Timișoara

{{Short description|City and county seat in Timiș County, Romania}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}} {{Use American English|date=April 2025}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Timișoara | settlement_type = [[Municipiu|Municipality]] | official_name = Municipality of Timișoara | image_skyline = {{multiple image |total_width = 280px |perrow = 1/2/2/1 |border = infobox |caption_align = center |image1 = Piața Victoriei Timișoara.jpg |alt1 = |caption1 = [[Victory Square, Timișoara|Victory Square]] and the [[Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] |image2 = Festivalul Inimilor Timișoara.jpg |alt2 = |caption2 = [[Roses Park, Timișoara|Roses Park]] and the [[Bega (Tisza)|Bega]] |image3 = Domul Romano-Catolic din Timișoara (2023) - IMG 01.jpg |alt3 = |caption3 = [[St. George Cathedral, Timișoara|St. George Cathedral]] |image4 = Opera Națională Română din Timișoara (April - 2023).jpg |alt4 = |caption4 = [[Romanian National Opera, Timișoara|Romanian National Opera]] |image5 = Piața Libertății Timișoara.jpg |alt5 = |caption5 = [[Liberty Square, Timișoara|Liberty Square]] |image6 = April 2023 - Piața Unirii din Timișoara - img 05.jpg |alt6 = |caption6 = [[Union Square, Timișoara|Union Square]] with the [[Brück House]] on the left }} | image_flag = Drapeau de la Savoie.svg | image_shield = ROU TM Timisoara CoA1.png | etymology = | nicknames = ''Mica Vienă'' ([[Little Vienna]]), City of Roses,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://voceatimisului.ro/timisoara-orasul-rozelor/ |title=Timișoara "Orașul Rozelor" |work=Vocea Timișului |date=1 April 2013 |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162143/https://voceatimisului.ro/timisoara-orasul-rozelor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> City of Parks,<ref name="strutz">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XzdcnoX8XwYC |title=Timișoara |last=Strutz |first=Rudolf J. |publisher=JR-Design |date=2013 |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114204208/https://books.google.com/books?id=XzdcnoX8XwYC |url-status=live }}</ref> Garden City<ref>{{cite book |title=Timișoara oraș grădină, oraș al parcurilor, oraș al florilor: monografie |last=Ciupa |first=Vasile |publisher=ArtPress |date=2018}}</ref> | image_map = Timisoara jud Timis.svg | mapframe = yes | mapframe-zoom = 8 | map_caption = Location in Timiș County | pushpin_map = Romania#Europe | pushpin_relief = 1 | pushpin_label_position = bottom | coordinates = {{coord|45|45|35|N|21|13|48|E|type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Romania}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Counties of Romania|County]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Timiș County|Timiș]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Subdivisions of Romania|Status]] | subdivision_name2 = [[County seat]] | established_title = First official record | established_date = 1212 (as ''castrum regium Themes'')<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arcanum.hu/hu/online-kiadvanyok/ErdelyHelysegnevTar-erdely-bansag-es-partium-torteneti-es-kozigazgatasi-helysegnevtara-1/telepulesek-1C9/t-1535/timisoara-15B6/ |title=Timișoara |work=Arcanum |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128161123/https://www.arcanum.hu/hu/online-kiadvanyok/ErdelyHelysegnevTar-erdely-bansag-es-partium-torteneti-es-kozigazgatasi-helysegnevtara-1/telepulesek-1C9/t-1535/timisoara-15B6/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | leader_party = [[Save Romania Union|USR]] | leader_title = Mayor {{no bold|(2024–2028)}} | leader_name = [[Dominic Fritz]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale09062024v2/ |title=Results of the 2024 local elections |publisher=Central Electoral Bureau |access-date=7 January 2026 }}</ref> | leader_title1 = Vice mayor | leader_name1 = Ruben Lațcău ([[Save Romania Union|USR]]) Paula Romocean<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rfi.fr/ro/rom%C3%A2nia/20241213-usr-are-%C3%AEn-premier%C4%83-la-timi%C8%99oara-primar-%C8%99i-doi-viceprimari-alian%C8%9Be-interesante |title=USR are în premieră, la Timișoara, primar și doi viceprimari. Alianțe interesante |work=RFI România |date=13 December 2024}}</ref> ([[Save Romania Union|USR]]) | unit_pref = metric | area_footnotes = <ref name="tm-arad">{{cite web |url=https://www.fonduri-ue.ro/images/files/studii-analize/41339/StudiuTM-AR-FINAL.pdf |title=Studiu de potențial privind dezvoltarea la nivelul municipiilor Timișoara și Arad |work=Fonduri UE |pages=8–9 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129152907/https://www.fonduri-ue.ro/images/files/studii-analize/41339/StudiuTM-AR-FINAL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://adi-pct.ro/despre-noi/constituire/ |title=Constituire |work=ADI-PCT |access-date=31 December 2022 |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231205850/https://adi-pct.ro/despre-noi/constituire/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 130.03 | area_metro_km2 = 1080.31 | population_as_of = [[2021 Romanian census|2021 census]] | population_total = 250,849 | population_rank = [[List of cities and towns in Romania|5th]] | population_metro = 430,071<ref name="tempo">{{cite web |url=http://statistici.insse.ro:8077/tempo-online/#/pages/tables/insse-table |title=POP107D - POPULAȚIA DUPĂ DOMICILIU la 1 ianuarie pe grupe de vârstă și vârste, sexe, județe și localități |work=TEMPO Online |publisher=Institutul Național de Statistică |access-date=31 December 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305084419/http://statistici.insse.ro:8077/tempo-online/#/pages/tables/insse-table |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_footnotes = <ref name="RPL2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls|title=Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021|publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics (Romania)|INSSE]]|language=ro|date=31 May 2023|access-date=10 June 2023|archive-date=26 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626052140/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls|url-status=live}}</ref> | pop_est_as_of = | population_est = | pop_est_footnotes = | population_demonyms = ''timișorean'', ''timișoreancă'' ([[Romanian language|ro]]) | elevation_m = 90 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Romania|Tel. code]] | area_code = [[Romania telephone area codes|+40 x56]]2 | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Romania|Postal code]] | postal_code = 300xyz1 | timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +3 | website = {{URL|https://www.primariatm.ro/}} | blank1_name = [[Romanian car number plates|Car plates]] | blank1_info = TM | blank2_name = International airport | blank2_info = [[Timișoara Traian Vuia International Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|TSR]]) | blank3_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank3_info = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]] | footnotes = 1x, y and z are digits that indicate the street, part of the street or even the building of the address 2x is a digit indicating the operator: 2 for the former national operator, [[Romtelecom]], and 3 for other ground telephone networks }} '''Timișoara''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|t|ɪ|m|ɪ|ˈ|ʃ|w|ɑːr|ə}},<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/timisoara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128164342/https://www.lexico.com/definition/timisoara |archive-date=28 January 2021 |title=Timișoara |work=Lexico}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|t|iː|m|iː|-}},<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Timisoara |chapter=Timișoara |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=5th |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |location=Boston |date=2011 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128154627/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Timisoara |url-status=live }}</ref> {{IPAc-ro|lang|audio=Timisoara.ogg|t|i|m|i|ˈ|ș|oa|r|a}};{{efn|{{langx|de|Temeswar}} {{IPA|de|ˈtɛmɛʃvaːɐ̯||De-Temeswar.ogg}}, also {{lang|de|Temeschwar}} or {{lang|de|Temeschburg}};<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Timișoara (Temeschwar) |title=Aktuelles Lexikon 1974–2000 |publisher=DIZ 2000 |location=Munich |date=1989}}</ref> {{langx|hu|Temesvár}} {{IPA|hu|ˈtɛmɛʃvaːr||Temesvár.ogg}}; {{langx|sr|Темишвар|Temišvar}} {{IPA|sr|ˈtěmiʃʋaːr|}}}} see [[#Etymology|other names]]), officially the '''Municipality of Timișoara''',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hcl.civicul.ro/view-hcl/hcl_521_14.11.2006/attachment/002_ROF_PRIMARIE_24_oct_2006.pdf |title=Regulamentul de organizare și funcționare al Primăriei Municipiului Timișoara |website=Primăria Municipiului Timișoara}}</ref> is the capital city of [[Timiș County]], [[Banat]], and the main economic, social and cultural center in western [[Romania]]. Located on the [[Bega (Tisza)|Bega River]], Timișoara is considered the informal capital city of the historical [[Banat]] region. From 1848 to 1860 it was the capital of the [[Serbian Vojvodina]] and the [[Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar]]. With 250,849 inhabitants at the [[2021 Romanian census|2021 census]], Timișoara is the country's [[List of cities and towns in Romania|fifth most populous city]].<ref name="RPL2021"/> It is home to around 400,000 inhabitants in its [[Timișoara metropolitan area|metropolitan area]], while the Timișoara–Arad metropolis concentrates more than 70% of the population of Timiș and [[Arad County|Arad]] counties. Timișoara is a multicultural city, home to 21 ethnic groups and 18 religious denominations.<ref name="sidu">{{cite web |url=https://adi-pct.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/SIDU.pdf |title=Strategia de dezvoltare integrată a polului de creștere Timișoara 2015–2020 |work=Primăria municipiului Timișoara |date=2016 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129013054/https://adi-pct.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/SIDU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Historically, the most numerous were the [[Banat Swabians|Swabian Germans]], [[Jews]] and [[Hungarians]], who still make up 6% of the population in Timișoara.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://elpais.com/elviajero/2023-11-11/secreta-y-bella-timisoara-descifrando-la-capital-cultural-europea-2023.html |title=Secreta y bella Timisoara, descifrando la capital cultural europea 2023 |work=El País |last=Pascual |first=Carlos |date=11 November 2023 |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114101413/https://elpais.com/elviajero/2023-11-11/secreta-y-bella-timisoara-descifrando-la-capital-cultural-europea-2023.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Conquered in 1716 by the Austrians from the Ottoman Turks, Timișoara developed in the following centuries behind the fortifications and in the urban nuclei located around them. During the second half of the 19th century, the fortress began to lose its usefulness, due to many developments in military technology. Former bastions and military spaces were demolished and replaced with new boulevards and neighborhoods.<ref name="defortificare">{{cite journal |url=http://www.bcut.ro/dyn_img/Analele%20Banatului%20Arheologie-Istorie/Analele%20Banatului%20S.N.%20XXI%20%E2%80%93%202013/25%20glavan.pdf |title=Defortificarea cetății Timișoara |last=Glăvan |first=Ciprian |journal=Analele Banatului, Arheologie–Istorie |volume=XXI |date=2013 |pages=421–430 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116110008/http://www.bcut.ro/dyn_img/Analele%20Banatului%20Arheologie-Istorie/Analele%20Banatului%20S.N.%20XXI%20%E2%80%93%202013/25%20glavan.pdf }}</ref> Timișoara was the first city in the [[Habsburg monarchy]] with [[street lighting]] (1760) and the first European city to be lit by electric street lamps in 1884.<ref name="premiere">{{cite web |url=https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/component/content/article/45-informatii-practice/263-premiere-timisoara.html |title=Premiere ale orașului Timișoara |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=16 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211116110007/https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/component/content/article/45-informatii-practice/263-premiere-timisoara.html }}</ref> It opened the first public lending library in the Habsburg monarchy and built a municipal hospital 24 years ahead of [[Vienna]].<ref name="premiere" /> Also, in 1771 it published the first German newspaper in [[Southeast Europe]] ({{lang|de|[[The Timișoara Times|Temeswarer Nachrichten]]}}).<ref name="premiere" /> In December 1989, Timișoara was the starting point of the [[Romanian Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/romania-revolution-then-and-now/29660285.html |title=Romania's Revolution, Then And Now |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |last=Chapple |first=Amos |date=18 December 2018 |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225070244/https://www.rferl.org/a/romania-revolution-then-and-now/29660285.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Timișoara is one of the most important educational centers in Romania, with about 40,000 students<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/27/travel/timisoara-romania-things-to-do.html |title=It Might Be Time to Consider Timisoara |work=The New York Times |last=Trincia |first=Andy |date=27 October 2023}}</ref> enrolled in the city's six universities. Like many other large cities in Romania, Timișoara is a [[medical tourism]] service provider, especially for [[dentistry|dental care]] and [[cosmetic surgery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/turism-medical-in-timisoara-cat-de-pregatiti-suntem-sa-primim-bolnavi-straini-si-ce-le-putem-oferi-foto/28/10/2014 |title=Turism medical în Timișoara: cât de pregătiți suntem să primim bolnavi străini și ce le putem oferi? FOTO! |work=Opinia Timișoarei |last=Deaconescu |first=Roxana |date=28 October 2014 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128113653/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/turism-medical-in-timisoara-cat-de-pregatiti-suntem-sa-primim-bolnavi-straini-si-ce-le-putem-oferi-foto/28/10/2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several breakthroughs in Romanian medicine have been achieved in Timișoara, including the first [[in vitro fertilization]] (IVF), the first laser [[heart surgery]] and the first [[hematopoietic stem cell transplantation|stem cell transplant]].<ref name="premiere" /> As a technology hub, the city has one of the most powerful [[IT]] sectors in Romania alongside [[Bucharest]], [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Iași]], and [[Brașov]]. In 2013, Timișoara had the fastest internet download speed in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-city-comes-out-first-in-the-world-in-internet-download-speed-ranking |title=Romanian city comes out first in the world in Internet download speed ranking |work=Romania-Insider.com |date=3 July 2013 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129193701/https://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-city-comes-out-first-in-the-world-in-internet-download-speed-ranking |url-status=live }}</ref>

