Tenacibaculum

{{Short description|Genus of bacteria}} {{Italic title}} {{Automatic_taxobox | name = ''Tenacibaculum soleae'' | taxon = Tenacibaculum | authority = Suzuki ''et al''. 2001<ref name="Tenacibaculum">{{Cite web|url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/tenacibaculum|title=Genus: Tenacibaculum|website=lpsn.dsmz.de}}</ref> | type_species = ''Tenacibaculum maritimum''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = ''T. adriaticum''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. aestuarii''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. aestuariivivum''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. agarivorans''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. aiptasiae''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. amylolyticum''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. ascidiaceicola''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. caenipelagi''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. crassostreae''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. dicentrarchi''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. discolor''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. gallaicum''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. geojense''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. haliotis''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. holothuriorum''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. insulae''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. jejuense''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. litopenaei''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. litoreum''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. lutimaris''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. maritimum''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. mesophilum''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. ovolyticum''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. sediminilitoris''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. skagerrakense''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. soleae''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. todarodis''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> ''T. xiamenense''<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/> | synonyms = Haerentibaculum<ref name=UniProt>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/104267|title=Tenacibaculum}}</ref> }}

'''''Tenacibaculum''''' is a gram-negative and motile bacterial genus from the family of Flavobacteriaceae.<ref name="Tenacibaculum"/><ref name=UniProt/><ref>{{cite book|last1=George M.|first1=Garrity|title=Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology.|date=2011|publisher=Springer Science + Business Media.|location=New York|isbn=978-0-387-68572-4|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Taxonomy of the genus Tenacibaculum Suzuki et al. 2001 |doi=10.1601/tx.8192 |language=en|year=2009 |last1=Parker |first1=Charles Thomas |last2=Wigley |first2=Sarah |last3=Garrity |first3=George M. |editor2-first=George M |editor2-last=Garrity |editor1-first=Charles Thomas |editor1-last=Parker }}</ref>

Many opportunistic pathogens for fish species are included in the genus ''Tenacibaculum'' including ''Tenacibaculum maritimum'', ''Tenacibaculum soleae'', ''Tenacibaculum discolor'', ''Tenacibaculum gallaicum'', and ''Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi''. These pathogens cause an ulcerative disease known as tenacibaculosis.<ref name="auto2" /> Characteristics of tenacibaculosis include lesions on the body, necrosis, frayed fin, tail rot, eroded mouth, and sometimes necrosis on the gills and eyes.<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal |last1=Avendaño-Herrera |first1=Ruben |last2=Toranzo |first2=Alicia E. |last3=Magariños |first3=Beatriz |title=Tenacibaculosis infection in marine fish caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum: a review |journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms |date=August 30, 2006 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=255–266 |doi=10.3354/dao071255 |pmid=17058606 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The disease can lead to mortality and can leave afflicted species susceptible to secondary infections from the open lesions. ''Tenacibaculosis'' is also known as salt water columnaris disease, gliding bacterial disease of sea fish, bacterial stomatitis, eroded mouth syndrome, and black patch necrosis.<ref name="auto2"/>

It is thought, tough not proven, that medusas and salmon louse help spread the bacteria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sernapesca.cl/sites/default/files/ficha_tecnica_tenacibaculosis_.pdf |title=Ficha técnica enfermedad: Tenacibaculosis |access-date=2023-10-21 |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura |language=Spanish}}</ref>

