{{Short description|Jewish congregation in Staunton, Virginia, USA}} {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}} {{Infobox religious building | building_name = Temple House of Israel | image = Temple House of Israel (Staunton, Virginia).jpg | image_upright = 1.4 | caption = Temple House of Israel synagogue | map_type = Virginia | map_size = 250 | map_relief = 1 | map_caption = Location in [[Virginia]] | location = 15 North Market Street, [[Staunton, Virginia|Staunton]], [[Virginia]] | country = United States | geo = {{coord|38.154709|-79.071198|region:US-VA_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | religious_affiliation = [[Reform Judaism]] | religious_features = [[Charles Connick]] glass screen | rite = | region = | province = | territory = | prefecture = | sector = | district = | cercle = | municipality = | consecration_year = | status = [[Synagogue]] | functional_status = Active | heritage_designation = | leadership = Rabbi Randi Nagel | website = {{URL|thoi.org}} | architect = {{ubl|Sam Collins of|[[T.J. Collins & Sons]]}} | architecture_type = Synagogue | architecture_style = [[Moorish Revival architecture|Moorish Revival]] | general_contractor = | facade_direction = | established = 1876 {{small|(as a congregation)}} | founded_by = [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Alexander Hart]] | groundbreaking = | year_completed = 1925 | construction_cost = | specifications = | capacity = | length = | width = | width_nave = | height_max = | dome_quantity = | dome_height_outer = | dome_height_inner = | dome_dia_outer = | dome_dia_inner = | minaret_quantity = | minaret_height = | spire_quantity = | spire_height = | materials = [[Henry Chapman Mercer|Mercer tiles]]
| module = {{Infobox NRHP | embed = yes | name = | nrhp_type = cp | added = | partof = [[Gospel Hill Historic District]] | partof_refnum = 85000299 | mpsub = | designated_nrhp_type = February 14, 1985 | nocat = yes }} | footnotes = <ref name=Troubetzkoy2004p112/><ref name=History/> }} '''Temple House of Israel''' is a [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] [[Judaism|Jewish]] congregation and [[synagogue]] located at 15 North Market Street, in [[Staunton, Virginia|Staunton]], [[Virginia]], in the United States.<ref name=Homepage/> Founded in 1876 by [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Alexander Hart]],<ref name=1972EJv16p164/> it originally held services in members' homes, then moved to a building on Kalorama street in 1885, the year it joined the [[Union for Reform Judaism]].<ref name=History/>
In 1925 the congregation constructed its current building at 15 North Market Street,<ref name=History/> a [[contributing property]] to the [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Staunton, Virginia|Gospel Hill]] [[historic district]].<ref name=NRHPnom1984p26/> The [[Moorish Revival architecture|Moorish Revival]] structure was designed by Sam Collins of T.J. Collins and son, and includes [[Henry Chapman Mercer|Mercer tiles]], and windows and a glass screen by [[Charles Connick]] of [[Boston]].<ref name=Troubetzkoy2004p112/>
{{As of|2019}}, Rabbi Randi Nagel served Temple House of Israel as [[rabbi]].<ref name="RABBI NAGEL">{{Cite web|url=https://thoi.org/1-column-text/|title=RABBI NAGEL|website=THOI|date=8 April 2013|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-01}}</ref>
==Early history== Temple House of Israel was founded in 1876 in Staunton, Virginia by Major Alexander Hart,<ref name=1972EJv16p164>[[#ref1972EJv16|''Encyclopedia Judaica'', Vol. 16]], p. 164.</ref> who had fought for the [[Confederate States of America]] in the [[American Civil War]].<ref name=Rosen2000p362>[[#refRosen2000|Rosen (2000)]], p. 362.</ref> Hart served as the congregation's president and minister until at least 1893.<ref name=Rosen2000p362/><ref name=Ginsberg1969p85>[[#refGinsberg1969|Ginsberg (1969)]], p. 85.</ref>