Nicknamed the "Little Vienna" or the "City of Roses", Timișoara is noted for its large number of [[monument istoric|historical monuments]] and its 36 parks and green spaces.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/parcurile-din-timisoara-promovate-pe-youtube-tu-stii-cate-parcuri-exista-in-capitala-banatului/05/05/2014 |title=Parcurile din Timișoara, promovate pe Youtube. Tu știi câte parcuri există în capitala Banatului? |work=Opinia Timișoarei |last=Deaconescu |first=Roxana |date=5 May 2014 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128040439/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/parcurile-din-timisoara-promovate-pe-youtube-tu-stii-cate-parcuri-exista-in-capitala-banatului/05/05/2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[spa]] resorts [[Buziaș]] and [[Orțișoara|Băile Călacea]] are located at a distance of {{convert|30|and|27|km|abbr=in}} from the city, respectively, mentioned since Roman times for the properties of healing waters. Along with [[Oradea]], Timișoara is part of the [[Art Nouveau]] European Route.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coupdefouet.es/en/cities.php |title=Cities |work=Art Nouveau European Route |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125647/http://coupdefouet.es/en/cities.php |url-status=live }}</ref> It is also a member of [[Eurocities]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eurocities.eu/cities/timisoara/ |title=Timișoara |work=Eurocities |date=6 August 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119234345/https://eurocities.eu/cities/timisoara/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Timișoara has an active cultural scene due to the city's three state theaters, [[Romanian National Opera, Timișoara|opera]], [[Banatul Philharmonic of Timișoara|philharmonic]] and many other cultural institutions. In 2016, Timișoara was the first Romanian Youth Capital,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://capitalatineretului.ro/editii |title=Ediții |work=Capitala Tineretului din România |access-date=7 November 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107081450/https://capitalatineretului.ro/editii |url-status=live }}</ref> and in 2023 it held the title of [[European Capital of Culture]], along with the cities of [[Veszprém]] in [[Hungary]] and [[Elefsina]] in [[Greece]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_1474 |title=Coronavirus: Commission proposes to extend 2020 European Capitals of Culture into 2021 |work=European Commission |date=18 August 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128092916/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_1474 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Etymology == The [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] name of the city, ''Temesvár'', was first recorded as ''Temeswar'' in 1315.<ref name="lajos">{{cite book |url=https://www.szaktars.hu/akademiai/view/kiss-lajos-foldrajzi-nevek-etimologiai-szotara-1980/ |title=Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára |last=Kiss |first=Lajos |publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó |location=Budapest |date=1983 |page=637 |isbn=963-05-3346-4 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129021255/https://www.szaktars.hu/akademiai/view/kiss-lajos-foldrajzi-nevek-etimologiai-szotara-1980/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It refers to a castle (''vár'') on the [[Timiș River]] (''Temes'').<ref name="lajos" /> Timiș belongs to the family of hydronyms derived from the Indo-European radical ''thib'' 'swamp'.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278018535 |title=Banat toponymy – a short view on the origins of settlements in the eastern part of Timișoara |journal=Review of Historical Geography and Toponomastics |last=Crețan |first=Remus |volume=II |issue=3–4 |date=2007 |pages=45–56 |issn=1842-8479}}</ref> The [[Romanian language|Romanian]] and [[German language|German]] oikonyms (Timișoara and Temeschburg,<ref>{{cite book |title=Historische und Philologische Untersuchung des Ortsnames Temeschburg – Temesvár – Timișoara |last=Hochstrasser |first=Gerhard |publisher=Eurobit |date=2001 |page=7}}</ref> respectively) derived from the Hungarian form.<ref name="lajos" /> The Ottoman administration used ''Temeşvar'' which was derived from ''Temesvár''. The Habsburg/Austrian authorities also used ''Temeschwar'', ''Temeswar'' or ''Temeschburg'', names that have become commonplace in current usage. The name of the city comes from the river which passes the city, Timișul Mic ({{langx|de|Kleine Temesch}}; {{langx|hu|Kistemes}}),<ref>{{cite book |title=Kulturraum Banat. Deutsche Kultur in einer europäischen Vielvölkerregion |editor-last=Engel |editor-first=Walter |publisher=Klartext |location=Essen |date=2007 |isbn=978-3-89861-722-2 |page=195}}</ref> hydronym which was in use until the 18th century when it was changed to Bega or Beghei.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Originea toponimului Timișoara și a hidronimului Bega |last=Răuț |first=Octavian |journal=Studii de limbă, literatură și folclor |volume=III |date=1976 |pages=141–156}}</ref> {{Collapsible list |framestyle = width:50% |title = Names in various languages |1 = {{langx|sq|Temishvari}}<ref name="jovanovic">{{cite book |title=Jezici balkanskih zemalja (i engleski) |editor-last=Jovanović |editor-first=Stanoje |publisher=Novinsko-izdavačka ustanova "Vojska" |location=Belgrade |date=1997 |page=91}}</ref> |2 = {{langx|bg-Latn|label=[[Banat Bulgarian dialect|Banat Bulgarian]]|Timišvár}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ispmn.gov.ro/node/minoritatea-bulgar-1989 |title=Minoritatea bulgară 1989 |work=Institutul pentru Studierea Problemelor Minorităților Naționale}}</ref> |3 = {{langx|de|label=[[Banat Swabians|Banat Swabian]]|Temeschwar}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jetscha.de/banat/vil/all_tim.htm |title=Ortschaften mit ehem. deutscher Bevölkerung im Banat |work=Jetscha.de |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123174145/http://www.jetscha.de/banat/vil/all_tim.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> |4 = {{langx|bs|Temišvar}} |5 = {{langx|hr|Temišvar}} |6 = {{langx|cs|Temešvár}} or ''Temešov''<ref name="knab">{{cite web |url=http://www.eki.ee/cgi-bin/mkn8.cgi?form=mm&lang=en&kohanimi=96045409&f2v=Y&f3v=Y&nimeliik=&maakond=&vald=&kihelkond=&asum=&f10v=Y&f14v=Y&of=tb |title=Timișoara |work=KNAB |access-date=12 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812230212/http://www.eki.ee/cgi-bin/mkn8.cgi?form=mm&lang=en&kohanimi=96045409&f2v=Y&f3v=Y&nimeliik=&maakond=&vald=&kihelkond=&asum=&f10v=Y&f14v=Y&of=tb |url-status=live }}</ref> |7 = {{langx|nl|Temeswaar}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=Hărți referitoare la Țările Române în arhivele și bibliotecile pariziene |last=Ungureanu |first=Alexandru |journal=Revista Arhivelor |volume=XXIV |issue=4 |date=1974 |pages=638–654}}</ref> |8 = {{langx|fr|Temesbourg}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.ro/books/edition/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran/4w0LAQAAMAAJ |title=Journal officiel de la République française. Édition des lois et décrets |date=1972 |page=1210}}</ref> |9 = {{langx|el|Τιμισοάρα|Timisoára}} |10 = {{langx|la|Timisvaria}} |11 = {{langx|ota|تمشوار|Temešvār}}<ref name="geonames">{{cite web |url=https://www.geonames.de/coutr-ota-provinces.html |title=Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire |work=GeoNames |access-date=26 January 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329091345/http://www.geonames.de/coutr-ota-provinces.html |url-status=live }}</ref> |12 = {{langx|pl|Temeszwar}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=19179 |title=Przewodnik dla podróżuja̜cych za granice̜ |date=1873 |location=Warsaw |publisher=Nakł. i druk S. Orgelbranda synów |page=47}}</ref> |13 = {{langx|ru|Темешвар|Temeshvar}}<ref name="knab" /> |14 = {{langx|sr|Темишвар|Temišvar}}<ref name="jovanovic" /> |15 = {{langx|sk|Temešvár}} |16 = {{langx|sl|Temišvar}} |17 = {{langx|tr|Temeşvar}} or ''Tamışvar''<ref name="geonames" /> |18 = {{langx|uk|Темешвар|Temeshvar}} |19 = {{langx|yi|טעמעשוואַר|Temeshvar}}<ref>{{cite book |title=לקורות היהדות בטרנסלבניא |last=Abraham |first=Eugene |publisher=A. Lamberger |date=1950 |page=29}}</ref> }}

== History == {{Main|History of Timișoara}} {{Quote box | title = Historical affiliations | align = right | quote = {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)|Kingdom of Hungary]] (1212–1526) {{flagicon image|Coa Hungary Country History John I of Hungary (Szapolyai) (1526-1540).svg}} [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]] (1526–1551) {{flagicon image|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]] (1551–1552) {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1552–1716) {{flag|Habsburg Monarchy}} (1718–1779) {{flagicon image|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]] (1779–1849) {{flag|Austrian Empire}} (1849–1867) {{flag|Austria-Hungary}} (1867–1918) (''de jure'' Hungary [[Treaty of Trianon|until 1920]]) {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Banat Republic]] (1918) (''de facto'') {{flag|Kingdom of Serbia}} (1918) (''de facto'') {{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}} (1918–1919) (''de facto'') {{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} (1920–1947) (''de facto'' from 1919) {{flag|Romanian People's Republic}} (1947–1965) {{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania}} (1965–1989) {{flag|Romania}} (1989–present)}}

=== Early history === The southeastern part of the [[Pannonian basin|Pannonian Basin]] is bounded by the [[Mureș (river)|Mureș]], the [[Tisza]] and the [[Danube]]; the region was very fertile and already offered favorable conditions for food and human livelihood in 4000 BC.<ref name="istorie">{{unreliable source?|date=February 2021}} {{cite web |url=http://enciclopediaromaniei.ro/wiki/Istoria_Timi%C5%9Foarei |title=Istoria Timișoarei |work=Enciclopedia României |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514141121/http://enciclopediaromaniei.ro/wiki/Istoria_Timi%C5%9Foarei |url-status=live }}</ref> Archeological remains attested the presence of a population of farmers, hunters and artisans, whose existence was favored by mild climate, fertile soil and abundant water and forests.

The first identifiable civilization in Banat were the [[Dacians]] who left traces of their past.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digi24.ro/magazin/timp-liber/cultura/vestigii-ale-dacilor-ies-la-iveala-localitate-antica-pomenita-de-ptolemeu-descoperita-in-banat-422765 |title=Vestigii ale dacilor ies la iveală. Localitate antică pomenită de Ptolemeu, descoperită în Banat |work=Digi24 |date=1 August 2015 |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814145537/https://www.digi24.ro/magazin/timp-liber/cultura/vestigii-ale-dacilor-ies-la-iveala-localitate-antica-pomenita-de-ptolemeu-descoperita-in-banat-422765 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several Romanian historians have advanced the idea that the current location of Timișoara corresponds to the Dacian settlement of [[Zurobara]]. Although its location is unknown, the coordinates given by geographer [[Ptolemy]] in ''Geographike Hyphegesis'' place it in the northwest of Banat.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.cimec.ro/biblioteca-digitala/parvan/parvangetica/getica.htm |title=Getica. O protoistorie a Daciei |edition=2nd |last=Pârvan |first=Vasile |publisher=Editura Meridiane |location=Bucharest |date=1982 |page=154 |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230004310/http://www.cimec.ro/biblioteca-digitala/parvan/parvangetica/getica.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Middle Ages === [[File:Bastion Theresia corp A, B, C, E.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Theresia Bastion]] served as a defensive wall of the [[Timișoara Fortress]].]] It is assumed that in the 9th century, Knyaz [[Glad (duke)|Glad]] ruled over these lands, accepting Hungarian sovereignty, though no contemporary accounts exist.<ref name="istorie" /> Timișoara was first officially mentioned in 1212 as the Roman [[castrum]] ''Temesiensis''<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Timisoara |title=Timișoara |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220104623/https://www.britannica.com/place/Timisoara |url-status=live }}</ref> or ''castrum regium Themes''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adatbank.transindex.ro/html/cim_pdf2583.pdf |title=Tekintő. Erdélyi helynévkönyv |last=Vistai |first=András János |work=Adatbank |page=1063 |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128132213/https://adatbank.transindex.ro/html/cim_pdf2583.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This year is disputed by historians of the opinion that the city's first documentary mention comes from 1266, when heir apparent [[Stephen V of Hungary]] donates part of the ''Tymes'' fortress, built by his father, [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]], to Count Parabuch.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/prima-atestare-documentara-timisoarei-controversa-printre-istorici--singura-data-neatacabila-1266-1_5534aae5cfbe376e35569cbf/index.html |title=Prima atestare documentară a Timișoarei, controversă printre istorici: "Singura dată neatacabilă este 1266" |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=20 April 2015 |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027063453/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/prima-atestare-documentara-timisoarei-controversa-printre-istorici--singura-data-neatacabila-1266-1_5534aae5cfbe376e35569cbf/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city was destroyed by the [[List of Mongol and Tatar attacks in Europe|Tatars]] in the 13th century,<ref name="britannica" /> but the city was rebuilt and grew considerably during the reign of [[Charles I of Hungary]], who, upon his visit there in 1307, ordered the strengthening of the fortress with stone walls and the building of a royal palace. The palace was built by Italian craftsmen and was organized around a rectangular court having a main body provided with a dungeon or a tower.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.arcanum.hu/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Borovszky-borovszky-samu-magyarorszag-varmegyei-es-varosai-1/temesvar-1A7E9/temesvar-tortenete-irta-szentklaray-jeno-dr-apatkanonok-1A86F/ |title=Temesvár története |last=Szentkláray |first=Jenő |publisher=Országos Monográfia Társaság |location=Budapest |date=1911 |access-date=6 July 2018 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629021758/https://www.arcanum.hu/hu/online-kiadvanyok/Borovszky-borovszky-samu-magyarorszag-varmegyei-es-varosai-1/temesvar-1A7E9/temesvar-tortenete-irta-szentklaray-jeno-dr-apatkanonok-1A86F/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hategan">{{cite book |url=http://www.bjt.ro/bv/ScritoriBanateni/HATEGAN_Ioan/Hategan%20Banatul%20934-1552.pdf |title=Cronologia Banatului |volume=II |last1=Hațegan |first1=Ioan |last2=Boldea |first2=Ligia |last3=Țeicu |first3=Dumitru |publisher=Editura Banatul |date=2006 |isbn=973-7836-56-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903080729/http://www.bjt.ro/bv/ScritoriBanateni/HATEGAN_Ioan/Hategan%20Banatul%20934-1552.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2013 }}</ref> He even moved the royal seat from [[Buda]] to Timișoara between 1316 and 1323.<ref name="istorie" /> Timișoara's importance also grew due to its strategic location, which facilitated control over the Banat plain.<ref name="hategan" />

By the middle of the 14th century, Timișoara was at the forefront of Western [[Christendom]]'s battle against the [[Muslim]] [[Ottoman Turks]]. In 1394, the Turks led by [[Bayezid I]] passed Nagybecskerek (present-day [[Zrenjanin]]) and Timișoara on their way to [[Wallachia]] where they were defeated by Voivode [[Mircea I of Wallachia|Mircea the Elder]] in the [[battle of Rovine]].<ref name="istorie" /> Timișoara once again served as a concentration point for the Christian armed forces, this time for the [[battle of Nicopolis]]. After the Christians' defeat, the Ottomans devastated Banat to Timișoara, from where they were expelled by Count István Losonczy.<ref name="istorie" /> Appointed Count of Timiș in 1440, [[John Hunyadi]] moved with his family to Timișoara, which he would turn into a permanent military camp.<ref name="munteanu">{{cite book |title=Timișoara. Monografie |first1=Ioan |last1=Munteanu |first2=Rodica |last2=Munteanu |publisher=Editura Mirton |location=Timișoara |date=2002 |isbn=973-585-650-6}}</ref> John Hunyadi would come to be known throughout the region for his [[Siege of Belgrade (1456)|victory in Belgrade]] over the Ottomans, considered at that time a defender of Christianity. An important event in the city's history was the peasant uprising led by [[György Dózsa]]. On 10 August 1514 he tried to change the course of [[Bega (Tisza)|Bega River]] to be able to enter more easily into the city, but he was defeated by attacks from both inside and outside the city.<ref name="istorie" />

=== Ottoman rule (1552–1716) === [[File:Timisoara1656.jpg|thumb|Timișoara in 1656, a map by [[Nicolas Sanson]]. Note the mosques with minarets and crescent moons on towers characteristic of cities during the Ottoman era.]] [[File:Central europe 1683.png|thumb| [[Temeşvar Eyalet]] and the surrounding [[Ottoman Hungary]] in 1683]] The [[Siege of Belgrade (1521)|fall of Belgrade]] in 1521 and the [[Battle of Mohács|defeat at Mohács]] in 1526 caused the division of the [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian Kingdom]] in three parts, and [[Banat]] became the object of contention between the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]. After a failed siege in 1551, the Turks regrouped and returned with a new strategy. On 22 July 1552, a 160,000-strong army led by [[Kara Ahmed Pasha]] [[Siege of Temesvár (1552)|conquered the city]] and transformed it into a provincial capital in the newly established province of ([[Temeşvar Eyalet]]). The Eyalet included most of Banat and southern [[Crișana]]. Local military commander, István Losonczy, and other Christians were massacred on 27 July 1552 while escaping the city through the Azapilor Gate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/aniversare-trista-timisoara-1552-s-a-lasat-intunericul-dominatiei-otomane-banat-1_50aef2737c42d5a663a1d771/index.html |title=Aniversare tristă pentru Timișoara: în 1552 s-a lăsat întunericul dominației otomane în Banat |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=28 July 2012 |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305151501/http://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/aniversare-trista-timisoara-1552-s-a-lasat-intunericul-dominatiei-otomane-banat-1_50aef2737c42d5a663a1d771/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After the death of [[John Zápolya]], Habsburgs tried to obtain [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvania]] and Banat, including Timișoara, with mixed results; Transylvania even entered into dual vassalage for a time.<ref name="istorie" />

Timișoara remained under the Ottoman rule for 164 years, controlled directly by the Sultan and enjoying a special status, similar to other cities in the region, such as [[Budapest]] and [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w3LREAAAQBAJ |chapter=Temeswar as an Imperial City in the First Half of the Eighteenth Century |title=Imperial Cities in the Tsarist, the Habsburg, and the Ottoman Empires |editor-first1=Hofmeister |editor-last1=Ulrich |editor-first2=Riedler |editor-last2=Florian |last=Born |first=Robert |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-13003-1 |date=2023}}</ref> During this period, Timișoara was transformed into an Ottoman fortification, with [[mosque]]s, [[minaret]]s, [[Quran school]]s, [[Hammam|Turkish bath]]s, and [[bazaar]]s being built.<ref>Gașpar, Adriana (2023). "[https://real.mtak.hu/169132/1/072-article-p149.pdf Places of worship from the Ottoman Period in Timișoara, Romania]". ''Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae''. 74 (1): 171. [[doi:10.1556/072.2023.00011]]. "With the end of the Ottoman rule in Timișoara eyalet and the departure of the Muslim population from the province, according to the plan edited by Perrette, five mosques were left behind in the town, five in the suburb of Palanca Mare, two in the suburb of Palanca Mică, one of which in the neighborhood located east of the castle (...).{{nbsp}}... No building in Timișoara dating from the Ottoman Period has survived, unlike in Hungary where several places of worship or other contemporary buildings can still be visited."</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Qureshi |first=Urooj |title=An ancient Ottoman capital surfaces |website=BBC Travel |publisher=BBC |date=16 April 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20150416-an-ancient-ottoman-capital-surfaces}}</ref> Timișoara became home to a large [[Islam]]ic community and was predominantly populated by [[Muslims]].<ref>{{cite web |language=ro |author=Ștefan Both |title= Aniversare tristă pentru Timişoara: în 1552 s-a lăsat întunericul dominaţiei otomane în Banat |trans-title=Sad anniversary for Timişoara: in 1552 the darkness of Ottoman domination descended on Banat |date=28 July 2012 |website=Adevarul.ro |url= https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/timisoara/aniversare-trista-pentru-timisoara-in-1552-s-a-1256783.html}}</ref> The Ottoman period of Timișoara produced famous historical figures, such as [[Osman Aga of Temesvar|Osman Ağa of Temeşvar]] and [[Ali Janbulad|Ali of Temeşvar]].<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Zwischen Paschas und Generälen. Bericht des Osman Aga aus Temeschwar, über die Höhepunkte seines Wirkens als Diwansdolmetscher und Diplomat |title=Osmanische Geschichtsschreiber |volume=V |editor1-last=Kornauth |editor1-first=Friedrich |editor2-last=Kreutel |editor2-first=Richard Franz |publisher=Verlag Styria |date=1966 |issn=0473-5129}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Ștefan Both |title=Povestea lui Osman Aga de Timișoara, un personaj fabulos din perioada în care Banatul era condus de pașă |trans-title=The story of Osman Ağa of Temeşvar, a fabulous character from the period when Banat was ruled by the paşa |url=https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/timisoara/povestea-lui-osman-aga-de-timisoara-un-personaj-1946605.html |website=Adevărul |publisher=Adevărul Holding |date=11 August 2021 |language=ro }}</ref>

