in the ruble zone were "pushed out."^[7] On 12 November 1993, the president of Kazakhstan issued a decree "On introducing national currency of Republic of Kazakhstan." The tenge was introduced on 15 November 1993 to replace Soviet currency at a rate of ₸ 1 = Rbls 500. In 1991, a "special group" of designers was set up: Mendybay Alin, Timur Suleymenov, Asimsaly Duzelkhanov and Khayrulla Gabzhalilov. Thus 15 November is celebrated as the "Day of National Currency of Republic of Kazakhstan". In 1995 a tenge-printing factory opened in Kazakhstan. The first consignment of tenge banknotes were printed in the United Kingdom and the first coins were struck in Germany. In February 2019, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev signed a bill into law that would remove all Russian captions from future tenge banknotes and coins.^[9]

Etymology

The word tenge in Kazakh and in most other Turkic languages means balance, a set of weighing scale, balanced scale and parity of scale or other measurements. (Turkish denge, cf the old Uzbek tenga or the Tajik borrowed term tanga). The origin of the word is the Mongolic word teng (ᠲᠡᠩ) originating from Chinese děng (等 or 戥) which means "being equal, balance". The name of this currency is thus similar to the pound, lira, peso, taka, and shekel. The name of the currency is also related to the Russian word for money Russian: деньги/ den'gi, which the Old Russian language borrowed from Turkic sources.^[10]

Symbol

Originally a simple letter "Т" was used to denote amounts in tenge, this is still recommended when the tenge symbol is not available.^[11] In autumn 2006 the National Bank of Kazakhstan organised a competition for a unique symbol for the currency and received over 30,000 applications.

On 20 March 2007, two days before the Nauryz holiday, the National Bank of Kazakhstan approved a graphical symbol for the tenge: ₸.

On 29 March 2007, the Bank announced two designers from Almaty, Vadim Davydenko and Sanzhar Amirkhanov, as winners for the design of the symbol of the Kazakhstani tenge. They shared a prize of ₸1,000,000 and the title of "parents" of the tenge symbol.^[12]

The character was included in Unicode 5.2.0 (August 2009) at code point U+20B8.^[13]

Coins

While older coins were struck in Germany, current coins are struck domestically, by the Kazakhstan Mint in Oskemen.

First series (1993)

In 1993, the first series of coins were introduced in denominations of 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 tiyin featuring the national arms and were struck in bronze. The coins of ₸ 1, ₸ 3, ₸ 5, ₸ 10, and ₸ 20 were struck in cupro-nickel and depicted stylized and mythical animals. The coins of this period circulated alongside tiyin and low denomination tenge notes of equal value. Tiyin coins were withdrawn as of 7 February 2001 and lost their effect as legal currency as of 31 December 2012.^[14][15]

Second series (1998)

In 1998, a new series of coins was introduced. After the withdrawal of tiyin denominated coins ₸ 1 became the smallest denomination. ₸ 100 were later introduced in 2002 replacing the equivalent notes. A ₸ 2 coin was introduced in 2005. In 2013 the alloy of lower denomination coins was altered.

Third series (2019)

In 2019, a new series of coins was introduced into circulation, with the same coin specifications and metallic compositions as the second series. But with the inscriptions of the coins now rendered in Latin-based Kazakh instead of Kazakh-based Cyrillic.

The coins were issued as part of the efforts of the presidential decree issued by former President Nursultan Nazarbayev of its transition of switching from a Cyrillic-based alphabet to a Latin-based alphabet and emphasizing Kazakh culture and distance the country from Russian influence. The designs of the coins were approved by Interim President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev on 20 March 2019. Previously issued coins bearing the Kazakh Cyrillic script will remain legal tender alongside the new Kazakh Latin inscribed coins. In 2019, the National Bank of Kazakhstan announced the issuance of new ₸200 coins, which were issued into circulation in 2020. This new denomination features inscriptions in Latin-based Kazakh, and like the ₸100 coin, is bi-metallic.^[17]

Commemorative coins

Commemorative coins are issued in denominations of ₸20, ₸50, ₸100, ₸500, ₸1,000, ₸2,500, ₸5,000 and ₸10,000. Silver and gold bullion coins exist in denominations of ₸1, ₸2, ₸5, ₸10, ₸20, ₸50 and ₸100. Many of the ₸20 and ₸50 commemoratives are also struck in cupro-nickel and occasionally make it out into general circulation as a side coinage with face value.

Banknotes

1993 series

The banknotes were introduced into circulation on November 15, 1993. Following the introduction of the first series of coins, the fractional notes (denominated in tiyn) were withdrawn from circulation.