== Etiology == Diagnosis of the disease is conducted through cultivation and biochemical characterization.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernández-Álvarez |first1=Clara |last2=Santos |first2=Ysabel |title=Identification and typing of fish pathogenic species of the genus Tenacibaculum |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |date=1 December 2018 |volume=102 |issue=23 |pages=9973–9989 |doi=10.1007/s00253-018-9370-1 |pmid=30291367 |s2cid=52922981 |language=en |issn=1432-0614}}</ref> ''T. maritimum'' is also detectable internally through real-time RT-PCR.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Frisch |first1=Kathleen |last2=Småge |first2=Sverre Bang |last3=Johansen |first3=Renate |last4=Duesund |first4=Henrik |last5=Brevik |first5=Øyvind Jakobsen |last6=Nylund |first6=Are |title=Pathology of experimentally induced mouthrot caused by Tenacibaculum maritimum in Atlantic salmon smolts |journal=PLOS ONE |date=1 November 2018 |volume=13 |issue=11 |article-number=e0206951 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0206951 |pmid=30383870 |pmc=6211739 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1306951F |url=|language=en |issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free }}</ref> The bacterium targets teeth, which is high in the calcium needed to promote their growth.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=HIKIDA |first1=Muneo |last2=WAKABAYASHI |first2=Hisatsugu |last3=EGUSA |first3=Syuzo |last4=MASUMURA |first4=Kazuhiko |title=Flexibacter sp., a gliding bacterium pathogenic to some marine fishes in Japan. |journal=Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi |date=1979 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=421–428 |doi=10.2331/suisan.45.421 |issn=1349-998X|doi-access=free }}</ref> ''T. maritimum'' can also be isolated from the kidney, suggesting it is systematic.<ref name="auto"/>

== Affected species == Many fish species around the world are affected by tenacibaculosis caused by ''T. maritimum''. Species in Japan that are affected by tenacibaculosis include the blackhead seabream (''Acanthopagrus schlegelii''),<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |last1=WAKABAYASHI |first1=H. |last2=HIKIDA |first2=M. |last3=MASUMURA |first3=K. |title=Flexibacter maritimus sp. nov., a Pathogen of Marine Fishes |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=1986 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=396–398 |doi=10.1099/00207713-36-3-396 |issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free }}</ref> red seabream (''Pagrus major''),<ref name="auto1"/> Japanese flounder (''Paralichthys olivaceous''),<ref name="auto3">{{cite journal |last1=BAXA |first1=Dolores V |last2=KAWAI |first2=Kenji |last3=KUSUDA |first3=Riichi |title=Characteristics of gliding bacteria isolated from diseased cultured flounder, Paralichthys olivaceous. |journal=Fish Pathology |date=1986 |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=251–258 |doi=10.3147/jsfp.21.251 |issn=0388-788X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata,<ref name="auto3"/> and Rock bream (''Oplegnathus fasciatus'').<ref name="auto1"/> In Europe, affected species include Dover sole (''Solea solea''),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McVicar |first1=A. H. |last2=White |first2=P. G. |title=The prevention and cure of an infectious disease in cultivated juvenile Dover sole, Solea solea (L.) |journal=Aquaculture |date=1 January 1982 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=213–222 |doi=10.1016/0044-8486(82)90157-0 |language=en |issn=0044-8486}}</ref> Turbot (''Scophthalmus maximus''),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alsina |first1=M. |last2=Blanch |first2=A. R. (Department of Microbiology |title=First isolation of Flexibacter maritimus from cultivated turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) |journal=Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists (United Kingdom) |date=1993 |url=https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB9507105 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Devesa |first1=S. |last2=Barja |first2=J. L. |last3=Toranzo |first3=A. E. |title=Ulcerative skin and fin lesions in reared turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.) |journal=Journal of Fish Diseases |date=1989 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=323–333 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2761.1989.tb00321.x |language=en |issn=1365-2761}}</ref> Atlantic salmon Salmo salar,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pazos |first1=F |last2=Santos |first2=Y |last3=Núñez |first3=S |last4=Toranzo |first4=AE |title=INCREASING OCCURRENCE OF FLEXIBACTER MARITIMUS IN RHE [sic] MARINE AQUACULTURE OF SPAIN |journal=Observatorio Español de Acuicultura |date=1993 |volume=21 |issue=3 |url=https://www.observatorio-acuicultura.es/recursos/bases-de-datos/publicaciones/increasing-occurrence-flexibacter-maritimus-rhe-marine |language=es}}</ref> Gilthead seabream (''Sparus aurata'')<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avendaño-Herrera |first1=R. |last2=Rodríguez |first2=J. |last3=Magariños |first3=B. |last4=Romalde |first4=J. L. |last5=Toranzo |first5=A. E. |title=Intraspecific diversity of the marine fish pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum as determined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |date=2004 |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=871–877 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02217.x |pmid=15012827 |s2cid=23186654 |issn=1364-5072|doi-access=free }}</ref> in Spain, and sea bass (''Dicentrarchus labrax'')<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pepin |first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Emery |first2=Eric |title=Marine cytophaga-like bacteria (CLB) isolated from diseased reared sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) from French mediterranean coast |journal=Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists |date=1 January 1993 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=165–167 |url=https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00271/38252/ |language=en |issn=0108-0288}}</ref> in France. In North America, white sea bass (''Atractoscion nobilis''), Pacific sardine (''Sardinops sagax''), northern anchovy (''Engraulis mordax''), and Chinook salmon (''Oncorhynchus tschawytscha'')<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=M. E. |last2=Henry-Ford |first2=D. |last3=Groff |first3=J. M. |title=Isolation and Characterization of Flexibacter maritimus from Marine Fishes of California |journal=Journal of Aquatic Animal Health |date=1995 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=318–326 |doi=10.1577/1548-8667(1995)007<0318:IACOMF>2.3.CO;2 |url=https://afspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1577/1548-8667(1995)007%3C0318:IACOMF%3E2.3.CO;2 |language=en |issn=1548-8667|url-access=subscription }}</ref> were found to be afflicted by ''T. maritimum''. In Australia, rainbow trout (''Oncorhynchus mykiss''), striped trumpeter (''Latris lineata''), greenback flounder (''Rhombosolea tapirina''), yellow-eye mullet (''Aldrichetta forsteri''), and black bream (''Acanthopagrus butcheri'')<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Handlinger |first1=J. |last2=Soltani |first2=M. |last3=Percival |first3=S. |title=The pathology of Flexibacter maritimus in aquaculture species in Tasmania, Australia |journal=Journal of Fish Diseases |date=1997 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=159–168 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2761.1997.00288.x |language=en |issn=1365-2761}}</ref> were also afflicted.