Except for a period in the late 16th century, the city did not suffer sieges until the end of the 17th century. In 1594, Gregory Palotić, [[Banate of Lugos and Karánsebes|Ban of Lugos and Karánsebes]], started an anti-Ottoman uprising in Banat, with its starting point in Nagybecskerek. Following a strong Transylvanian offensive led by György Borbély, the Christian army conquered several towns, but Timișoara remained untouched.<ref>{{cite book |title=Din istoria Banatului de Severin |volume=II |last=Dragalina |first=Patriciu |publisher=Biblioteca Noastră |date=1900 |pages=44–45}}</ref> Another attempt to retake the city took place in 1596, when an army of [[Sigismund Báthory]] began the siege of the city. After 40 days of futile efforts, the besiegers drew back.<ref>{{cite book |title=Încercare de istorie politică și naturală a Banatului Timișoarei |edition=2nd |last=Griselini |first=Francesco |publisher=Editura de Vest |date=2006 |isbn=978-973-36-0422-8}}</ref>

=== Habsburg rule (1716–1860) === [[File:Die Eroberung Themeswar 1716.jpg|thumb|[[Siege of Temeşvar (1716)|Siege of 1716]]]] After the [[Battle of Petrovaradin|victory at Petrovaradin]] on 5 August 1716, the Austrian army led by [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] decided to conquer Timișoara. The Ottoman military, the [[kuruc]] and the Turkish civilian population were forced to leave the city after a [[Siege of Temeşvar (1716)|48-day siege]] marked by repeated bombings that destroyed much of the city's buildings.<ref name="iliesiu">{{cite book |title=Timișoara: monografie istorică |last=Ilieșiu |first=Nicolae |edition=3rd |publisher=Planetarium |date=2006 |isbn=973-7836-92-8}}</ref> After the [[Treaty of Passarowitz]] (1718), the [[Banat of Temeswar]] became the province of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] under the German name of Temeschburg and was proclaimed a "possession of the Crown", with a military administration which ruled it until 1751 when it was replaced by a civil one.

After the conquest of Banat, the imperial authorities in [[Vienna]] began an extensive process of [[colonization]], inviting especially German Catholics from [[Württemberg]], [[Swabia]], [[Nassau (region)|Nassau]], etc. who would become known as [[Banat Swabians]].<ref name="istorie" /> In Temeschburg, the Swabians settled mainly in Fabric, where they strongly developed craftsmanship. The main function of the town during this period was as a military fortress. The existing fortifications could not cope with the new military techniques, so the entire fortress was rebuilt in a late, flat and inconsistent adaptation of the [[Vauban]] style. It had an area ten times greater than the medieval Turkish fortress. Between 1728 and 1732, the Bega River was regulated into a navigable canal.<ref name="istorie" /> [[File:Schlacht von Temesvar am 9 August 1849.jpg|thumb|[[Battle of Temesvár]] (1849) at the end of a [[Siege of Temesvár (1849)|107-day siege]]]] Under the political pressure of the [[Diet of Hungary|Hungarian Diet]], the Viennese Imperial Court agreed that the three counties of Banat should be reincorporated into the Hungarian Kingdom, in 1779.<ref name="i&u">{{cite web |url=https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/component/content/article/45-informatii-practice/358-urbanism.html |title=Istorie și urbanism |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=3 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003121307/https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/component/content/article/45-informatii-practice/358-urbanism.html }}</ref> In 1781 [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor]] declared Temeschburg free from the county authority and, to prevent the nobles from interfering with the administration of the city, he raised it to the rank of a "free royal city".<ref name="istorie" /> This status would secure the town's internal self-government, raising and spending its own local taxes, and electing representatives in the Diet. The city was [[Siege of Temesvár (1849)|under siege in 1848]] for 107 days. The Hungarians unsuccessfully tried to capture the [[Timișoara Fortress|fortress]] in the [[battle of Temesvár]]. It was the last major battle in the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]].<ref name="britannica" /> By the [[March Constitution (Austria)|March Constitution]], the region was incorporated to the [[Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar]], which became a crownland of the [[Austrian Empire]]. The new imperial province, the existence of which had also been consecrated by the imperial decree of 18 November 1849, was ruled both militarily and civilly. Timișoara was designated as the residence of the governor, and the city maintained its privileges as a free royal city.<ref name="istorie" />

=== 19th–20th centuries === [[File:Temesvár város térképe, Trianon előtt.jpg|thumb|A Hungarian-language map of late-19th century Timișoara with the four historical districts: [[Cetate, Timișoara|Cetate]] (''Belváros''), [[Fabric, Timișoara|Fabric]] (''Gyárkülváros''), [[Elisabetin]] (''Majorkülváros'') and [[Iosefin]] (''Józsefkülváros'')]] In 1860, the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar was abolished and most of its territory was incorporated into the Habsburg [[Kingdom of Hungary]], although direct Hungarian rule began only following the [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867]], after the establishment of the [[dual monarchy]]. As part of [[Austria-Hungary]], the city experienced a fast economic and demographic growth. Credit institutions invested large sums in the development of local industry; at the turn of the 20th century there were many enterprises here: two breweries, an iron foundry, a match factory, a brick factory, a gas factory, a chain factory, a hat factory, a chocolate factory, etc.<ref name="istorie" /> In this period horse-drawn tram, telephone and street lighting were introduced and roads were paved.

In 1892, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I]] decided to abolish the fortress status of Timișoara.<ref name="defortificare" /> The demolition of the fortifications began in 1899. The main functions of the city thus became the economic ones, especially the commercial and banking ones.<ref name="i&u" />

=== After World War I === [[File:3 august 1919 Timisoara.jpg|thumb|left|Romanian troops entering Timișoara on 3 August 1919]] [[File:CP - Timisoara, Ansamblul urban Corso.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ferdinand I of Romania|King Ferdinand]] Boulevard (now [[Victory Square, Timișoara|Victory Square]]) in 1926]] On 31 October 1918, local military and political elites established the Banat National Council, together with representatives of the region's main ethnic groups: [[Germans]], [[Hungarians]], [[Serbs]] and [[Romanians]]. On 1 November, they proclaimed the short-lived [[Banat Republic]].{{citation needed|date=September 2025}} In the aftermath of [[World War I]], the Banat region was divided between the [[Kingdom of Romania]] and the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], and Timișoara came under Romanian administration after Serbian occupation between 1918 and 1919. The city was ceded from Hungary to Romania by the [[Treaty of Trianon]] on 4 June 1920. In 1920, King [[Ferdinand I of Romania|Ferdinand I]] awarded Timișoara the status of a University Center, and the [[interwar]] years saw continuous economic and cultural development. A number of [[anti-fascist]] and [[anti-revisionist]] demonstrations also took place during this time.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

[[File:485th Bombardment Group, B-24 Gol'Walloper bombing Timisoara.jpg|thumb|A B-24 Gol'Walloper [[Bombing of Timișoara in World War II|dropping bombs over Timișoara]] on 3 July 1944]] During [[World War II]], Timișoara suffered damage from both [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] and [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[Bombing of Timisoara in WW2|bombing raids]], especially during the second half of 1944. On 23 August 1944, Romania, which until then was a member of the Axis, declared war on [[Nazi Germany]] and joined the Allies. The German and Hungarian troops attempted to take the city by force throughout September, but without success.

After the war, the [[People's Republic of Romania]] was proclaimed, and Timișoara underwent [[Sovietisation]] and, later, [[Systematisation (Romania)|Systematisation]]. The city's population tripled between 1948 and 1992. Timișoara became highly industrialized both through new investments and by increasing the capacities of the old enterprises in various industries: machine building, textile and footwear, electrical, food, plastics, optical, building materials, furniture, etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/industria-timisoarei-inflorirea-imperiul-austro-ungar-intreprinderile-comuniste-smecheriile-democratia-originala-1_535f5d910d133766a830736b/index.html |title=Industria Timișoarei, de la înflorirea din imperiul Austro-Ungar la intreprinderile comuniste și la șmecheriile din "democrația originală" |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924080143/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/industria-timisoarei-inflorirea-imperiul-austro-ungar-intreprinderile-comuniste-smecheriile-democratia-originala-1_535f5d910d133766a830736b/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.banatulazi.ro/fabricile-celebre-ale-timisoarei-din-comunism-facute-una-cu-pamantul-in-capitalism/ |title=Fabricile celebre ale Timișoarei din comunism, făcute una cu pământul în capitalism! |work=Banatul Azi |last=Popescu |first=Cristina |date=1 September 2018 |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924080140/https://www.banatulazi.ro/fabricile-celebre-ale-timisoarei-din-comunism-facute-una-cu-pamantul-in-capitalism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Strada Emanoil Ungureanu. Romániai forradalom. Fortepan 31924.jpg|thumb|Protesters on Emanoil Ungureanu Street during the [[Romanian Revolution|1989 Revolution]]]] In December 1989, Timișoara witnessed a series of mass street protests in what was to become the [[Romanian Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-KP7BQ3oXXgC |title=Uncivil Society: 1989 and the Implosion of the Communist Establishment |last=Kotkin |first=Stephen |publisher=Modern Library |date=2010 |pages=84–87 |isbn=978-0-8129-6679-4 |access-date=15 June 2019 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114204221/https://books.google.com/books?id=-KP7BQ3oXXgC |url-status=live }}</ref> On 20 December, three days after bloodshed began there, Timișoara was declared the first city free of [[Communism in Romania]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digi24.ro/regional/digi24-timisoara/20-decembrie-1989-timisoara-primul-oras-liber-de-comunism-172291 |title=20 decembrie 1989: Timișoara, primul oraș liber de comunism |work=Digi24 |date=20 December 2013 |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730114930/https://www.digi24.ro/regional/digi24-timisoara/20-decembrie-1989-timisoara-primul-oras-liber-de-comunism-172291 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography == Timișoara is located at the intersection of the [[45th parallel north]] with the [[21st meridian east]]. As a mathematical position, it is in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], almost equally distant from the [[North Pole]] and the [[equator]], and in the Eastern Hemisphere, using [[Central European Time]]. The local time of the city (considered after the meridian) is 1 h 25' 8" ahead of the [[Greenwich Mean Time]], but it is 34' 52" behind the official time of Romania ([[Eastern European Time]]).<ref name="statut">{{cite web |url=https://www.primariatm.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Statut.pdf |title=Statutul municipiului Timișoara |work=Primăria municipiului Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125232110/https://www.primariatm.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Statut.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Timișoara lies at an altitude of 90 meters on the southeast edge of the Banat Plain, part of the [[Pannonian Plain]], near the divergence of the [[Timiș (river)|Timiș]] and [[Bega River (Banat)|Bega]] rivers.<ref name="statut" /> The waters of the two rivers form a swampy and frequently flooded land. Timișoara developed on one of few places where the swamps could be crossed. These constituted a natural protection around the fortress for a very long time and favored a wet and insalubrious climate, which spread plague and cholera and kept the number of inhabitants relatively low, preventing civic development. With time, these rivers were drained, dammed and diverted. Due to the hydrographical projects undertaken in the 18th century, the city no longer lies on the Timiș River, but on the [[Bega Canal]]. This improvement of the land was made irreversible by building the Bega Canal (started in 1728) and by the complete draining of the surrounding marshes. The city lies only 0.5 to 5 meters above the water table, which disallows the construction of tall buildings.<ref>{{unreliable source?|date=February 2021}} {{cite web |url=http://enciclopediaromaniei.ro/wiki/Timi%C5%9Foara |title=Timișoara |work=Enciclopedia României |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515223526/https://enciclopediaromaniei.ro/wiki/Timi%C5%9Foara |url-status=live }}</ref> The rich black soil and relatively high water table make this a fertile agricultural region.

Taken as a whole, the relief of Timișoara appears as a relatively flat, monotonous surface, the smoothness of the surface interrupted only by the Bega riverbed. Researched in detail, the relief of the city and its surroundings presents a series of local peculiarities, represented mainly by deserted meanders, micro-depressions and ridges (generally made of coarse materials). These are the result of the deposits in the area of the Timiș and Bega rivers, before their drainage, regularization and damming (concretized altimetrically by modest bumps, which do not exceed anywhere, the interval of 2–3 m).<ref name="statut" />

=== Seismicity === Timișoara is a fairly active seismic center, but of the many [[earthquake]]s observed, few have exceeded magnitude 6 on the [[Richter scale]]. There are two active [[seismic fault]]s that cross the western part of the city.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350630718314900 |title=Seismic vulnerability assessment for the historical areas of the Timișoara city, Romania |last=Moșoarcă |first=Marius |display-authors=etal |journal=Engineering Failure Analysis |volume=101 |pages=86–112 |date=2019 |doi=10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.03.013 |s2cid=139174616 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129224416/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350630718314900 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The earthquakes recorded in the region are normal earthquakes, of crustal type, with depths of foci between {{cvt|5 and 30|km}}.<ref name="roeduseis">{{cite web |url=http://www.roeduseis.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Poster_9_Timisoara-si-seismele-banatene.pdf |title=Timișoara și seismele bănățene |last1=Georgescu |first1=Emil-Sever |last2=Dobre |first2=Daniela |last3=Dragomir |first3=Claudiu-Sorin |last4=Borcia |first4=Ioan Sorin |work=ROEDUSEIS |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085441/http://www.roeduseis.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Poster_9_Timisoara-si-seismele-banatene.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna === [[File:Lacul Dumbrăvița.jpg|thumb|Green Forest and [[Dumbrăvița, Timiș|Dumbrăvița]] Lake, 2012]] In the past, there were extensive [[oak forest]]s between the [[Tisza]] and [[Timiș (river)|Timiș]].<ref name="cadru">{{cite book |url=https://www.primariatm.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Cadrul_Natural_Timisoara_vol.1.pdf |title=Cadrul natural și peisagistic al municipiului Timișoara |volume=I |publisher=Primăria municipiului Timișoara |date=2010 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128062018/https://www.primariatm.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Cadrul_Natural_Timisoara_vol.1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Over time, they were cleared to obtain the wood needed to build the fortress and houses, as well as to gain arable land.<ref name="agir">{{cite journal |url=https://www.agir.ro/buletine/986.pdf |title=Cadrul natural, peisagistic și calitatea mediului în municipiul Timișoara |last=Ciupa |first=Vasile |journal=Buletinul AGIR |issue=2 |date=2011 |pages=3–13 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117123629/https://www.agir.ro/buletine/986.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Today, except for the areas forested with [[Turkey oak]] and [[Hungarian oak]] (Green Forest, Bistra Forest, Timișeni–Șag Forest), the territory falls within the anthropogenic [[forest steppe]] that characterizes the entire [[Pannonian Basin]]. The landscape is diversified by meadow vegetation, along the main rivers, in which softwood trees predominate: [[willow]]s, [[Populus|poplars]], [[alder]]s. Within the city limits is the Green Forest ({{langx|ro|Pădurea Verde}}), a forest massif with an area of about {{cvt|724|ha}}, systematically arranged in squares of {{cvt|15|ha}}.<ref name="cadru" /> The forest is man-made; first organization plans were carried out in 1860 by the Hungarian Forest Service.<ref name="cadru" /> About {{cvt|20|km}} southeast of Timișoara is the Bazoș Dendrological Park, a forest reserve which since 1994 has the status of protected area. The first trees of the reserve were brought in 1909 from the [[Harvard University]] nursery. Today, the reserve includes 800 different species of trees and shrubs and is part of the International Association of Botanical Gardens.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timpolis.ro/parcul-dendrologic-bazos-de-la-caini-spanzurati-la-ziua-consulatelor/ |title=Parcul Dendrologic Bazoș – de la câini spânzurați la Ziua Consulatelor |work=Timpolis |last=Piticariu |first=Bogdan |date=6 March 2014 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128100119/https://timpolis.ro/parcul-dendrologic-bazos-de-la-caini-spanzurati-la-ziua-consulatelor/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The fauna of Timișoara includes few mammals, represented only by a few insectivores and rodents. The birds, on the other hand, are numerous, some of which are of hunting importance (the [[common pheasant|pheasant]]).<ref name="agir" /> The [[urban wildlife]], although less varied than the forest wildlife, has a higher number of species of hunting interest ([[rabbit]], [[deer]], [[quail]], [[partridge]], [[pheasant]], [[hedgehog]], etc.) and reptiles.<ref name="agir" /> In the parks of Timișoara there are [[hedgehog]]s, [[mole (animal)|mole]]s, [[tree frog]]s and a lot of birds.<ref name="agir" /> Regarding the piscifauna, the dominant species is the [[carp]], along with which live [[common bream|breams]], [[common bleak|bleaks]], [[common roach|roaches]], [[Pelecus cultratus|zieges]], [[northern pike|pikes]], natural support for [[sport fishing]].<ref name="agir" /> Timișoara used to have the only zoo in western Romania, [[Timișoara Zoological Garden]], but it was closed.