Services were held in members' homes for more than eight years. In 1884 the congregation acquired the Hoover School building at 200 Kalorama Street,<ref name=History>[[#refHistory|Our History, Temple House of Israel website]].</ref> at the corner of Market Street,<ref name=AJYearBookV1p267>[[#refAJYearBookV1|''American Jewish Year Book'', Vol. 1]], p. 267.</ref> and in February 1885 began holding services there.<ref name=History/> The building still stands, diagonally opposite the [[Hotel 24 South]]. That same year the synagogue joined the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now the Union for Reform Judaism).<ref name=History/>
The congregation purchased land north of Staunton for a cemetery in 1886, and held its first burial there in 1887. The cemetery, on North Augusta Street between Woodland Drive and Lee Street, is still used for burials today.<ref name=History/><ref name=IAJGS>[[#refIAJGS|Staunton: Augusta County, International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies website]].</ref>
At the turn of the 20th century, House of Israel had no rabbi, but held services twice a week, Friday nights from 8:00 to 9:00 pm, and Saturday from 10:30 to 11:30 am. The congregation also ran a religious school.<ref name=AJYearBookV2p482>[[#refAJYearBookV2|''American Jewish Year Book'', Vol. 2]], p. 482.</ref> By 1907 Staunton's Jewish population was an estimated 40 people. House of Israel had fifteen member families, and still held services twice a week. However, the congregation still had no rabbi, and the religious school no longer functioned.<ref name=AJYearBookV9p482>[[#refAJYearBookV9|''American Jewish Year Book'', Vol. 9]], p. 422.</ref>
Fannie Barth Strauss, instructor and later assistant professor of Latin and German at [[Mary Baldwin College]] from 1918 to 1954, re-established the [[Hebrew school]] at House of Israel in 1916.<ref name=Morton1964p965>[[#refMorton1964|Morton (1964)]], p. 965.</ref> In 1919, though the synagogue still had no rabbi, the school held classes once a week, and had two teachers and twelve students.<ref name=refAJYearBookV21p576>[[#refAJYearBookV21|''American Jewish Year Book'', Vol. 21]], p. 576.</ref> Strauss would serve as the school's principal from its re-establishment until at least 1964, and also served as the synagogue's treasurer from 1946 until at least 1964.<ref name=Morton1964p965/>
==Move to Market Street== By 1924 the congregation had outgrown its Kalorama Street building, and it purchased a lot at 115 North Market Street from [[Mary Baldwin College]] for $7,150 (today ${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|7150|1924|r=-3}}}}).<ref name=History/><ref name=Homepage>[[#refHomepage|Temple House of Israel website]].</ref> Sam Collins of T.J. Collins and son designed a new [[Moorish Revival]] building there,<ref name=Troubetzkoy2004p112>[[#refTroubetzkoy2004|Troubetzkoy (2004)]], p. 112.</ref><ref name=History/> constructed at a cost of $17,000 (today ${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|17000|1925|r=-3}}}}).<ref name=History/>
The one-story [[stucco]] building had a twin [[gable]] roof with 3 [[Bay (architecture)|bays]]. Decorated with "Early Assyrian motifs", the [[facade]] presented "[f]lanking twin towers with suppressed [[buttress]]es", and a "[l]arge arched opening in [the] central bay, supported by unusual columns",<ref name=NRHPnom1984p26>[[#refNRHPnom1984|Gospel Hill Historic District Nomination Form, National Register of Historic Places]], p. 26.</ref> and included [[Henry Chapman Mercer|Mercer tiles]].<ref name=Troubetzkoy2004p112/> All the windows, and a glass screen, were created by [[Charles Jay Connick]] of Boston,<ref name=Troubetzkoy2004p112/> who also created famous windows for a number of religious buildings, including the [[rose window]]s of [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] and the [[Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, New York|Cathedral of Saint John the Divine]] in New York City.<ref name=NRHPnom1984p26/> The windows (sixteen in total) and screen cost $700 (today ${{formatnum:{{inflation|US|700|1924|r=-3}}}}), and featured fruits or plants grown in the [[Land of Israel]], including "olives, grapes, citron, pomegranate, and others".<ref name=History/>