''T. solea'' caused tenacibaculosis in fish species sole ''Solea senegalensis'' Kaup,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Piñeiro-Vidal |first1=Maximino |last2=Carballas |first2=Cristina G. |last3=Gómez-Barreiro |first3=Oscar |last4=Riaza |first4=Ana |last5=Santos |first5=Ysabel |title=Tenacibaculum soleae sp. nov., isolated from diseased sole (Solea senegalensis Kaup) |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=2008 |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=881–885 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.65539-0 |pmid=18398187 |issn=1466-5026|doi-access=free }}</ref> brill (''Scophthalmus rhombus''), and wedge sole (''Dicologoglossa cuneata'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=López |first1=J. R. |last2=Piñeiro-Vidal |first2=M. |last3=García-Lamas |first3=N. |last4=Herran |first4=R. De La |last5=Navas |first5=J. I. |last6=Hachero-Cruzado |first6=I. |last7=Santos |first7=Y. |title=First isolation of Tenacibaculum soleae from diseased cultured wedge sole, Dicologoglossa cuneata (Moreau), and brill, Scophthalmus rhombus (L.) |journal=Journal of Fish Diseases |date=2010 |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=273–278 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01105.x |pmid=19878529 |language=en |issn=1365-2761}}</ref>

''T. discolor'' was found isolated from fish species ''D. labrax'' in Italy.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Habib |first1=Christophe |last2=Houel |first2=Armel |last3=Lunazzi |first3=Aurélie |last4=Bernardet |first4=Jean-François |last5=Olsen |first5=Anne Berit |last6=Nilsen |first6=Hanne |last7=Toranzo |first7=Alicia E. |last8=Castro |first8=Nuria |last9=Nicolas |first9=Pierre |last10=Duchaud |first10=Eric |title=Multilocus Sequence Analysis of the Marine Bacterial Genus Tenacibaculum Suggests Parallel Evolution of Fish Pathogenicity and Endemic Colonization of Aquaculture Systems |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |date=1 September 2014 |volume=80 |issue=17 |pages=5503–5514 |doi=10.1128/AEM.01177-14 |pmid=24973065 |pmc=4136090 |bibcode=2014ApEnM..80.5503H |s2cid=22540951 |doi-access=free |language=en |issn=0099-2240}}</ref>