=== Hydrography === [[File:Bega river in the summertime.jpg|thumb|[[Bega Canal]] seen from the [[Trajan]] Bridge, 2016]] The main watercourse is the [[Bega River (Banat)|Bega River]], the southernmost tributary of the [[Tisza]]. Springing from the [[Poiana Ruscă Mountains]], Bega is canalized, and from Timișoara to its outflow it was arranged for navigation ({{cvt|115|km|disp=sqbr}}).<ref name="statut" /> The [[Bega Canal]] was built between 1728 and 1760, but its final arrangement was made later.<ref name="statut" /> The Bega Canal was designed for the access of barges of 600–700 tons and an annual transport capacity of three million wagons.<ref name="statut" />

From the multitude of arms that existed before the canalization of Bega, only Bega Moartă (Dead Bega; in the Fabric neighborhood) and Bega Veche (Old Bega; to the west, flowing through Săcălaz) are preserved inside the city.<ref name="statut" /> [[File:Timisoara - On the field - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Balta Lămâiței in [[Freidorf]]]] In addition to permanent courses and those that dry out, often during the summer, on the territory of Timișoara there are a number of lakes: either natural, formed instead of the old meanders or subsidence areas, such as those near Kuncz, Giroc, Pădurea Verde, etc., or of anthropic origin, such as those from Fratelia, Freidorf, Ciarda Roșie, Ștrandul Tineretului, etc.<ref name="cadru" /> Timișoara's drinking water is provided by [[Lake Surduc]], an anthropic lake (1976), the largest in Timiș County, located {{cvt|87|km}} from the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/timisoara/foto-cum-a-aparut-lacul-surduc-cel-mai-mare-lac-1563423.html |title=Cum a apărut Lacul Surduc, cel mai mare lac din Timiş. O zonă turistică superbă lăsată în anonimat total |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=11 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Climate === Like parts of [[Romania]], Timișoara exhibits a transitional [[humid continental climate|humid continental]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb'') and [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfa''), characteristic of the southeastern part of the [[Pannonian Basin]], with some sub-Mediterranean influences.<ref name="dmmt">{{cite web |url=https://www.dmmt.ro/uploads/files/Strategia_Locala_privind_schimbarile_climatice_2010.pdf |title=Strategia locală privind schimbările climatice în municipiul Timișoara |work=Direcția de Mediu a municipiului Timișoara |date=2010 |pages=9–10 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129030929/https://www.dmmt.ro/uploads/files/Strategia_Locala_privind_schimbarile_climatice_2010.pdf }}</ref><ref name="weatherbase">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=74251&cityname=Timisoara,%20Romania |title=Timișoara, Romania |work=weatherbase |access-date=8 December 2016 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128203758/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=74251&cityname=Timisoara,%20Romania |url-status=live }}</ref>

The dominant air masses, during spring and summer, are the temperate ones, of oceanic origin, which bring significant precipitations. Frequently, even in winter, humid air masses arrive from the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], bringing significant rains and snows, less often [[cold wave]]s. From September to February there are frequent penetrations of continental polar air masses, coming from the east. In Banat, the influence of cyclones and hot air masses from the [[Adriatic Sea]] and the [[Mediterranean Sea]] is also strongly felt, which in winter generate complete thawing and in summer impose periods of stifling heat.<ref name="dmmt" />

The average annual temperature was {{cvt|11.8|°C}} between 1991 and 2020.<ref name=NOAA9120 /> The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of {{cvt|22.7|°C}}.<ref name=NOAA9120 /> The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of {{cvt|1.0|°C}}.<ref name=NOAA9120 /> The lowest temperature recorded in Timișoara was {{cvt|-35.3|°C}}, on 24 January 1963,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digi24.ro/meteo/ce-asteapta-meteorologii-in-ianuarie-luna-cu-cea-mai-scazuta-temperatura-din-romania-dar-si-cu-maxime-de-22-de-grade-1241244 |title=Ce așteaptă meteorologii în ianuarie, luna cu cea mai scăzută temperatură din România, dar și cu maxime de 22 de grade |work=Digi24 |date=6 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126072410/https://www.digi24.ro/meteo/ce-asteapta-meteorologii-in-ianuarie-luna-cu-cea-mai-scazuta-temperatura-din-romania-dar-si-cu-maxime-de-22-de-grade-1241244 |url-status=live}}</ref> while the highest temperature was {{cvt|42|°C}}, recorded in August 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/vremea/codul-roc-u-ramane-in-vigoare-pentru-vestul-c-arii-maxima-atinge-42-de-grade.html |title=Valul de caniculă "Lucifer" a făcut deja victime în România. Ce ne așteaptă în zilele următoare |work=Știrile Pro TV |date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129021255/https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/vremea/codul-roc-u-ramane-in-vigoare-pentru-vestul-c-arii-maxima-atinge-42-de-grade.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The average number of frost days (with minimum temperatures below {{cvt|0|°C|disp=sqbr}}) is 80,<ref name=NOAA9120 /> and the average number of winter days (with maximum temperatures below 0 °C) is 17.<ref name=NOAA9120 /> The average number of tropical days (with maximum temperatures above {{cvt|30|°C|disp=sqbr}}) is 45.<ref name=NOAA9120 />

Predominantly under the influence of the maritime air masses from the northwest, Timișoara receives a higher amount of precipitation than the cities in the [[Wallachian Plain]].<ref name="dmmt" /> The average amount of precipitation for the year in Timișoara is {{cvt|604.4|mm}}, falling on 87 days.<ref name=NOAA9120 /> The month with the most precipitation on average is June with 80.8 mm of precipitation.<ref name=NOAA9120 /> The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of {{cvt|34.2|mm}}.<ref name=NOAA9120 />

{{Weather box | width = auto | location = Timișoara (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present) | metric first = yes | single line = yes |Jan record high C = 18.3 |Feb record high C = 21.5 |Mar record high C = 28.2 |Apr record high C = 32.2 |May record high C = 35.1 |Jun record high C = 39.0 |Jul record high C = 41.1 |Aug record high C = 41.0 |Sep record high C = 39.7 |Oct record high C = 33.8 |Nov record high C = 27.1 |Dec record high C = 20.2 |year record high C = 41.1 |Jan high C = 3.9 |Feb high C = 6.8 |Mar high C = 12.6 |Apr high C = 18.8 |May high C = 23.7 |Jun high C = 27.4 |Jul high C = 29.7 |Aug high C = 29.9 |Sep high C = 24.1 |Oct high C = 18.3 |Nov high C = 11.5 |Dec high C = 4.9 |year high C = |Jan mean C = 1.0 |Feb mean C = 1.9 |Mar mean C = 6.5 |Apr mean C = 12.2 |May mean C = 17.2 |Jun mean C = 20.9 |Jul mean C = 22.7 |Aug mean C = 22.5 |Sep mean C = 17.0 |Oct mean C = 11.5 |Nov mean C = 6.4 |Dec mean C = 1.5 |year mean C = |Jan low C = -3.0 |Feb low C = -1.9 |Mar low C = 1.6 |Apr low C = 6.4 |May low C = 11.1 |Jun low C = 14.8 |Jul low C = 16.3 |Aug low C = 16.3 |Sep low C = 12.7 |Oct low C = 7.1 |Nov low C = 2.8 |Dec low C = -1.3 |year low C = |Jan record low C = -35.3 |Feb record low C = -29.2 |Mar record low C = -20.0 |Apr record low C = -5.2 |May record low C = -5.0 |Jun record low C = 2.2 |Jul record low C = 5.9 |Aug record low C = 5.0 |Sep record low C = -1.9 |Oct record low C = -6.8 |Nov record low C = -15.4 |Dec record low C = -24.8 |year record low C = -35.3 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 35.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 34.2 |Mar precipitation mm = 34.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 48.3 |May precipitation mm = 60.5 |Jun precipitation mm = 80.8 |Jul precipitation mm = 59.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 57.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 51.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 50.4 |Nov precipitation mm = 45.2 |Dec precipitation mm = 46.3 |year precipitation mm = |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 6.8 |Feb precipitation days = 7.0 |Mar precipitation days = 6.8 |Apr precipitation days = 7.5 |May precipitation days = 8.6 |Jun precipitation days = 8.6 |Jul precipitation days = 7.4 |Aug precipitation days = 5.7 |Sep precipitation days = 7.1 |Oct precipitation days = 6.4 |Nov precipitation days = 7.0 |Dec precipitation days = 8.5 |year precipitation days = |Jan humidity = 90 |Feb humidity = 86 |Mar humidity = 79 |Apr humidity = 73 |May humidity = 73 |Jun humidity = 74 |Jul humidity = 73 |Aug humidity = 75 |Sep humidity = 76 |Oct humidity = 81 |Nov humidity = 85 |Dec humidity = 89 |year humidity = 80 |Jan sun = 74.2 |Feb sun = 106.5 |Mar sun = 165.2 |Apr sun = 208.1 |May sun = 242.9 |Jun sun = 263.3 |Jul sun = 282.4 |Aug sun = 278.8 |Sep sun = 194.4 |Oct sun = 161.9 |Nov sun = 96.3 |Dec sun = 60.7 |year sun = 2134.7 | source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]],<ref name=NOAA9120>{{cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Timisoara_15247.csv |title=Timișoara Climate Normals 1991–2020 |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] |access-date=21 March 2015 |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031160212/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Timisoara_15247.csv |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity 1896-1960)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_152470_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Temeswar (Temeschburg) / Rumänien |work=Deutscher Wetterdienst |language=de |access-date=23 November 2016 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329153057/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_152470_kt.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> | source 2 = National Institute of Statistics (extremes, 1901–2000),<ref name="metodologie">{{cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf |title=Geografie, meteorologie și mediu înconjurător |publisher=Institutul Național de Statistică |date=2007 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226230822/https://insse.ro/cms/files/pdf/ro/cap1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Meteomanz (extremes since 2021)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=2050&ind=15247&m1=01&y1=2009&m2=06&y2=2024 |title=TIMISOARA - Weather data by month |access-date=1 October 2025|website=meteomanz}}</ref> }}

{{Weather box | collapsed = yes | width = auto | location = Timișoara (1961–1990) | metric first = yes | single line = yes | Jan high C =2.3 | Feb high C =5.6 | Mar high C =11.9 | Apr high C =17.6 | May high C =22.8 | Jun high C =25.7 | Jul high C =27.8 | Aug high C =27.6 | Sep high C =24.0 | Oct high C =18.1 | Nov high C =10.3 | Dec high C =4.2 | year high C = | Jan mean C =-1.6 | Feb mean C =1.2 | Mar mean C =5.8 | Apr mean C =11.2 | May mean C =16.3 | Jun mean C =19.4 | Jul mean C =21.1 | Aug mean C =20.4 | Sep mean C =16.5 | Oct mean C =11.0 | Nov mean C =5.6 | Dec mean C =0.8 | year mean C = | Jan low C =-4.8 | Feb low C =-2.3 | Mar low C =1.2 | Apr low C =5.8 | May low C =10.1 | Jun low C =13.4 | Jul low C =14.6 | Aug low C =14.3 | Sep low C =11.2 | Oct low C =6.2 | Nov low C =2.1 | Dec low C =-1.7 | year low C = | precipitation colour = green | snow colour = | Jan precipitation mm =40 | Feb precipitation mm =36 | Mar precipitation mm =37 | Apr precipitation mm =48 | May precipitation mm =65 | Jun precipitation mm =76 | Jul precipitation mm =64 | Aug precipitation mm =50 | Sep precipitation mm =40 | Oct precipitation mm =39 | Nov precipitation mm =48 | Dec precipitation mm =50 | year precipitation mm = | Jan snow cm = 9.8 | Feb snow cm = 9.3 | Mar snow cm = 4.4 | Apr snow cm = 0.0 | May snow cm = 0.0 | Jun snow cm = 0.0 | Jul snow cm = 0.0 | Aug snow cm = 0.0 | Sep snow cm = 0.0 | Oct snow cm = 0.0 | Nov snow cm = 3.7 | Dec snow cm = 7.2 | year snow cm = | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days =7 | Feb precipitation days =7 | Mar precipitation days =7 | Apr precipitation days =8 | May precipitation days =9 | Jun precipitation days =10 | Jul precipitation days =7 | Aug precipitation days =6 | Sep precipitation days =6 | Oct precipitation days =5 | Nov precipitation days =8 | Dec precipitation days =9 | year precipitation days = | Jan dew point C =-3.3 | Feb dew point C =-1.5 | Mar dew point C =1.5 | Apr dew point C =5.2 | May dew point C =10.3 | Jun dew point C =13.4 | Jul dew point C =14.3 | Aug dew point C =14.2 | Sep dew point C =11.5 | Oct dew point C =7.1 | Nov dew point C =2.8 | Dec dew point C =-0.6 | Jan sun =72.1 | Feb sun =92.2 | Mar sun =155.4 | Apr sun =186.4 | May sun =242.4 | Jun sun =262.3 | Jul sun =300.6 | Aug sun =280.2 | Sep sun =217.5 | Oct sun =177.3 | Nov sun =86.4 | Dec sun =56.9 | year sun = |source = [[NCEI|NOAA NCEI]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/RO/15247.TXT |title=Timisoara Climate Normals for 1961–1990 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA]] |no-pp=y |archive-date=11 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411140713/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/RO/15247.TXT }}</ref> }}

== Demography == <div style="float:left"> {{Pie chart |thumb=left |caption=Ethnic composition of Timișoara (2021) |label1=[[Romanians]]|value1=70.4|color1=#8080ff |label2=[[Hungarians in Romania|Hungarians]]|value2=3.31|color2=#80ff80 |label3=[[Serbs of Romania|Serbs]]|value3=1.1|color3=#c03f3f |label4=Unknown|value4=22.96|color4=#9f9f9f |label5=Others|value5=2.23|color5=#555555}} {{Pie chart |thumb=right |caption=Religious composition of Timișoara (2021) |label1=[[Romanian Orthodox Church|Romanian Orthodox]]|value1=59.85|color1=#8080ff |label2=[[Catholic Church in Romania|Roman Catholics]]|value2=6.06|color2=#ffff80 |label3=[[Pentecostal Union of Romania|Pentecostals]]|value3=1.9|color3=#3fc03f |label4=[[Union of Christian Baptist Churches in Romania|Baptists]]|value4=1.25|color4=#80ffff |label5=Unknown|value5=24.75|color5=#c0c0c0 |label6=Others|value6=3.75|color6=#9f9f9f |label7=[[Irreligion|Irreligious]], [[Atheism|atheists]] and [[Agnosticism|agnostics]]|value7=2.44|color7=#555555}} </div>