In 1947, a kitchen and small social hall were constructed at the back of the building, and a south bay was added to the sanctuary; Sam Collins was again the architect.<ref name=History/> To provide more room for the religious school, the social hall was expanded in 1965.<ref name=History/> The building was a [[contributing property]] to the successful 1984 [[National Register of Historic Places]] nomination of [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Staunton, Virginia|Gospel Hill]] as a [[historic district]].<ref name=NRHPnom1984p26/>
During the early 1970s, Frank M. Waldorf was the congregation's rabbi. He went on to serve for 30 years as rabbi at Temple Sinai in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]].<ref name=TempleSinaiBrookline>[[#refTempleSinaiBrookline|Rabbi Emeritus Frank M. Waldorf, Temple Sinai Brookline website]].</ref> After Waldorf, Temple House of Israel entered into a "joint rabbi" arrangement with Congregation Beth El of Harrisonburg, Virginia, where rabbis would serve for two-thirds of their time at Beth El, and the rest at House of Israel.<ref name=ISJLHarrisonburg>[[#refISJLHarrisonburg|Harrisonburg, Virginia, Institute of Southern Jewish Life (2017)]].</ref> The first rabbi hired under this arrangement was Robert Kraus (also in the early 1970s).<ref name=ISJLHarrisonburg/>
==1980s to present== The congregation remained small; in 1983, membership was only 28 families.<ref name=Rosen1983p419>[[#refRosen1983|Rosen (1983)]], p. 419.</ref> That year Douglas D. Weber was hired as rabbi of both Temple House of Israel and Beth El, and the "joint rabbi" arrangement became "permanent".<ref name=CCAR1984p410>[[#refCCAR1984|Central Conference of American Rabbis Ninety-Third Annual Convention (1984)]], p. 410.</ref><ref name=ISJLHarrisonburg/> From 1984 to 1988 Lynne Landsberg filled that role.<ref name=Amann2005>[[#refAmann2005|Amann (2005)]].</ref><ref name=Landsberg>[[#refLandsberg|Rabbi Lynn F. Landsberg, St. James Episcopal Church of Richmond Virginia website]].</ref> The 30th female rabbinic graduate of the Union for Reform Judaism,<ref name=Amann2005/><ref name=Landsberg/> she had previously served as student rabbi at Temple House of Israel from 1979 to 1981, then as associate rabbi of [[Manhattan]]'s [[Central Synagogue (Manhattan)|Central Synagogue]] until 1984.<ref name=Calello2017>[[#refCalello2017|Calello (2017)]]</ref> She subsequently took on a number of roles at the Union for Reform Judaism, and, after a serious and disabling accident in 1999, became the senior adviser on disability issues at the Religious Action Center for Reform Judaism.<ref name=Amann2005/><ref name=Landsberg/><ref name=Calello2017/>
Rabbis Daniel Fink and Laura Rappaport jointly led Temple House of Israel and Beth El from 1988 to 1992.<ref name=ISJLHarrisonburg/> During the 1990s the two congregations were served by Jonathan Biatch, then Jacqueline Romm Satlow,<ref name=ISJLHarrisonburg/><ref name=BethElMadison>[[#refBethElMadison|Clergy, Temple Beth El Madison website]].</ref> followed, from 1997 to 2003, by Ariel J. Friedlander as rabbi.<ref name=ISJLHarrisonburg/> [[File:Montes-Bradley and Rita Dove.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Rita Dove]] and [[Eduardo Montes-Bradley]] in the Temple House of Israel sanctuary for the filming of ''[[Rita Dove: An American Poet]]'']] In 2003, Joe Blair became the rabbi of Temple House of Israel and Beth El;<ref name=BethElBlair>[[#refBethElBlair|Meet the Rabbi, Beth El Congregation website]].</ref> the two congregations combined had 120 member families.<ref name=Mitchell20080719>[[#refMitchell20080719|Mitchell (2008-07-19)]].</ref><ref name=About>[[#refAbout|About us, Temple House of Israel website]].</ref> Blair received [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] and [[Master's degree|Master]] of [[Computer Science]] degrees from the [[University of Virginia]], and a [[Juris Doctor]] from [[The College of William & Mary Law School]].