''T. dicentrarchi'' was discovered on the Chilean red conger eel (''Genypterus chilensis'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Irgang |first1=R. |last2=González-Luna |first2=R. |last3=Gutiérrez |first3=J. |last4=Poblete-Morales |first4=M. |last5=Rojas |first5=V. |last6=Tapia-Cammas |first6=D. |last7=Avendaño-Herrera |first7=R. |title=First identification and characterization of Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi isolated from Chilean red conger eel (Genypterus chilensis, Guichenot 1848) |journal=Journal of Fish Diseases |date=2017 |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=1915–1920 |doi=10.1111/jfd.12643 |pmid=28548691 |language=en |issn=1365-2761|hdl=10533/232804 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ''Tenacibaculum'' has also been the cause of mortalitity in shellfish species as well. Tenacibaculum soleae has been seen to cause mortality in adult Pacific oysters 11 days post-infection.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burioli |first1=E. a. V. |last2=Varello |first2=K. |last3=Trancart |first3=S. |last4=Bozzetta |first4=E. |last5=Gorla |first5=A. |last6=Prearo |first6=M. |last7=Houssin |first7=M. |title=First description of a mortality event in adult Pacific oysters in Italy associated with infection by a Tenacibaculum soleae strain |journal=Journal of Fish Diseases |date=2018 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=215–221 |doi=10.1111/jfd.12698 |pmid=28836671 |language=en |issn=1365-2761}}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist}}

== Further reading == * {{cite journal|last1=Frette|first1=L|last2=Jørgensen|first2=NO|last3=Irming|first3=H|last4=Kroer|first4=N|title=Tenacibaculum skagerrakense sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from the pelagic zone in Skagerrak, Denmark.|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|date=March 2004|volume=54|issue=Pt 2|pages=519–24|doi=10.1099/ijs.0.02398-0|pmid=15023969|doi-access=free}} * {{cite journal|last1=Småge|first1=SB|last2=Brevik|first2=ØJ|last3=Duesund|first3=H|last4=Ottem|first4=KF|last5=Watanabe|first5=K|last6=Nylund|first6=A|title=Tenacibaculum finnmarkense sp. nov., a fish pathogenic bacterium of the family Flavobacteriaceae isolated from Atlantic salmon.|journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|date=February 2016|volume=109|issue=2|pages=273–85|doi=10.1007/s10482-015-0630-0|pmid=26662517|pmc=4751178}} * {{cite journal |last1=Habib |first1=Christophe |last2=Houel |first2=Armel |last3=Lunazzi |first3=Aurélie |last4=Bernardet |first4=Jean-François |last5=Olsen |first5=Anne Berit |last6=Nilsen |first6=Hanne |last7=Toranzo |first7=Alicia E. |last8=Castro |first8=Nuria |last9=Nicolas |first9=Pierre |last10=Duchaud |first10=Eric |title=Multilocus Sequence Analysis of the Marine Bacterial Genus Tenacibaculum Suggests Parallel Evolution of Fish Pathogenicity and Endemic Colonization of Aquaculture Systems |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |date=1 September 2014 |volume=80 |issue=17 |pages=5503–5514 |doi=10.1128/AEM.01177-14 |pmid=24973065 |pmc=4136090 |bibcode=2014ApEnM..80.5503H |s2cid=22540951 |doi-access=free |language=en |issn=0099-2240}} * {{cite book|last1=Michalis|first1=Pavlidis|last2=Constantinos|first2=Mylonas|title=Sparidae: Biology and aquaculture of gilthead sea bream and other species|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-9220-3}}

Category:Flavobacteria Category:Bacteria genera Category:Bacterial diseases of fish Category:Gram-negative bacteria Category:Marine microorganisms