{{Historical populations |source = Census data, [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]] |1787 | 9479 |1847 | 18103 |1869 | 32725 |1880 | 33694 |1890 | 39884 |1900 | 53033 |1910 | 72555 |1920 | 82689 |1930 | 91580 |1941 | 110840 |1948 | 111987 |1956 | 142257 |1966 | 174243 |1977 | 269353 |1992 | 334115 |2002 | 317660 |2011 | 319279 |2021 | 250849 }} [[File:Population Density Timisoara 2009.jpg|190px|thumb|Population density of micro-neighborhoods in 2009]] From a demographic point of view, Timișoara is defined, according to the [[Zipf's law]], as a second-tier city, along with [[Iași]], [[Constanța]], [[Cluj-Napoca]] and [[Brașov]], with extensive macro-territorial functions and having the second largest [[functional urban area]], after [[Bucharest]], of over {{cvt|5,000|km2}}.<ref name="social">{{cite web |url=https://www.yumpu.com/ro/document/read/25488244/starea-economica-sociala-ai-de-mediu-a-municicpiului-timiaoara |title=Starea economică, socială și de mediu a municipiului Timișoara |work=Primăria municipiului Timișoara |date=2013 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2013, Bucharest and Timișoara were also the only metropolitan European growth areas (MEGAs) in Romania.<ref name="social" /> Nationally, Timișoara has been recognized as the largest polarizing center in western Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/97172 |title=HOTĂRÂRE nr. 998 din 27 august 2008 |work=Portal Legislativ |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128092750/http://legislatie.just.ro/Public/DetaliiDocument/97172 |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to the [[2021 Romanian census|2021 census]], the population of Timișoara amounted to 250,849 inhabitants,<ref name="RPL2021" /> a decrease compared to the previous census in 2011, when 319,279 inhabitants were registered.<ref name="ins-2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_31.xls |title=Tab3. Populația stabilă pe sexe și grupe de vârstă – județe, municipii, orașe, comune |work=Institutul Național de Statistică |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=21 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221145251/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_31.xls }}</ref> However, these figures are questioned by local authorities and sociologists due to the defective way in which the census was conducted.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://expressdebanat.ro/ciudatenia-cifrelor-timisul-are-mai-putini-locuitori-ca-acum-10-ani-insa-timisoara-ramane-cel-mai-atractiv-oras-dupa-bucuresti/ |title=Ciudățenia cifrelor: Timișul are mai puțini locuitori ca acum 10 ani, însă Timișoara rămâne cel mai atractiv oraș, după București |work=Express de Banat |last=Pantea |first=Raluca |date=18 January 2023 |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614074917/https://expressdebanat.ro/ciudatenia-cifrelor-timisul-are-mai-putini-locuitori-ca-acum-10-ani-insa-timisoara-ramane-cel-mai-atractiv-oras-dupa-bucuresti/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.ro/social/prefectul-de-timis-timisoara-a-scazut-cu-68-440-de-locuitori-pentru-ca-primaria-timisoara-nu-a-reusit-sa-angajeze-recenzori-dominic-fritz-este-evident-ca-populatia-noastra-nu-este-in-scadere-1922401531582023011821000613 |title=Prefectul de Timiș: Timișoara a scăzut cu 68.440 de locuitori pentru că Primăria Timişoara nu a reușit să angajeze recenzori/ Dominic Fritz: este evident că populația noastră nu este în scădere |work=News.ro |last=Iedu |first=Liliana |date=31 January 2023 |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614074916/https://www.news.ro/social/prefectul-de-timis-timisoara-a-scazut-cu-68-440-de-locuitori-pentru-ca-primaria-timisoara-nu-a-reusit-sa-angajeze-recenzori-dominic-fritz-este-evident-ca-populatia-noastra-nu-este-in-scadere-1922401531582023011821000613 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the mayor's office and local population records, Timișoara numbers over 309,000 inhabitants as of 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://observatornews.ro/eveniment/recensamant-aproape-70000-de-timisoreni-dati-disparuti-scandal-dupa-ultima-numaratoare-reactie-dura-a-primarului-dominic-fritz-509598.html |title=Recensământ. Aproape 70.000 de timişoreni, daţi "dispăruţi". Scandal după ultima numărătoare: reacţie dură a primarului Dominic Fritz |work=Observator |last=Pop |first=Iulia |date=1 February 2023}}</ref> The population of the city represents roughly 38% of the population of [[Timiș County]], 15% of the population of the [[Vest (development region)|West development region]] and 1.3% of the total population of Romania.<ref name="social" /> As defined by [[Eurostat]], the Timișoara [[functional urban area]] has a population of 364,325 inhabitants (as of 2018).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/urb_lpop1/default/table?lang=en |title=Population on 1 January by age groups and sex – functional urban areas |work=Eurostat |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012194325/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/urb_lpop1/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to a study conducted by the [[World Bank]], Timișoara was between 2001 and 2011 the regional city in Romania that attracted the highest number of in-migrants.<ref name="magnetic">{{cite book |url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/327451497949480572/pdf/116400-WP-P158178-PUBLIC-MagneticCities-Jun18-v4.pdf |title=Magnet Cities: Migration and Commuting in Romania |last=Cristea |first=Marius |display-authors=etal |publisher=The World Bank |location=Bucharest |date=2017 |isbn=978-973-0-24659-9 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035814/http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/327451497949480572/pdf/116400-WP-P158178-PUBLIC-MagneticCities-Jun18-v4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Timișoara serves as an important polarizer of the labor force for other regions of the country, with a demographic surplus, especially for the counties in northern [[Moldavia]], northwestern [[Transylvania]] and [[Oltenia]].<ref name="social" /> Timișoara manages to attract about 8,000 new inhabitants annually, most coming mainly from [[Timiș County]], but also from smaller cities in neighboring counties – [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]], [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]] and [[Arad County|Arad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/studiu-banca-mondiala-aproape-jumatate-din-locuitorii-timisoarei-sunt-nascuti-in-alte-parti-87197/ |title=Studiu Banca Mondială: Aproape jumătate din locuitorii Timișoarei sunt născuți în alte părți |work=TION |date=18 December 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128130921/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/studiu-banca-mondiala-aproape-jumatate-din-locuitorii-timisoarei-sunt-nascuti-in-alte-parti-87197/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In fact, 46.2% of the current population of Timișoara is made up of people who have moved here from elsewhere.<ref name="magnetic" /> In 2017, the former mayor [[Nicolae Robu]] stated that the city of Timișoara has an additional population of over 100,000 people compared to the officially registered residents. This includes students, workers, and other categories of floaters, who are not included in the statistical reports as they no longer acquire a residence visa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banatulazi.ro/timisoara-a-crescut-miraculos-ca-numar-de-locuitori-cine-spune-asta/ |title=Timișoara a crescut miraculos ca număr de locuitori! Cine spune acest lucru |work=Banatul Azi |last=Zorfie |first=Raluca |date=30 July 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128135027/http://www.banatulazi.ro/timisoara-a-crescut-miraculos-ca-numar-de-locuitori-cine-spune-asta/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Ethnic minorities === Timișoara has stood out since ancient times as an ethnically diverse city.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250008941 |title=Multiculturality and interculturality: The case of Timișoara |last=Neumann |first=Victor |journal=Hungarian Studies |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=3–18 |date=2007 |doi=10.1556/HStud.21.2007.1-2.1}}</ref> In [[Ethnic and religious composition of Austria-Hungary|1910]], the largest community was represented by [[Germans]], followed by [[Hungarians]], [[Romanians]], [[Jews]], [[Serbs]] and many other smaller communities, such as [[Czechs]], [[Slovaks]], [[Croats]], [[Romani people|Romas]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Polish people|Poles]], etc.<ref name="kia">{{cite web |url=http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erdstat/tmetn.pdf |title=Temes megye településeinek etnikai (anyanyelvi/nemzetiségi) adatai 1880–1992 |last=Varga |first=E. Árpád |work=A Kulturális Innovációs Alapítvány Könyvtára |page=2 |access-date=11 January 2018 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314231428/http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erdstat/tmetn.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The figures and percentage ratios are much changed today, but the multiethnic aspect of the city persists. Nowadays, 85% of the inhabitants are Romanians, while the minorities are much more diverse due to the presence of Asians, Italians, Muslims, and fewer Germans and Hungarians.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://anale.fssp.uaic.ro/index.php/asas/article/view/70 |title=Timișoara: A Multi-Cultural, Multi-Ethnic, Multi-Confessional and Tolerant Community (Tradition and Modernity) |last1=Danciu |first1=Liliana |last2=Runcan |first2=Patricia Luciana |journal=Scientific Annals of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=2013 |pages=145–159 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128231424/https://anale.fssp.uaic.ro/index.php/asas/article/view/70 |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this, Timișoara is the city with the largest population of [[Germans in Romania]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digi24.ro/special/campanii-digi24/raport-de-tara-2013/raport-de-tara-timisoara-orasul-multiculturalitatii-si-al-premierelor-61859 |title=RAPORT DE ȚARĂ. Timișoara, orașul multiculturalității și al premierelor |work=Digi24 |date=28 March 2013 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128163754/https://www.digi24.ro/special/campanii-digi24/raport-de-tara-2013/raport-de-tara-timisoara-orasul-multiculturalitatii-si-al-premierelor-61859 |url-status=live }}</ref> The decline of German and Hungarian communities is mainly due to [[cultural assimilation|assimilation]] (for instance, 64% of Hungarians in Timișoara live in mixed marriages), migration and low birth rates.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/numarul-ungurilor-din-timis-e-in-scadere-soarta-comunitatilor-maghiare-dispersate-dezbatuta-la-timisoara-115281/ |title=Numărul ungurilor din Timiș e în scădere. Soarta comunităților maghiare dispersate, dezbătută la Timișoara |work=TION |date=15 November 2015 |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208081125/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/numarul-ungurilor-din-timis-e-in-scadere-soarta-comunitatilor-maghiare-dispersate-dezbatuta-la-timisoara-115281/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Timișoara is also home to an important [[Serbs|Serb community]], which in 2011 numbered almost 5,000 people. Many of them use [[Serbian language|Serbian]] as a [[second language]], preferring Romanian. Serbian is more common among older generations educated in it.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-0861/2004/0350-08610452117P.pdf |title=Матерњи језик као један од етничких симбола срба у Темишвару |last=Pavlović |first=Mirjana |journal=Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU |volume=LII |issue=52 |pages=117–127 |date=2004 |doi=10.2298/GEI0452117P |doi-access=free |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=13 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313032159/http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-0861/2004/0350-08610452117P.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2018, according to official data, over 7,000 foreigners lived in Timișoara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://igi.mai.gov.ro/ro/comunicat/533-de-str%C4%83ini-depista%C8%9Bi-%C3%AEn-situa%C8%9Bii-ilegale-%C3%AEn-primul-trimestru-al-anului-2018 |title=533 de străini depistați în situații ilegale, în primul trimestru al anului 2018 |work=Inspectoratul General pentru Imigrări |date=10 April 2018 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128223302/http://igi.mai.gov.ro/ro/comunicat/533-de-str%C4%83ini-depista%C8%9Bi-%C3%AEn-situa%C8%9Bii-ilegale-%C3%AEn-primul-trimestru-al-anului-2018 }}</ref> The actual figure is higher, given that many foreigners living in Timișoara do not apply for permanent residence, while spending most of their time in the city. {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Population by ethnic groups under [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungarian]] and Romanian administration<ref name="kia" /> ! Census !! Total !! [[Romanians]] !! [[Hungarians]] !! [[Germans]] !! [[Jews]] !! [[Romani people|Romani]] !! [[Ukrainians]] !! [[Serbs]] !! [[Croats]] !! [[Czechs]] !! [[Slovaks]] !! [[Bulgarians]] |- ! ''1880'' | 38,702 || 5,037 (13.02%) || 7,529 (19.45%) || 20,518 (53.02%) || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 28 (0.07%) || 2,415 (6.24%) || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 405 (1.05%) || {{n/a}} |- ! ''1890'' | 45,948 || 5,594 (12.17%) || 11,100 (24.16%) || 24,973 (54.35%) || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 27 (0.06%) || 2,363 (5.14%) || 52 (0.11%) || {{n/a}} || 332 (0.72%) || {{n/a}} |- ! ''1900'' | 60,551 || 6,312 (10.42%) || 19,162 (31.65%) || 30,892 (51.02%) || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 13 (0.02%) || 2,730 (4.51%) || 130 (0.21%) || {{n/a}} || 288 (0.48%) || {{n/a}} |- ! ''1910'' | 74,003 || 7,593 (10.26%) || 28,645 (38.71%) || 32,963 (44.54%) || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 4 (0.01%) || 3,490 (4.72%) || 149 (0.20%) || {{n/a}} || 341 (0.46%) || {{n/a}} |- ! 1920 | 86,850 || 16,047 (18.48%) || 27,189 (31.31%) || 32,097 (36.96%) || 8,307 (9.56%) || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} |- ! 1930 | 102,390 || 25,207 (24.62%) || 31,773 (31.03%) || 33,162 (32.39%) || 7,264 (7.09%) || 379 (0.37%) || 56 (0.05%) || 2,237 (2.18%) || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 652 (0.64%) || 279 (0.27%) |- ! 1941 | 125,052 || 46,466 (37.16%) || 24,891 (19.9%) || 37,611 (30.08%) || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} |- ! 1956 | 142,257 || 75,855 (53.32%) || 29,968 (21.07%) || 24,326 (17.1%) || 6,700 (4.71%) || 122 (0.09%) || 56 (0.04%) || 3,065 (2.15%) || {{n/a}} || 649 (0.46%) || 575 (0.4%) || 280 (0.2%) |- ! 1966 | 174,243 || 109,100 (62.61%) || 31,016 (17.8%) || 25,058 (14.38%) || 2,590 (1.49%) || 120 (0.07%) || 71 (0.04%) || 4,188 (2.4%) || {{n/a}} || 516 (0.3%) || 490 (0.28%) || 475 (0.27%) |- ! 1977 | 269,353 || 191,742 (71.19%) || 36,724 (13.63%) || 28,429 (10.55%) || 1,629 (0.6%) || 1,109 (0.41%) || 299 (0.09%) || 6,776 (2.52%) || 124 (0.05%) || 481 (0.18%) || 404 (0.15%) || 942 (0.35%) |- ! 1992 | 334,115 || 274,511 (82.16%) || 31,785 (9.51%) || 13,206 (3.95%) || 549 (0.16%) || 2,668 (0.8%) || 756 (0.23%) || 7,748 (2.32%) || 93 (0.03%) || 227 (0.07%) || 675 (0.20%) || 1,314 (0.39%) |- ! 2002<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=1832&judet_id=2057&localitate_id=2058 |title=Structura etno-demografică pe arii geografice |work=Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală |access-date=4 February 2010 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707091848/http://www.edrc.ro/recensamant.jsp?regiune_id=1832&judet_id=2057&localitate_id=2058 |url-status=live }}</ref> | 317,660 || 271,677 (85.52%) || 24,287 (7.65%) || 7,157 (2.25%) || 367 (0.12%) || 3,062 (0.96%) || 762 (0.24%) || 6,311 (1.99%) || 142 (0.04%) || 171 (0.05%) || 570 (0.18%) || 1,218 (0.38%) |- ! 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls |title=Tab8. Populația stabilă după etnie – județe, municipii, orașe, comune |work=Institutul Național de Statistică |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118131243/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_Tab_8.xls }}</ref> | 319,279 || 259,754 (81.36%) || 15,564 (4.87%) || 4,193 (1.31%) || 176 (0.06%) || 2,145 (0.67%) || 556 (0.17%) || 4,843 (1.52%) || 101 (0.03%) || 124 (0.04%) || 385 (0.12%) || 859 (0.27%) |- ! 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.02.1-si-Tabel-2.02.2.xlsx |title=2.2 Populația rezidentă după etnie |work=RPL 2021 |publisher=Institutul Național de Statistică |access-date=16 August 2023 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702045135/https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Tabel-2.02.1-si-Tabel-2.02.2.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> | 250,849 || 176,615 (70.41%) || 8,313 (3.31%) || 2,189 (0.87%) || 111 (0.04%) || 745 (0.3%) || 400 (0.16%) || 2,776 (1.11%) || 77 (0.03%) || 90 (0.04%) || 275 (0.11%) || 643 (0.26%) |- | colspan="13" | Note: censuses in ''italics'' are based on [[First language|mother tongue]] rather than ethnicity. |}

=== Languages === Timișoara's linguistic landscape is shaped by its complex historical, cultural, and demographic evolution. [[Romanian language|Romanian]] is the official and predominant language, spoken by the vast majority of the population. Reflecting the city's ethnic diversity, several minority languages continue to be present, including [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[German language|German]], and [[Serbian language|Serbian]], particularly within older generations and specific ethnic communities.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://anale.fssp.uaic.ro/index.php/asas/article/view/70/61 |title=Timisoara: A Multi-Cultural, Multi-Ethnic, Multi-Confessional and Tolerant Community (Tradition and Modernity) |last1=Danciu |first1=Liliana |last2=Runcan |first2=Patricia Luciana |journal=Scientific Annals of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University |volume=6 |issue=1 |date=2013 |pages=145–159}}</ref> Beyond these, languages such as [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], and [[Romani language|Romani]] have also been part of the city's linguistic fabric for centuries.<ref name="banks">{{cite journal |url=https://journals.helsinki.fi/heros/article/view/2620/2221 |title=Dynamics of Urban Multilingualism: The Case of Timișoara-Temesvár |last=Banks |first=Jonathan |display-authors=etal |journal=Helsinki Romanian Studies Journal |issue=2 |date=2025 |pages=18–36 |doi=10.31885/her.1.2.010 |issn=2984-5068|doi-access=free }}</ref> While [[Yiddish]], once widely spoken among the Jewish population, has nearly vanished, German dialects – especially those of the [[Swabian German|Swabian]] (''Schwäbisch'') variety – remain in use in some communities.<ref name="banks" /> In recent decades, the city has experienced increased linguistic diversity due to new waves of migration. Additionally, foreign languages play a significant role in education and daily life: [[English language|English]] is widely spoken by younger generations and in professional settings, while [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Italian language|Italian]], and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] are commonly taught in schools.