<ref name=MBCnews20041012>[[#refMBCnews20041012|''MBC news'', October 12, 2004]].</ref> After working in the computer field for 15 years, and briefly as a general practice attorney, he returned to school, attending the [[Reconstructionist Rabbinical College]], from which he graduated with a Masters in Hebrew Letters in 1996.<ref name=Rabbi>[[#refRabbi|Meet Rabbi Joe Blair, Temple House of Israel website]].</ref> In 2004 he was appointed an adjunct professor of religion at Mary Baldwin College.<ref name=MBCnews20041012/> A member of [[Toastmasters International]], to which he attributed his speaking abilities,<ref name=Bowman2006>[[#refBowman2006|Bowman (2006)]].</ref> he also moderated a [[Conversion to Judaism|conversion]] [[internet forum|forum]] on [[The Detroit Jewish News|Jewish.com]].<ref name=Trent2008>[[#refTrent2008|Trent (2008)]].</ref> In 2008 Blair was one of 18 rabbis chosen nationally to participate in the [[Synagogues: Transformation and Renewal]] elite training program.<ref name=Mitchell20080719/><ref name=Graham20080703>[[#refGraham20080703|Graham (2008-07-03)]].</ref> Blair left Temple House of Israel in 2018, to become the rabbi of [[Temple Israel (Charleston, West Virginia)|Temple Israel]] of Charleston, West Virginia.<ref name=Kersey2018>[[#refKersey2018|Kersey (2018)]].</ref>
Peter Grumbacher joined as part-time interim rabbi in 2018.<ref name=refCalello2018>[[#refCalello2018|Calello (2018)]].</ref> After receiving his ordination from [[Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion]] in 1972, he served as full-time rabbi of Congregation Beth Emeth in Wilmington, Delaware until his retirement in 2009, and subsequently as interim rabbi of Beth El Congregation in Winchester, Virginia.<ref name=Grumbacher>[[#refGrumbacher|Rabbi Grumbacher, Temple House of Israel website]].</ref> Rabbi Randi Nagel was elected as Rabbi of the congregation in 2019.<ref name="RABBI NAGEL"/>
==On film== Temple House of Israel served as a location for the documentary film ''[[Rita Dove: An American Poet]]'' produced by Heritage Film Project. Filming took place in December 2013.<ref name=Montes-Bradley>[[#refMontes-Bradley|Montes-Bradley]].</ref>
==Notes== {{Reflist|colwidth=29em}}
==References== {{Refbegin|colwidth=50em}} *{{wikicite |ref=refAmann2005 |reference=Amann, Paula. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110811134959/http://washingtonjewishweek.com/main.asp?SectionID=4&SubSectionID=4&ArticleID=3814&TM=29629.71 "A life reclaimed. Mending from injuries, rabbi champions disabled"], ''[[Washington Jewish Week]]'', July 17, 2005.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refAJYearBookV1 |reference=[[American Jewish Committee]]. {{cite web |url= http://ajcarchives.net/AJC_DATA/Files/1899_1900_5_LocalOrgs.pdf |title= "Directory of Local Organizations" |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110723004755/http://ajcarchives.net/AJC_DATA/Files/1899_1900_5_LocalOrgs.pdf |archivedate= 2011-07-23 }} {{small|(2.12 MB)}}, ''[[American Jewish Year Book]]'', [[Jewish Publication Society]], Volume 1 (1899–1900).}} *{{wikicite |ref=refAJYearBookV2 |reference=[[American Jewish Committee]]. {{cite web |url= http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1900_1901_5_LocalOrgs.pdf |title= "Local Jewish Life" |access-date= July 4, 2010 |archive-date= February 18, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120218212102/http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1900_1901_5_LocalOrgs.pdf |url-status= dead }} {{small|(5.54 MB)}}, ''[[American Jewish Year Book]]'', [[Jewish Publication Society]], Volume 2 (1900–1901).}} *{{wikicite |ref=refAJYearBookV9 |reference=[[American Jewish Committee]]. {{cite web |url= http://www.ajcarchive.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1907_1908_3_Directories.pdf |title= "Assorted Statistics" }} {{small|(7.72 MB)}}, ''[[American Jewish Year Book]]'', [[Jewish Publication Society]], Volume 9 (1907–1908).