On November 15, 2006, the 1993 series banknotes of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 tenge were officially withdrawn from circulation. De facto, they began to leave circulation between 1999 and 2003. Following the withdrawal date, the old banknotes were accepted for exchange by all second-tier banks for one year; for an additional five years, the exchange could only be performed at branches of the National Bank after an authenticity check.^[19]

Banknotes of the 1993-2003 series

In 2016, the 10,000 tenge banknote was recognized as the most beautiful banknote in the world by The Telegraph newspaper.^[22]

2006 series

The National Bank of Kazakhstan issued a new series of tenge banknotes in 2006. This was not a currency reform as they replaced existing notes at face value.

The 2006 series is far more exotic than its predecessors. The obverse is vertical and the denomination is written in Kazakh. All denominations depict the Bayterek monument, the flag of Kazakhstan, the Coat of arms, the handprint with a signature of president Nursultan Nazarbayev and fragments of the national anthem. The main differences across each denomination are only the colours, denominations and underprint patterns.

On the contrast, the reverse side of the notes are more different. The denomination is written in Russian, and each denomination shows a unique building and geography of Kazakhstan in the outline of its borders.

The first printing of the ₸2,000 and ₸5,000 notes issued in 2006 had misspellings of the word for "bank" (the correct spelling "банкі" bankı was misspelled "*банқі" banqı). The misspelling was a politically sensitive issue due to the cultural and political importance of the Kazakh language.^[23]

On 3 October 2016, the ₸2,000, ₸5,000 and ₸10,000 banknotes of the 2006 series lost their legal tender status and are no longer valid. From 4 October 2016 to 3 October 2017, these notes could be exchanged without commission at any second tier bank and branches of the National Bank of Kazakhstan.^[24]

2011–2022 series

The National Bank of Kazakhstan issued a new series of tenge banknotes dated 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 in denominations of ₸1,000, ₸2,000, ₸5,000, and ₸10,000.^{[25][26][27][28]} The designs for this series feature the "Kazakh Eli" monument on the front of the notes. On 1 December 2015, a new ₸20,000 banknote was introduced. It contains the issue date of 2013, and is a commemorative note to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the introduction of its national currency, but was not issued until 2015.^[29] In 2017, the National Bank of Kazakhstan issued a ₸500 banknote as part of this series, but has caused controversy over an image of a gull on the reverse side of the note and the image of the Moscow business center in Kazakhstan's capital of Astana.^[30]

2023-2025 series

The National Bank of Kazakhstan announced a new series of banknotes set for issue from 2023 to 2025. Named "Saka", the series will introduce notes issued in a reduced size, drop the Russian language, and incorporate many new security features for all six denominations. Banknotes of the previous series will cease to be legal tender after the release of each denomination, and will be redeemable at banks and post offices for up to three years. The National Bank of Kazakhstan will redeem all previous issues without limit.^[31]

Commemorative banknotes

Since 2008, a number of commemorative designs have been issued, including notes celebrating the 2011 Asian Winter Games hosted in Astana. Commemoratives can typically be found in these denominations: ₸1,000, ₸2,000, ₸5,000, and ₸10,000.

Digital tenge

The National Bank of Kazakhstan publicly released plans to develop a national digital currency.^[33]

Commemorative banknotes

Exchange rates and inflation

On 2 September 2013, the National Bank of Kazakhstan moved the tenge from a managed float and pegged it to the US dollar and the Russian ruble.^[35]

On 11 February 2014, the Kazakh National Bank chose to devalue the tenge by 19% against the U.S. dollar in response to a weakening of the Russian ruble.^[36]

On 20 August 2015, the Kazakhstan National Bank did away with the currency band with respect to conversion rate of tenge. Now, the tenge is a free-floating currency and its exchange rate against the major currencies are determined by demand and supply in the market. Due to this change, the tenge lost 30% of its value in a single day.^[37]