=== Religion === {{See also|List of religious buildings in Timișoara}} [[File:Sinagoga_din_Cetate_-_Timișoara_-_2023_-_IMG_01.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cetate Synagogue]], the largest synagogue in Timișoara|150px]] Although much changed throughout its history, the religious composition of Timișoara is diverse. If in 1910 most of the inhabitants were [[Roman Catholic]]s,<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-7653/2013/0350-76531344391N.pdf |title=Timișoara between "Fictive Ethnicity" and "Ideal Nation". The Identity Profile during the Interwar Period |last=Neumann |first=Victor |journal=Balcanica |date=2013 |issue=44 |pages=391–412 |doi=10.2298/BALC1344391N |doi-access=free |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128132652/http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0350-7653/2013/0350-76531344391N.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2011 75% declared themselves [[Romanian Orthodox]].

In Timișoara there are 80 churches, 12 of which were built after 1989;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/numarul-bisericilor-in-timisoara-s-a-dublat-dupa-revolutie-vezi-cate-lacase-de-cult-s-au-ridicat-in-ultimii-22-de-ani/18/05/2012 |title=Numărul bisericilor în Timișoara s-a dublat după Revoluție! Vezi câte lăcașe de cult s-au ridicat în ultimii 22 de ani! |work=Opinia Timișoarei |date=18 May 2012 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118174542/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/numarul-bisericilor-in-timisoara-s-a-dublat-dupa-revolutie-vezi-cate-lacase-de-cult-s-au-ridicat-in-ultimii-22-de-ani/18/05/2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> 41 belong to the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]], eight to the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and three to the [[Greek Catholic Church]].<ref name="social" /> In addition, there are three [[synagogue]]s in [[Cetate Synagogue|Cetate]], [[Fabric Synagogue|Fabric]] and [[Iosefin Synagogue|Iosefin]] neighborhoods, all three built before [[World War I]], when [[Jews]] accounted for 10% of the city's population;<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Timisoara |title=Timișoara |encyclopedia=The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe |last=Haraszti |first=György |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812105438/https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/timisoara |url-status=live }}</ref> the Orthodox synagogue in Iosefin and the central Neolog synagogue still hold regular religious services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-povestea-sinagogii-ortodoxe-timisoara-singurul-loc-capitala-banatului-mai-roaga-evreii-1_56001700f5eaafab2cd80dc7/index.html |title=Povestea sinagogii ortodoxe din Timișoara, singurul loc din capitala Banatului în care se mai roagă evreii |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=24 September 2015 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623015617/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-povestea-sinagogii-ortodoxe-timisoara-singurul-loc-capitala-banatului-mai-roaga-evreii-1_56001700f5eaafab2cd80dc7/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/timisoara/sinagoga-din-cetate-reinaugurata-in-stil-mare-2165895.html|title=Sinagoga din Cetate, reinaugurată în stil mare|work=Adevărul|date=6 May 2022|access-date=9 December 2022|archive-date=9 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209194055/https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/timisoara/sinagoga-din-cetate-reinaugurata-in-stil-mare-2165895.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Timișoara is the seat of the Archiepiscopate of Timișoara, the see of the [[Metropolis of Banat]], as well as the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Timișoara|Diocese of Timișoara]], one of the six Roman Catholic dioceses in Romania.

== Law and government == === Administration === {{Main|Timișoara City Hall}}

{{See also|List of mayors of Timișoara}} [[File:Dominic Fritz (May 2025).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Dominic Fritz]], mayor since 2020]] The first free local elections in post-communist Timișoara took place in 1992. The winner was [[Viorel Oancea]], of the Civic Alliance Party (PAC), which later merged with the [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]] (PNL). He was the first officer who spoke to the crowd of revolutionaries gathered in Opera Square.<ref>{{cite book |title=Timișoara, 15–21 decembrie '89 |last=Milin |first=Miodrag |publisher=Întreprinderea Poligrafică Banat |date=1990 |page=162}}</ref> The 1996 elections were won by [[Gheorghe Ciuhandu]], of the [[Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party|Christian Democrats]] (PNȚ-CD). He had four terms, also winning elections in 2000, 2004 and 2008. Meanwhile, Ciuhandu took over the Christian Democratic Party and ran for president of Romania in 2004.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCFoDwAAQBAJ |title=Political Handbook of the World 2018–2019 |editor-last=Lansford |editor-first=Tom |volume=1 |publisher=CQ Press |date=2019 |page=2040 |isbn=978-1-5443-2712-9 |issn=0193-175X |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114204224/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCFoDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nicolae Robu]] (PNL) was elected mayor in 2012 and again in 2016. In 2020, [[Dominic Fritz]], a native of Germany, was elected mayor on behalf of the [[Save Romania Union|USR]] with support from the [[Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania|FDGR]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news.ro/politic-intern/alegeri-locale-2020-dominic-fritz-noul-primar-al-municipiului-timisoara-cu-peste-52-din-voturi-rezultate-partiale-1922402928452020091219495170 |title=ALEGERI LOCALE 2020 – Dominic Fritz, noul primar al municipiului Timișoara, cu peste 52% din voturi – Rezultate parțiale |last=Iedu |first=Liliana |work=News.ro |date=28 September 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128012722/https://www.news.ro/politic-intern/alegeri-locale-2020-dominic-fritz-noul-primar-al-municipiului-timisoara-cu-peste-52-din-voturi-rezultate-partiale-1922402928452020091219495170 |url-status=live }}</ref> He won a new mandate in 2024 on behalf of the United Timișoara Alliance ([[Save Romania Union|USR]]–[[People's Movement Party|PMP]]–[[Force of the Right|FD]]–[[Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania|UDMR]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://republica.ro/dominic-fritz-a-anuntat-ca-a-castigat-un-nou-mandat-de-primar-al-timisoarei-ce-se-intampla-in-alte-orase |title=Dominic Fritz a anunțat că a câștigat un nou mandat de primar al Timișoarei. Ce se întâmplă în alte orașe mari din țară |work=Republica |last=Ion |first=Raluca |date=10 June 2024}}</ref>

The Local council and the city's mayor are elected every four years by the population. Decisions are discussed and approved by the [[local government|Local Council]] ({{langx|ro|Consiliu Local}}) made up of 27 elected councilors. After the [[2024 Romanian local elections|2024 local elections]], the Local Council has the following composition by political parties:<ref name="alegeri2024">{{cite web |url=https://rezultatevot.ro/elections/114/results?division=locality&countyId=18648&localityId=18932 |title=Alegeri locale 2024 |work=Rezultate Vot |access-date=13 July 2024 |archive-date=1 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701110935/https://rezultatevot.ro/elections/114/results?division=locality&countyId=18648&localityId=18932 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan="2" | Party ! Seats ! colspan="13" | Composition |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | [[Save Romania Union|USR]]–[[People's Movement Party|PMP]]–[[Force of the Right|FD]]–[[Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania|UDMR]] || '''13''' | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Save Romania Union (2022)}}" | |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}" | | [[Social Democratic Party (Romania)|PSD]]–[[National Liberal Party (Romania)|PNL]] || '''11''' | style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Romania)}}" | | | |- | style="background-color:{{party color|Alliance for the Union of Romanians}}" | | [[Alliance for the Union of Romanians|AUR]] || '''3''' | style="background-color:{{party color|Alliance for the Union of Romanians}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Alliance for the Union of Romanians}}" | | style="background-color:{{party color|Alliance for the Union of Romanians}}" | | | | | | | | | | | |} [[File:Timișoara - Primăria Municipiului Timișoara (29971854967).jpg|thumb|[[Timișoara City Hall]]]] Additionally, as Timișoara is the capital of [[Timiș County]], the city hosts the Administrative Palace, the headquarters of the [[County Council]] ({{langx|ro|Consiliu Județean}}) and the [[Prefect (Romania)|prefect]], who is appointed by Romania's central government. The prefect is not allowed to be a member of a political party, and his role is to represent the national government at the local level, acting as a liaison and facilitating the implementation of national development plans and governing programs at the local level.

In 2003, neighborhood advisory councils were set up as a measure to improve local government consultation with citizens on local public policies.<ref name="civicul2003">{{cite web |url=https://hcl.civicul.ro/view-hcl/hcl_195_16.09.2003 |title=Hotărârea 195/16.09.2003 privind constituirea Consiliilor Consultative de Cartier |work=Timișoara HCL |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128060741/https://hcl.civicul.ro/view-hcl/hcl_195_16.09.2003 |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2013, Timișoara had 20 neighborhood advisory councils.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hcl.civicul.ro/view-hcl/hcl_586_21.11.2013 |title=Hotărârea 586/21.11.2013 privind reorganizarea pe zone a Consiliilor consultative de cartier din municipiul Timișoara |work=Timișoara HCL |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128144311/https://hcl.civicul.ro/view-hcl/hcl_586_21.11.2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Timișoara is the informal capital of the [[Vest (development region)|West development region]], which is equivalent to [[NUTS-II]] regions in the [[European Union]] and is used by the European Union and the [[Romanian Government]] for statistical analysis and coordination of regional development projects. The West development region is not an administrative entity.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123 |title=LEGE nr. 215 din 23 aprilie 2001 |work=Camera Deputaților |access-date=28 June 2014 |archive-date=21 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321151128/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123 |url-status=live }}</ref> Timișoara is also the largest economic, social and commercial center of the [[Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion|DKMT Euroregion]].

==== Districts ==== Traditionally, Timișoara was divided into ten constituencies ({{langx|ro|circumscripții}}) that today have no administrative function: {| class="wikitable" |- | colspan="6" | [[File:Stadtbezirke von Temeswar.jpg|300px|center]] |- ! Constituency !! Area (ha)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0dBqQ_lsYD8C |title=Temeswar: geographische Beschreibung der Banater Hauptstadt |last=Rieser |first=Hans-Heinrich |location=Sigmaringen |publisher=Thorbecke |date=1992 |page=101 |isbn=3-7995-2501-7}}</ref> !! Romanian name !! German name<ref>{{cite web |url=http://exonyme.bplaced.net/Board/Thread-Banat-Ost-Banat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617070924/http://exonyme.bplaced.net/Board/Thread-Banat-Ost-Banat |archive-date=17 June 2013 |title=Banat (Ost-Banat) |work=Exonyme – Vergessene Ortsnamen NG}}</ref> !! Hungarian name<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/ErdelyHelysegnevTar-erdely-bansag-es-partium-torteneti-es-kozigazgatasi-helysegnevtara-1/telepulesek-1C9/ |title=Erdély, Bánság és Partium történeti és közigazgatási helységnévtára |last=Szabó |first=Attila M. |location=Miercurea Ciuc |publisher=Pro-Print |date=2003 |isbn=973-8468-01-9 |access-date=17 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171354/https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/ErdelyHelysegnevTar-erdely-bansag-es-partium-torteneti-es-kozigazgatasi-helysegnevtara-1/telepulesek-1C9/ |url-status=live }}</ref> !! Established<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jaeger.banater-archiv.de/index.php?title=Timi%C8%99oara |title=Timișoara |work=Stefan Jäger Archiv |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129213444/https://jaeger.banater-archiv.de/index.php?title=Timi%C8%99oara |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cjtimis.ro/judetul-timis/unitati-administrativ-teritoriale/municipiul-timisoara.html |title=Fișa Primăriei municipiului Timișoara pe anul 2013 |work=Consiliul Județean Timiș |last=Mladin |first=Maria |date=1 April 2013 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120043723/http://cjtimis.ro/judetul-timis/unitati-administrativ-teritoriale/municipiul-timisoara.html }}</ref> |- | I || 480 || [[Cetate, Timișoara|Cetate]] || ''Innerstadt'' || ''Belváros'' || 1717 |- | II || 1,017 || [[Fabric, Timișoara|Fabric]]{{efn|Including Viile Fabric ({{langx|de|Rudolfsheim}}; {{langx|hu|Rezsőföld}})}} || ''Fabrikstadt'' || ''Gyárváros'' || 1744 |- | III || 668 || [[Elisabetin]] || ''Elisabethstadt'' || ''Erzsébetváros'' || 1896 |- | IV || 442 || [[Iosefin]] || ''Josephstadt'' || ''Józsefváros'' || 1744 |- | V || 493 || [[Mehala]] || ''Franzstadt'' || ''Ferencváros'' || 1910 |- | VI || 231 || [[Fratelia]]{{efn|Including Beșenic ({{langx|de|Beschenau}}; {{langx|hu|Besenyőtelep}})}} || ''Neutischold'' || ''Újtesöld'' || 1919 |- | VII || 156 || [[Freidorf]] || ''Freidorf'' || ''Szabadfalu'' || 1950 |- | VIII || 67 || [[Plopi, Timișoara|Plopi]] || ''Kardosch Kolonie''<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.deruge.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2021_Sommer.pdf |title=Banater Theater- und Familiengeschichte im Spiegel einer Reiseerzählung |last=Petzoldt |first=Silvia |journal=Deutsch-Rumänische Hefte |volume=25 |issue=1 |date=2021 |page=39 |issn=1618-1980 |access-date=25 January 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008105241/https://www.deruge.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2021_Sommer.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> || ''Kardostelep'' || 1951 |- | IX || 72 || [[Ghiroda Nouă]] || ''Neugiroda'' || ''Újgiroda'' || 1951 |- | X || 102 || [[Ciarda Roșie]] || ''Rotterhof'' || ''Vöröscsárda'' || 1953 |} In addition to the above, a number of new neighborhoods have emerged in the 20th and 21st centuries:<ref name="civicul2003"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://heritageoftimisoara.ro/cartiere |title=Cartiere |work=Heritage of Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127063303/https://heritageoftimisoara.ro/cartiere |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://galtimisoara.ro/doar-impreuna-reusim/ |title=Listă cartiere |work=GAL Timișoara |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120204540/https://galtimisoara.ro/doar-impreuna-reusim/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://decidem.primariatm.ro/rails/active_storage/disk/eyJfcmFpbHMiOnsibWVzc2FnZSI6IkJBaDdDRG9JYTJWNVNTSWhaMlJrYm14bE9HeHFiRGw1TjJwb2FtdDNOR1J3YVRWMFkyTjNjd1k2QmtWVU9oQmthWE53YjNOcGRHbHZia2tpZUdsdWJHbHVaVHNnWm1sc1pXNWhiV1U5SWtGT1FVeEpXa0VnVTBsVVZVRlVTVVZKSUVGRFZGVkJURVZmUTA5TlVDNXdaR1lpT3lCbWFXeGxibUZ0WlNvOVZWUkdMVGduSjBGT1FVeEpXa0VsTWpCVFNWUlZRU1ZET0NVNVFVbEZTU1V5TUVGRFZGVkJURVZmUTA5TlVDNXdaR1lHT3daVU9oRmpiMjUwWlc1MFgzUjVjR1ZKSWhSaGNIQnNhV05oZEdsdmJpOXdaR1lHT3daVSIsImV4cCI6IjIwMjMtMTEtMjBUMTk6MzI6MTIuMDY2WiIsInB1ciI6ImJsb2Jfa2V5In19--7ae2c1d25d8aee1a3333919bfd4576d2787a5a42/ANALIZA%20SITUA%C8%9AIEI%20ACTUALE_COMP.pdf?content_type=application%2Fpdf&disposition=inline%3B+filename%3D%22ANALIZA+SITUATIEI+ACTUALE_COMP.pdf%22%3B+filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27ANALIZA%2520SITUA%25C8%259AIEI%2520ACTUALE_COMP.pdf |chapter=Analiza situației actuale |title=Strategia Integrată de Dezvoltare Urbană a municipiului Timișoara și a zonei urbane funcționale |page=6}}</ref> :{{small|''Listed alphabetically''}} {{div col|colwidth=10em}} * [[Timișoara Traian Vuia International Airport|Aeroport]] * Antene * [[Aradului]] * Baba Dochia * Badea Cârțan * [[Blașcovici]] * [[Braytim|Braytim–Timișoara Sud]] * Bucovina * [[Buziașului]] * Câmpului * [[Circumvalațiunii]] * [[Complexul Studențesc]] * Crișan * Dacia * [[Dâmbovița, Timișoara|Dâmbovița]] * Dorobanților * [[Timișoara North railway station|Gara de Nord]] * [[Girocului|Girocului (Martirilor)]] * I.I. de la Brad * Kogălniceanu * [[Kuncz]] * [[Lipovei]] * Mircea cel Bătrân * [[Modern, Timișoara|Modern]] * Odobescu * Olimpia–Stadion * [[Green Forest, Timișoara|Pădurea Verde]] * [[Prințul Turcesc–Lunei]] * [[Ronaț]] * [[Șagului]] * [[Soarelui, Timișoara|Soarelui]] * Steaua * [[Telegrafului]] * [[Tipografilor]] * [[Torontalului]] * [[UMT–Pădurea Verde|UMT]] {{div col end}}