}} *{{wikicite |ref=refAJYearBookV21 |reference=[[American Jewish Committee]]. {{cite web |url= http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1919_1920_5_Directories.pdf |title= "Directories" |access-date= June 13, 2010 |archive-date= June 13, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100613153123/http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1919_1920_5_Directories.pdf |url-status= dead }} {{small|(6.06 MB)}}, ''[[American Jewish Year Book]]'', [[Jewish Publication Society]], Volume 21 (1919–1920).}} *{{wikicite |ref=refBethElBlair |reference=[http://bethel-harrisonburg.org/meet-the-rabbi Meet the rabbi], Beth El Congregation of Harrisonburg Virginia website. Accessed March 27, 2019.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refBowman2006 |reference=Bowman, Rachel. "Address The Fear. Toastmasters Club Helps Novices Become Confident Speakers", ''The Daily News-Record'', February 7, 2006.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refCalello2017 |reference=Calello, Monique. [https://www.newsleader.com/story/news/local/2017/07/27/valley-wonder-women-rabbi-lynne-landsberg-reform-judaism-disability-rights-social-justice-staunton/314202001/ "She fought for rights of the disabled, then was disabled in a car crash. It didn’t stop her."], ''[[The News Leader]]'', July 27, 2017.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refCalello2018 |reference=Calello, Monique. [https://www.newsleader.com/story/news/local/2018/10/29/pittsburgh-synagogue-shooting-trump-rabbi-grumbacher-staunton-temple-house-israel-antisemitism/1727946002/ "Rabbi talks about the night his father was arrested by the Gestapo"], ''[[The News Leader]]'', October 19, 2018.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refCCAR1984 |reference=''Central Conference of American Rabbis Ninety-Third Annual Convention'', Central Conference of American Rabbis, Edition 93, 1984. {{ISBN|978-0-916694-93-7}}}} *{{wikicite |ref=ref1972EJv16 |reference=''[[Encyclopaedia Judaica]]'', Volume 16, Keter Publishing House, 1972.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refGinsberg1969 |reference=Ginsberg, Louis. ''Chapters on the Jews of Virginia, 1658-1900'', Cavalier Press, 1969.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refGraham20080703 |reference=Graham, Chris. [http://augustafreepress.com/2008/07/03/local-rabbi-selected-for-national-program/#more-3368 "Local rabbi selected for national program"], ''August Free Press'', July 3, 2008.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refIAJGS |reference=[http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/virginia-va/staunton-augusta-county.html Staunton: Augusta County], International Jewish Cemetery Project, [[IAJGS|International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies]] website. Accessed July 4, 2010.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refISJLHarrisonburg |reference=[https://www.isjl.org/virginia-harrisonburg-encyclopedia.html Harrisonburg, Virginia], Goldring / Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life, History Department, Encyclopedia, Tennessee, Memphis, 2017. Accessed {{Nowrap|March 28}}, 2019.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refKersey2018 |reference=Kersey, Lori. [https://www.wvgazettemail.com/news/kanawha_county/temple-israel-s-new-rabbi-reflects-on-political-climate-move/article_2de389b6-3696-5267-a2e8-383dab82b08f.html Temple Israel's new rabbi reflects on political climate, move to Charleston], ''[[Charleston Gazette-Mail]]'', July 15, 2018.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refMBCnews20041012 |reference=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060903164817/http://www.mbc.edu/news/r_detail.asp?id=1543 "MBC Appoints New Faculty Members"], ''MBC News'', [[Mary Baldwin College]] website, October 12, 2004. Accessed July 4, 2010.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refMitchell20080719 |reference=Mitchell, Tom. [http://www.dnronline.com/news_details.php?CHID=14&AID=30016 "Blair Selected For National Mentoring Program"], ''The Daily News-Record'', July 19, 2008.