See also

• Economy of Kazakhstan

References

1. ^ "World Bank Editorial Style Guide 2020". World Bank. p. 136. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
2. ^ "ISO4217 AMENDMENT NUMBER 72 - 1994-05-17"
3. ^ Bureau of National Statistics. "Inflation in the Republic of Kazakhstan". stat.gov.kz. Retrieved 2026-05-04.
4. ^ "tenge in Lexico". Lexico. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
5. ^ "tenge in Collins Dictionary". Collins Dictionary. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
6. ^ Odling-Smee, J. ao (2001). "The IMF and the ruble area, 1991-93". Retrieved 2014-12-16.
7. ^ Dąbrowski, M (1995). "The reasons for the collapse of the Ruble zone". Retrieved 2014-12-16.
8. ^ Назарбаев Н. А. (2023). "Тенге — опора". Моя жизнь: От зависимости к свободе. Астана: Фолиант. p. 708. ISBN 978-601-271-803-4.
9. ^ "С казахстанских тенге исчезнут надписи на русском языке" (in Russian). Interfax.ru. 2019-02-22. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
10. ^ "деньги — Викисловарь". ru.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
11. ^ "World Bank Editorial Style Guide 2020 - page 136". openknowledge.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
12. ^ "Узнавайте тенге в "лицо"! | www.izvestia.kz". Archived from the original on 2013-02-18. Retrieved 2012-05-03.
13. ^ "Unicode 5.2.0 (August 2009)". FileFormat.info. August 2009. Archived 2015-09-10 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
14. ^ Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 7 февраля 2001 года № 549 «О некоторых вопросах функционирования национальной валюты Республики Казахстан».
15. ^ "Указ Президента Республики Казахстан от 9 ноября 2011 года № 170". base.spinform.ru. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
16. ^ Решения (IR.KZ), Интернет. "Қазақстан Ұлттық Банкі" (in Kazakh). www.nationalbank.kz. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
17. ^ [1] Archived 2022-08-09 at the Wayback Machine Қазақстан Ұлттық Банкі. Retrieved on 2021-08-28.
18. ^ Решения (IR.KZ), Интернет. "Национальный Банк Казахстана" (in Russian). nationalbank.kz. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
19. ^ "On the withdrawal from circulation of the national currency banknotes of the 1993 series - IPS "Adilet"" (in Russian). adilet.zan.kz. Archived 2022-07-11 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
20. ^ "NBRK: Circulation coins". Archived 2012-09-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
21. ^ "NBRK: Banknotes with denominations of 50 tenge, 20 tenge, 10 tenge, 5 tenge, 3 tenge, 1 tenge". Archived 2012-09-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
22. ^ "Tenge again recognized as the most beautiful banknote in the world" (in Russian). Archived 2021-11-18 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2021-11-18.
23. ^ "Kazakh central bank misspells 'bank' on money". NBC News. 18 October 2006.
24. ^ "Tenge Banknotes Of 2006 Withdrawn In Kazakhstan". kazworld.info. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016.
25. ^ Kazakhstan new date (2012) non-commemorative 10,000-tenge note confirmed Archived 2015-02-06 at the Wayback Machine BanknoteNews.com. June 23, 2012. Retrieved on 2015-02-05.
26. ^ Kazakhstan new 5,000-tenge note confirmed Archived 2015-02-06 at the Wayback Machine BanknoteNews.com. February 12, 2012. Retrieved on 2015-02-05.
27. ^ Kazakhstan new 2,000-tenge note confirmed Archived 2015-02-06 at the Wayback Machine BanknoteNews.com. April 8, 2013. Retrieved on 2015-02-05.
28. ^ Kazakhstan new 1,000-tenge note confirmed Archived 2015-02-04 at the Wayback Machine BanknoteNews.com. January 5, 2015. Retrieved on 2015-02-05.
29. ^ Kazakhstan new 20,000-tenge note (B144) confirmed Archived 2015-12-08 at the Wayback Machine BanknoteNews.com. December 3, 2015. Retrieved on 2015-12-03.
30. ^ What Future for the 'Wikipedia Seagull' on Kazakhstan's Brand New Banknotes? Archived 2020-01-29 at the Wayback Machine Global Voices (https://globalvoices.org Archived 2017-12-12 at the Wayback Machine) December 8, 2017. Retrieved on 2017-12-12.
31. ^ Kazakhstan - "Saka", the new family of banknotes presented yesterday. MRI Bankers' Guide to Foreign Currency (https://mriguide.com/). 19 November 2023. Retrieved on 2023-11-21.
32. ^ "New 1,000 tenge banknote to enter circulation on March 28" (in Russian). Kapital.kz. 2025-02-21. Archived 2025-02-21 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-02-21.
33. ^ "Digital tenge: the advantages of launching E-Currency". unicaselaw.com
34. ^ "30.11.2015 г. № 62 "On the issue into circulation of a banknote with a nominal value of 20,000 tenge"". Archived 2015-12-06 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
35. ^ "Kazakhstan to peg tenge to U.S. dollar, euro, rouble Sept. 2". Reuters. 2013-08-28. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
36. ^ Kazakhstan devalues tenge by almost 20% Archived 2022-12-27 at the Wayback Machine, The Financial Times, 11 February 2014
37. ^ "Blog Travel to Central Asia-Kazakhstan and Astana". astana-almaty.blogspot.com. 2015-08-20. Retrieved 2021-02-05.
38. ^ The National Bank of Kazakhstan. "Official Foreign Exchange Rates on average for the period". Retrieved 2012-02-20.
39. ^ The National Bank of Kazakhstan. "Price Indices Data". Archived from the original on 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2012-02-20.

External links

• Currency exchange rates in Kazakhstan
• News from the National Bank of Kazakhstan

• The banknotes of Kazakhstan (in English, German)
• Coins of Kazakhstan
• Banknotes of Kazakhstan
• Catalog of the coins of Kazakhstan at Numista
• Kazakhstan Tenge: detailed catalog of banknotes Archived 2015-07-25 at the Wayback Machine