==== Metropolitan area ==== {{Main|Timișoara metropolitan area}}

The Timișoara metropolitan area was outlined in 2008 following the collaboration of the local authorities from Timișoara and 14 neighboring communes ([[Becicherecu Mic]], [[Bucovăț]], [[Dudeștii Noi]], [[Dumbrăvița, Timiș|Dumbrăvița]], [[Ghiroda]], [[Giarmata]], [[Giroc]], [[Moșnița Nouă]], [[Orțișoara]], [[Pișchia]], [[Remetea Mare]], [[Săcălaz]], [[Sânmihaiu Român]] and [[Șag]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zf.ro/eveniment/timisoara-isi-pregateste-zona-metropolitana-3176076 |title=Timișoara își pregătește zona metropolitană |work=Ziarul Financiar |date=24 July 2008 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128070132/https://www.zf.ro/eveniment/timisoara-isi-pregateste-zona-metropolitana-3176076 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/338051580282390068/pdf/Romania-Catching-Up-Regions-Interjurisdictional-Cooperation-Models.pdf |title=Modele de cooperare interjurisdicțională |work=The World Bank |date=2018 |pages=152–153 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128052853/http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/338051580282390068/pdf/Romania-Catching-Up-Regions-Interjurisdictional-Cooperation-Models.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Timișoara metropolitan area is part of the Federation of Metropolitan Areas and Urban Agglomerations in Romania (FZMAUR).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313679886 |chapter=Dezvoltarea urbană și ariile metropolitane |last1=Mitrică |first1=Bianca |last2=Grigorescu |first2=Ines |editor-last=Bălteanu |editor-first=Dan |display-editors=etal |title=România. Natură și societate |publisher=Editura Academiei Române |date=2016 |pages=250–291}}</ref> As of 2016, the metropolitan area groups over 410,000 inhabitants on an area eight times larger than the [[city proper]].<ref name="ins-2016">{{cite web |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/populatia_romaniei_pe_localitati_la_1ianuarie2016_0.pdf |title=Populația României pe localități la 1 ianuarie 2016 (după domiciliu) |work=Institutul Național de Statistică |date=2016 |issn=2066-2181 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404085935/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/populatia_romaniei_pe_localitati_la_1ianuarie2016_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several localities neighboring Timișoara have experienced a significant development in recent years. Ghiroda, Giroc, Dumbrăvița, Chișoda, Moșnița Nouă and Utvin became suburbs of Timișoara due to the development of facilities, utilities and infrastructure, territorially joining the city. In the last 20 years, Timișoara has expanded its borders by about 8%, which means about 1,000 hectares, due to the construction of new neighborhoods or residential complexes.<ref name="ot">{{cite web |url=http://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/in-ultimii-20-de-ani-timisoara-s-a-extins-cu-1-000-de-hectare-vezi-aici-in-ce-directii-si-cum-anume-a-crescut-orasul/25/11/2011 |title=În ultimii 20 de ani, Timișoara s-a extins cu 1.000 de hectare! Vezi aici în ce direcții și cum anume a crescut orașul! |work=Opinia Timișoarei |date=25 November 2011 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118162242/http://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/in-ultimii-20-de-ani-timisoara-s-a-extins-cu-1-000-de-hectare-vezi-aici-in-ce-directii-si-cum-anume-a-crescut-orasul/25/11/2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city limits were moved outwards in 2006 by almost {{cvt|5|km}}. The largest expansion took place towards Șag.<ref name="ot" />

==== Timișoara–Arad metropolis ==== In August 2016, mayors [[Nicolae Robu]] and [[Gheorghe Falcă]] signed the deed of establishment of the Timișoara–Arad metropolis,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/a-fost-semnat-actul-de-nastere-al-metropolei-timisoara-arad-cum-se-vor-dezvolta-cele-doua-municipii-impreuna/02/08/2016 |title=A fost semnat actul de naștere al metropolei Timișoara-Arad. Cum se vor dezvolta cele două municipii împreună? |work=Opinia Timișoarei |date=2 August 2016 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128083345/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/a-fost-semnat-actul-de-nastere-al-metropolei-timisoara-arad-cum-se-vor-dezvolta-cele-doua-municipii-impreuna/02/08/2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> the first of its kind in Romania, part of the integrated development strategy ''Timișoara Vision 2030'', carried out with the support of the [[World Bank]], ADR Vest and FZMAUR. The project has been under discussion since 2006 and involved the unification of the metropolitan areas of Timișoara and [[Arad, Romania|Arad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://evz.ro/zona-metropolitana-a-aradului-se-va-uni-cu-cea-a-timisoarei-400201.html |title=Zona Metropolitană a Aradului se va uni cu cea a Timișoarei |work=Evenimentul zilei |last=Toma |first=Bianca |date=8 August 2006 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=9 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185458/https://evz.ro/zona-metropolitana-a-aradului-se-va-uni-cu-cea-a-timisoarei-400201.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the population of the metropolis was 805,000 and is expected to exceed one million by 2030.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2018/01/de-ce-timisoara-trebuie-sa-faca-pace-cu-aradul/ |title=De ce Timișoara trebuie să "facă pace" cu Aradul |work=pressalert.ro |last=Mîț |first=Adriana |date=13 January 2018 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123083425/https://www.pressalert.ro/2018/01/de-ce-timisoara-trebuie-sa-faca-pace-cu-aradul/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Justice system === [[File:Dicasterial Palace in Timisoara (1).jpg|thumb|200px|The [[Dicasterial Palace]] houses the local [[court]], [[tribunal]] and [[court of appeal]].]] Timișoara has a complex judicial structure due to its role as the capital of Timiș County. The local judicial body is the Timișoara Court of Justice, which operates under the authority of the Timiș County Tribunal. This tribunal also oversees the courts in [[Lugoj]], [[Deta, Romania|Deta]], [[Sânnicolau Mare]], and [[Făget]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portal.just.ro/30/SitePages/prezentare.aspx |title=Prezentare |work=Tribunalul Timiș}}</ref> Appeals and more serious cases from these courts are handled by the Timișoara Court of Appeals. Additionally, the city is home to the county's commercial and military tribunals.

Timișoara maintains its own municipal police force, ''Poliția Municipiului Timișoara'', which is responsible for law enforcement throughout the city and operates several specialized divisions. The headquarters is located on Andrei Mocioni Street near the city center, with five precincts distributed across the city. The municipal police operate under the authority of the County Police Inspectorate, based on Take Ionescu Boulevard.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tm.politiaromana.ro/ro/i-p-j-timis/politii-municipale-si-orasenesti/politia-municipiului-timisoara |title=Poliția Municipiului Timișoara |work=Inspectoratul de Poliție Județean Timiș}}</ref> Additionally, the City Hall runs its own community police force, ''Poliția Primăriei'', which focuses on local community matters. Timișoara is also home to the County Gendarmerie Inspectorate.

Although the [[Romanian Police]] reported a relatively high local [[crime rate]] of 799 incidents in 2024,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tm.politiaromana.ro/files/pages_files/Coeficientii_de_criminalitate_locali_loc._jud._Timis_-2024-.pdf |title=Coeficienții de criminalitate locali, la nivelul județului Timiș aferenți anului 2024 |website=Inspectoratul de Poliție Județean Timiș}}</ref> Timișoara nevertheless continues to rank among the safest urban areas in Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings.jsp?title=2025&displayColumn=2 |title=Safety Index by City 2025 |website=Numbeo}}</ref>

== Economy == [[File:Salariu net județele României 2024.jpg|thumb|275x275px|Map of [[Wage|net wages]] in [[Romania]] ([[Romanian leu|lei]]) at the end of 2024 and changes since 2015, by [[Counties of Romania|county]]. [[Timiș County]] has the highest average [[income]] in the country after [[Bucharest]], and Timișoara has the highest [[standard of living]] nationwide (53rd in [[Europe]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/o-familie-din-romania-trebuie-sa-cheltuiasca-lunar-2-070-de-euro-pentru-un-trai-normal-standardul-de-viata-s-a-dublat-in-ultimii-10-ani-5208445 |title=O familie din România trebuie să cheltuiască lunar 2.070 de euro pentru un trai normal. Standardul de viață s-a dublat în ultimii 10 ani |website=Libertatea |last=Țimonea |first=Dorin |date=26 February 2025}}</ref>]] Timișoara is one of the most dynamic economic centers in Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/timisoara-cea-mai-dinamica-economie-romania-valoarea-exporturilor-ajuns-4125-milioane-euro-crestere-965-milioene-euro-1_54f097aa448e03c0fd0bf202/index.html |title=Timișoara are cea mai dinamică economie din România. Valoarea exporturilor a ajuns la 4.125 milioane euro. Creștere cu 965 milioane de euro |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=27 February 2015 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129100341/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/timisoara-cea-mai-dinamica-economie-romania-valoarea-exporturilor-ajuns-4125-milioane-euro-crestere-965-milioene-euro-1_54f097aa448e03c0fd0bf202/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on its proximity to the western border, Timișoara has managed to attract many foreign investments in recent years, forming, together with [[Arad, Romania|Arad]], the second largest area in Romania in terms of economic mass.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/857051468332468480/pdf/Raport-complet.pdf |title=Polii de creștere – Faza următoare |work=The World Bank |date=2013 |page=206 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128011355/http://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/857051468332468480/pdf/Raport-complet.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> By the mid-2000s, the foreign investments in Timișoara amounted to €753 per capita, compared to €450 per capita at county level.<ref name="trace">{{cite journal |url=https://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/DocumentLibrary/TRACE_Romania_TIMISOARA_Optimized.pdf |title=Improving Energy Efficiency in Timișoara, Romania |last1=Moț |first1=Manuela |last2=Bose |first2=Ranjan |last3=Burduja |first3=Sebastian |last4=Ionescu-Heroiu |first4=Marcel |journal=ESMAP Papers |date=4 November 2016 |doi=10.1596/24362 |hdl=10986/24362 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024002359/https://esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/DocumentLibrary/TRACE_Romania_TIMISOARA_Optimized.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of these investments come from the [[EU]] countries, especially from Italy, Germany and France. Similar to other growth poles in Romania, the services sector has developed significantly in recent years, accounting for half of the revenues.<ref name="trace" />

After the fall of communism and the transition to a [[market economy]], the private sector grew steadily. In the first decade of the 21st century, Timișoara has experienced an [[economic boom]] as the amount of foreign investment, especially in [[high-tech]] sectors, has risen. In an article in late 2005, French magazine ''L'Expansion'' called Timișoara Romania's economic showcase, and referred to the increased number of foreign investments as a "second revolution".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/actualite-economique/la-deuxieme-revolution-de-timisoara_1374659.html |title=La deuxième révolution de Timișoara |work=L'Express |last=Riols |first=Yves-Michel |date=1 September 2005 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128010903/https://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/actualite-economique/la-deuxieme-revolution-de-timisoara_1374659.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, Timișoara was awarded by [[Forbes]] as the most dynamic city and the best city for business in Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.ro/articles/timisoara-cel-mai-bun-oras-pentru-afaceri-53902 |title=Forbes Best Cities 2016: Timișoara, din nou pe primul loc |work=Forbes România |last=Panait |first=Andrei |date=5 February 2016 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129144630/https://www.forbes.ro/articles/timisoara-cel-mai-bun-oras-pentru-afaceri-53902 |url-status=live }}</ref> Between 2000 and 2013, Timișoara had the highest growth rate of [[GDP per capita]], surpassing even Bucharest.<ref name="magnetic" /> The local economic development has been reflected accordingly in the unemployment figures. For instance, in December 2019, the [[unemployment rate]] in Timișoara was among the lowest in the country, with only 0.8%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmuncii.ro/j33/images/Date_lunare/Nr_someri_jud_122019.pdf |title=Numărul șomerilor înregistrați, pe județe, la sfârșitul lunii decembrie 2019 |work=Ministerul Muncii |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128094821/http://www.mmuncii.ro/j33/images/Date_lunare/Nr_someri_jud_122019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Industrial sector === [[File:Bierfabrik.JPG|right|thumb|150px|[[Timișoreana Brewery]], the first [[brewery]] established on the current territory of [[Romania]].<ref name="zf-2017">{{cite web |url=https://www.zf.ro/companii/retail-agrobusiness/povestea-fabricii-timisoreana-prima-fabrica-de-bere-din-romania-16208622 |title=Povestea fabricii Timișoreana, prima fabrică de bere din România |work=Ziarul Financiar |last=Panaete |first=Mădălina |date=26 March 2017 |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205221218/https://www.zf.ro/companii/retail-agrobusiness/povestea-fabricii-timisoreana-prima-fabrica-de-bere-din-romania-16208622 |url-status=live }}</ref>]] [[File:Mașina la care lucrează fruntașa Ana Măligă de la Uzinele textile Timișoara este un laminor care asigură în bună măsură uniformitatea viitorului fir de bumbac, Flacăra 17 1961.png|right|thumb|150px|Woman operating a [[cotton]] roll machine at ''[[Textile manufacturing|Uzinele Textile]] Timișoara'', 1961. During [[Nicolae Ceaușescu|Ceaușescu]]'s time, labor force came to Timișoara from all over [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/timisoara/industria-timisoarei-de-la-inflorirea-din-1532236.html#google_vignette|title=Industria Timişoarei, de la înflorirea din imperiul Austro-Ungar la intreprinderile comuniste şi la şmecheriile din "democraţia originală"|author=Stefan Both|publisher=[[Adevărul]]|date=7 August 2022|access-date=21 July 2023|archive-date=21 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721150420/https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/timisoara/industria-timisoarei-de-la-inflorirea-din-1532236.html#google_vignette|url-status=live}}</ref>]] After 1989, major changes took place in the structure of industrial activities in Timișoara due to the restructuring and retrofitting processes, industrial production currently including both traditional sub-branches and new, modern and dynamic ones. Unlike cities such as Cluj-Napoca, Iași or Bucharest, the localization of industry within the city is specific to Timișoara.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://panorama.ro/timisoara-transformare-economica-hub-it/ |title=Cum s-a transformat economic Timișoara, de la Manchesterul muncitoresc al Ungariei, la hub modern de start-up-uri IT |work=Panorama |last=Mischie |first=Dana |date=4 September 2023}}</ref> The main industrial groups in the city can be structured in three types: urban industrial areas, with large area and complex profile (Calea Buziașului, Freidorf, pericentral area along the railway, Calea Șagului, etc.), industrial platforms with unitary profile (UMT and Solventul) and dispersed industrial units, respectively.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://geografie.uvt.ro/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/03_Popa.pdf |title=Investiții, investitori și mutații urbane în Timișoara |last=Popa |first=Nicolae |journal=Geographica Timisiensis |volume=16 |issue=1–2 |pages=41–54 |date=2007 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117123643/https://geografie.uvt.ro/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/03_Popa.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In recent decades, industrial areas have developed along major road or rail arteries, with a tendency to group units by industrial profiles.<ref name="social" />

There are eight industrial zones in Timișoara where factories and plants cover several sectors from [[electronics industry|electronics]], [[chemical industry|chemical]] and [[automotive industry|automotive]] to [[food processing]] and [[textile industry|textile industries]].<ref name="trace" />