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refMontes-Bradley |reference=[[Eduardo Montes-Bradley|Montes-Bradley, Eduardo]]. [https://vimeo.com/162462001 Rita Dove: An American Poet], [[Vimeo]]. Accessed March 27, 2019.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refMorton1964 |reference=Morton, Richard Lee. ''Virginia Lives: The Old Dominion Who's Who'', Historical Record Association, 1964.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refNRHPnom1984 |reference={{cite web |url= http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Staunton/132-0035_Gospel_Hill_HD_1985_Final_Nomination.pdf |title= Gospel Hill Historic District Nomination Form }} {{small|(6.63 MB)}}, [[National Register of Historic Places]], continuation sheet 56.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refRosen2000 |reference=Rosen, Robert N. ''The Jewish Confederates'', ''[[University of South Carolina Press]]'', 2000. {{ISBN|978-1-57003-363-6}}}} *{{wikicite |ref=refRosen1983 |reference=Rosen, Oded. ''The Encyclopedia of Jewish Institutions: United States & Canada'', Mosadot Publications, 1983.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refLandsberg |reference=[http://www.doers.org/pages/womankind_landsberg.htm Rabbi Lynn F. Landsberg], WomanKind, St. James Episcopal Church of Richmond Virginia website. Accessed July 4, 2010.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refBethElMadison |reference=[http://www.templebethelmadison.org/clergy/ Clergy], Temple Beth El Madison website. Accessed July 4, 2010.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refHomepage |reference=[http://www.thoi.org/ Temple House of Israel website]. Accessed July 4, 2010.}} **{{wikicite |ref=refAbout |reference=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100606195246/http://www.thoi.org/about_us.html About us], Temple House of Israel website. Accessed July 4, 2010.}} **{{wikicite |ref=refRabbi |reference=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081121190621/http://www.thoi.org/rabbi.html Meet Rabbi Joe Blair], Temple House of Israel website. Accessed July 4, 2010.}} **{{wikicite |ref=refHistory |reference=[http://thoi.org/?page_id=924 Our History], Temple House of Israel website. Accessed March 27, 2019.}} **{{wikicite |ref=refGrumbacher |reference=[http://thoi.org/?page_id=924 Our Part-time Interim Rabbi Peter Grumbacher], Temple House of Israel website. Accessed March 27, 2019.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refTempleSinaiBrookline |reference=[http://www.sinaibrookline.org/page.php/id/138 Rabbi Emeritus Frank M. Waldorf], Clergy, Prior rabbis, Temple Sinai Brookline website. Accessed July 4, 2010.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refTrent2008 |reference=Trent, C.J. [http://www.jewishpost.com/news/Found-Jewish-Soul.html "Found: Jewish Soul. Journey to Judaism through Conversion"], ''[[Jewish Post of New York]]'', May 15, 2008.}} *{{wikicite |ref=refTroubetzkoy2004 |reference=Troubetzkoy, Sergei. ''Staunton'', [[Arcadia Publishing]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-7385-1697-4}}}} {{Refend}}
==External links== * {{official website|http://www.thoi.org}} *[http://www.newsvirginian.com/wnv/lifestyles/faith_values/article/hanukkah/33104/ "Hanukkah"], ''[[The News Virginian]]'', December 20, 2008.
{{Synagogues in the United States}} {{Authority control}}
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Staunton, Virginia]] [[Category:Moorish Revival architecture in Virginia]] [[Category:Moorish Revival synagogues]] [[Category:Reform synagogues in Virginia]] [[Category:Jewish organizations established in 1876]] [[Category:1876 establishments in Virginia]] [[Category:Synagogues completed in 1925]] [[Category:1925 establishments in Virginia]] [[Category:20th-century synagogues in the United States]] [[Category:Synagogues on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia]] [[Category:Historic district contributing properties in Virginia]]