Buziașului industrial area concentrates units for [[chemical industry]] and production of automotive and electronic components. The area has seen an important development in recent years, attracting major investments from [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Continental AG|Continental]], [[Dräxlmaier Group|Dräxlmaier]], Elbromplast, AEM, Saguaro, etc. In 2013 Optica Business Park was inaugurated here.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/a-fost-inaugurat-proiectul-optica-business-park-234093/ |title=A fost inaugurat proiectul Optica Business Park |work=TION |date=1 July 2013 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129014129/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/a-fost-inaugurat-proiectul-optica-business-park-234093/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Developed on the old buildings of the former lens factory, Optica Business Park offices have attracted tenants such as [[Microsoft]], [[Linde plc|Linde]] or [[ZTE]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bursa.ro/microsoft-linde-gaz-si-zte-chiriasi-in-birourile-optica-business-park-din-timisoara-87106329 |title=Microsoft, Linde Gaz și ZTE, chiriași în birourile Optica Business Park din Timișoara |work=Bursa |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128044655/https://www.bursa.ro/microsoft-linde-gaz-si-zte-chiriasi-in-birourile-optica-business-park-din-timisoara-87106329 |url-status=live }}</ref> Șagului industrial area includes warehouses of construction materials ([[Arabesque (company)|Arabesque]], Arthema, Lipoplast, Mobexpert, etc.), as well as a significant number of showrooms and car dealers ([[Mercedes-Benz]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[Mitsubishi]], [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Citroën]], [[Opel]], etc.). An important role in the development and diversification of the profile of the area is played by the Incontro Industrial Park, where construction companies are mainly located. Calea Șagului has also become an important commercial area, with hypermarkets such as [[Brico Dépôt]], [[Auchan]], [[Jysk]], [[Metro AG|Metro]] or [[Leroy Merlin]].<ref name="social" /> Stretched on a usable area of 63 ha, Freidorf Industrial Park is an important area for attracting foreign investment, encouraging business development and creating new jobs. The automotive components industry predominates in the area (Kromberg & Schubert, ContiTech, ELBA, etc.).<ref name="social" /> In the UMT industrial area are located mainly chemical and automotive industry units ([[Continental AG|Continental]], [[Linde plc|Linde]], [[Hella (company)|Hella]], etc.), but also warehouses.<ref name="social" /> Torontalului industrial area includes units for [[manufacturing industry]] ([[Flex (company)|Flex]], [[Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company|Coca-Cola]], [[SCA (company)|SCA]], etc.). The Timișoara Technology and Industrial Park was arranged here, with the aim of supporting the development of SMEs in fields such as software, IT and communications or electronics and electrical engineering.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/afaceri-in-timis-parcul-industrial-si-tehnologic-din-timisoara-locul-destinat-intreprinderilor-mici-si-mijlocii-450689/ |title=Afaceri în Timiș: Parcul Industrial și Tehnologic din Timișoara – locul destinat întreprinderilor mici și mijlocii |work=TION |date=20 April 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128202727/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/afaceri-in-timis-parcul-industrial-si-tehnologic-din-timisoara-locul-destinat-intreprinderilor-mici-si-mijlocii-450689/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Aradului industrial area is the newest industrial area, with various locations for storage and provision of services. Like Calea Șagului, the Aradului area has become an important commercial hub, retailers like [[Selgros]], [[Hornbach (retailer)|Hornbach]], Altex or [[Auchan]] operating here.<ref name="social" />

The main industrial branches, which have experienced an important growth in Timișoara, are the [[automotive industry]], the [[chemical industry|chemical]] and [[petrochemical industry]], as well as the [[electronics industry]]. The automotive components industry has registered a strong development in recent years, as a consequence of the need for technological development within existing industrial units, in Timișoara concentrating renowned companies in this field ([[Dräxlmaier Group|Dräxlmaier]], Kromberg & Schubert, ContiTech, [[TRW Automotive]], [[Mahle GmbH|Mahle]], [[Hella (company)|Hella]], [[Dura Automotive Systems|Dura]], [[Valeo]], [[Autoliv]], [[Honeywell]], etc.).<ref name="social" /> In 2016, a competence center for automotive engineering – CERC – was inaugurated in the Freidorf area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/afaceri-in-timis-cerc-un-centru-esential-pentru-firmele-din-sectorul-automotive-450299/ |title=Afaceri în Timiș: CERC, un centru esențial pentru firmele din sectorul automotive |work=TION |date=22 April 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128032655/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/afaceri-in-timis-cerc-un-centru-esential-pentru-firmele-din-sectorul-automotive-450299/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This economic branch has old traditions. Between 1988 and 1991, the Romanian car model [[Dacia Lăstun|Dacia 500 Lăstun]] was made in the Tehnometal factories.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/lastunul-autoturismul-de-colectie-%E2%80%9Emade-in-timisoara%E2%80%9D-dacia-500-s-a-fabricat-in-halele-fostei-intreprinderi-tehnometal/18/12/2011 |title=Lăstunul, autoturismul de colecție "made in Timișoara"! Dacia 500 s-a fabricat în halele fostei întreprinderi Tehnometal |work=Opinia Timișoarei |last=Ilaș |first=Gheorghe |date=18 December 2011 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128101633/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/lastunul-autoturismul-de-colectie-%E2%80%9Emade-in-timisoara%E2%80%9D-dacia-500-s-a-fabricat-in-halele-fostei-intreprinderi-tehnometal/18/12/2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The electronics and electrical engineering industry is a successful branch of Timișoara's industry, especially due to the investments of large companies with activities in high tech production ([[Flex (company)|Flex]], [[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]], [[ABB]], AEM, ELBA, [[Ericsson]], etc.), which determined a development of local companies, suppliers or subcontractors.<ref name="social" />

The chemical and petrochemical industry, traditional in Timișoara, has developed especially through the investments made by [[Continental AG|Continental]], [[Procter & Gamble]] and Azur.<ref name="social" />

Along with large investors from the top industries mentioned above, in Timișoara are concentrated a large number of companies, especially [[small and medium enterprise]]s, in traditional fields such as [[textile industry|textile]] and [[clothing industry]], [[textile manufacturing]] and leather and [[shoemaking|footwear industry]], foreign investors interested in these sectors mainly due to low production costs.<ref name="social" />

=== Office sector === [[File:City Business Center Timișoara 2022.jpg|thumb|[[AFI Park Timișoara|AFI Park]] and [[National Agency for Fiscal Administration|ANAF]]]] [[File:Openville 1783 (Edited).jpg|thumb|left|upright|United Business Center 1, part of [[Iulius Town]] urban ensemble]] The office sector has boomed in the last decade,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.ro/articles/ascensiune-pe-piata-office-din-timisoara-78405 |title=Ascensiune pe piața office din Timișoara |work=Forbes România |last=Panait |first=Andrei |date=25 February 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128212807/https://www.forbes.ro/articles/ascensiune-pe-piata-office-din-timisoara-78405 |url-status=live }}</ref> the stock of class A offices available for rent reaching 290,000 m2 in 2020, almost 10% of [[Bucharest]]'s stock.<ref name="zf">{{cite web |url=https://www.zf.ro/business-construct/jll-cel-putin-170-000-metri-patrati-de-birouri-vor-fi-livrati-pana-19776388 |title=JLL: Cel puțin 170.000 metri pătrați de birouri vor fi livrați până la sfârșitul lui 2022 în marile orașe din afara Bucureștiului. "Vom vedea și în perioada următoare tranzacții record pe aceste piețe" |work=Ziarul Financiar |last=Roșu |first=Roxana |date=10 December 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129104412/https://www.zf.ro/business-construct/jll-cel-putin-170-000-metri-patrati-de-birouri-vor-fi-livrati-pana-19776388 |url-status=live }}</ref> The return on investment in office buildings exceeds the level in Bucharest (7%), standing at around 8.25%.<ref name="zf" /> The city has the lowest vacancy rate of class A office spaces, 5% in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/timisoara-are-cele-mai-putine-spatii-de-birouri-neocupate-din-romania-136213/ |title=Timișoara are cele mai puține spații de birouri neocupate din România |work=TION |date=17 June 2015 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129091131/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/timisoara-are-cele-mai-putine-spatii-de-birouri-neocupate-din-romania-136213/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

City Business Center is the main office park in Timișoara, located in the city center. Completed in 2015, the complex is fully leased, with tenants including international companies such as [[Accenture]], [[SAP]], [[Deloitte]], [[Wipro]], [[IBM]], [[Visma]], [[Hella (company)|Hella]], etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spatii-de-birouri.ro/inchiriere-vanzare/timisoara-city-business-center |title=City Business Center |work=Activ Property Services |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128160346/https://www.spatii-de-birouri.ro/inchiriere-vanzare/timisoara-city-business-center |url-status=live }}</ref> Named the greenest office project in Romania by [[BREEAM]], Vox Technology Park was completed in early 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://business-review.eu/property/vox-technology-park-named-the-greenest-real-estate-project-in-romania-by-breeam-195303 |title=Vox Technology Park named the greenest real estate project in Romania by BREEAM |work=Business Review |last=Drăgan |first=Aurel |date=23 January 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130173436/https://business-review.eu/property/vox-technology-park-named-the-greenest-real-estate-project-in-romania-by-breeam-195303 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bega Business Park is located near the historic center. The first two buildings were completed in 2015 and early 2018, respectively, and are fully occupied by [[Nokia]]'s campus.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spatii-de-birouri.ro/inchiriere-vanzare/timisoara-bega-business-park |title=Bega Business Park |work=Activ Property Services |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122144804/https://www.spatii-de-birouri.ro/inchiriere-vanzare/timisoara-bega-business-park |url-status=live }}</ref> Under construction are ISHO Offices, part of a larger project, and United Business Center.<ref name="forbes">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.ro/articles/best-office-hubs-2020-timisoara-2-0-157974 |title=Best Office Hubs 2020. Timișoara 2.0 |work=Forbes România |last=Avram |first=Marian |date=12 March 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122104707/https://www.forbes.ro/articles/best-office-hubs-2020-timisoara-2-0-157974 |url-status=live }}</ref> The latter will include the tallest office building in Romania (155 m).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/zeci-de-firme-participa-la-cel-mai-ambitios-proiect-office-din-romania-progreseaza-lucrarile-la-cea-mai-inalta-cladire-de-birouri-din-tara-din-iulius-town-timisoara-o-investitie-de-peste-115-milioa-1319634/ |title=Zeci de firme participă la cel mai ambițios proiect office din România. Progresează lucrările la cea mai înaltă clădire de birouri din țară, din Iulius Town Timișoara, o investiție de peste 115 milioane de euro |work=TION |date=26 June 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128130111/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/zeci-de-firme-participa-la-cel-mai-ambitios-proiect-office-din-romania-progreseaza-lucrarile-la-cea-mai-inalta-cladire-de-birouri-din-tara-din-iulius-town-timisoara-o-investitie-de-peste-115-milioa-1319634/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== IT&C sector === At national level, Timișoara is one of the poles of the most intense activities in the [[IT industry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wall-street.ro/articol/IT-C-Tehnologie/240391/cele-mai-active-orase-din-romania-in-domeniul-it.html |title=Cele mai active orașe din România în domeniul IT |work=Wall-Street |date=19 April 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128100957/https://www.wall-street.ro/articol/IT-C-Tehnologie/240391/cele-mai-active-orase-din-romania-in-domeniul-it.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Well-known companies such as [[Google]], [[Microsoft]], [[IBM]], [[Intel]], [[Nvidia]], [[Siemens]], [[Nokia]], [[Huawei]], [[Atos]], [[Accenture]], [[Endava]], [[Bitdefender]] or [[Visteon]] have offices in the city, supporting – through the hubs and the digital workshops created – start-ups and SMEs in the field. Before the rapid expansion of [[Cluj-Napoca]], Timișoara concentrated the most IT professionals after [[Bucharest]]. In 2014, Timișoara had 7,000 employees in the field.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pmcommunity.ro/download/studii%20piata%20romaneasca/Brainspotting_IT_Talent_Map_Romania_2014.pdf |title=Romania IT Talent Map, 2014 |work=Brainspotting |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130010459/https://www.pmcommunity.ro/download/studii%20piata%20romaneasca/Brainspotting_IT_Talent_Map_Romania_2014.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, the Incuboxx cluster was inaugurated.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-s-a-inaugurat-incuboxx-cladirea-facuta-policarbonat-modelul-incubatorului-afaceri-barcelona-1_535e3cb20d133766a82a4a84/index.html |title=S-a inaugurat Incuboxx, clădirea făcută din policarbonat, după modelul incubatorului de afaceri din Barcelona |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=28 April 2014 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703091734/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-s-a-inaugurat-incuboxx-cladirea-facuta-policarbonat-modelul-incubatorului-afaceri-barcelona-1_535e3cb20d133766a82a4a84/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Incuboxx is the largest IT&C business incubator in Romania, which includes 54 office spaces addressed to entrepreneurs and companies with local capital in the field.

Timișoara ranks 394th in the 2019 Innovation Cities Index, an annual list of the world's most innovation-friendly cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.innovation-cities.com/index-2019-global-city-rankings/18842/ |title=Innovation Cities™ Index 2019: Global |work=Innovation Cities™ Program |date=11 November 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821083004/https://www.innovation-cities.com/index-2019-global-city-rankings/18842/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bucharest and Timișoara are the only Romanian cities on the list published by the [[World Economic Forum]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/timisoara-unul-dintre-cele-doua-orase-din-romania-in-top-500-orase-inovatoare-2019-814521/ |title=Timișoara, unul dintre cele două orașe din România în TOP 500 Orașe Inovatoare 2019 |work=TION |date=3 December 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116032303/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/timisoara-unul-dintre-cele-doua-orase-din-romania-in-top-500-orase-inovatoare-2019-814521/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Real estate sector === The real estate market in Timișoara, supported by the upward economic trend, has been booming lately. In 2017, about 4,000 living spaces were delivered to the market,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2018/08/timisoara-printre-cele-mai-mari-piete-rezidentiale-din-romania-cate-locuinte-au-fost-livrate-anul-trecut/ |title=Timișoara, printre cele mai mari piețe rezidențiale din România. Câte locuințe au fost "livrate" anul trecut |work=pressalert.ro |last=Popescu |first=Marius |date=13 August 2018 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117002842/https://www.pressalert.ro/2018/08/timisoara-printre-cele-mai-mari-piete-rezidentiale-din-romania-cate-locuinte-au-fost-livrate-anul-trecut/ |url-status=live }}</ref> an increase of almost 60% compared to the previous year, most of the projects representing high-rise residential complexes, addressed to the mass and mid-market segments. In the first nine months of 2016, according to the National Agency for Cadastre and Real Estate Advertising, over 32,000 sale/purchase transactions were concluded, making Timiș County the largest real estate market in Romania after Bucharest–Ilfov.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/timisul-in-topul-tranzactiilor-imobiliare-din-romania-cate-case-si-terenuri-s-au-vandut/31/10/2016 |title=Timișul, în topul tranzacțiilor imobiliare din România! Câte case și terenuri s-au vândut? |work=Opinia Timișoarei |date=31 October 2016 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118173115/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/timisul-in-topul-tranzactiilor-imobiliare-din-romania-cate-case-si-terenuri-s-au-vandut/31/10/2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> 87% of them took place in Timișoara and neighboring communes. Among the largest residential complexes in Timișoara are ISHO, Adora Forest, Vivalia Grand, XCity Towers, Vox Vertical Village, Ateneo and City of Mara.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://korter.ro/ansambluri-rezidentiale-in-timi%C8%99oara |title=Ansambluri rezidențiale |work=Korter |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124220141/https://korter.ro/ansambluri-rezidentiale-in-timi%C8%99oara |url-status=live }}</ref>

After 1989 the rural areas within the city became "hot spots" for housing investors, and the emergence of the [[middle class]] after 2000 changed both the landscape and the prices of houses and land.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275351606 |title=The Romanian Post-socialist City: Urban Renewal and Gentrification |editor-last=Voiculescu |editor-first=Sorina |publisher=Editura Universității de Vest |date=2009 |page=78}}</ref> In 2020, for example, the price of an apartment reached 1,300 euros/m2, the third-highest among Romanian big cities, after [[Cluj-Napoca]] and [[Bucharest]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/targul-imobiliar/a-scazut-pretul-apartamentelor-in-timisoara-1311828/ |title=A scăzut prețul apartamentelor în Timișoara |last=Panduru |first=Adrian |work=TION |date=4 June 2020 |access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128125529/https://www.tion.ro/targul-imobiliar/a-scazut-pretul-apartamentelor-in-timisoara-1311828/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On the other hand, the phenomenon of [[gentrification]] renewed a part of the underused housing stock.

=== Commercial sector === [[File:Iulius Town Timișoara at night, September 2019 1.jpg|thumb|[[Iulius Town Timișoara|Iulius Town]] at night]] [[Bega Shopping Center]] is the only shopping center in the center of Timișoara and the first in the city. Bega Shopping Center is structured on six levels and has a leasable area of 7,500 m2, of which 1,300 are allocated to a [[Carrefour]] supermarket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Real-Estate/45480/Bega-Shopping-Center-Timisoara-se-modernizeaza-si-isi-schimba-chiriasii.html |title=Bega Shopping Center Timișoara se modernizează și își schimbă chiriașii |work=Wall-Street |date=24 July 2008 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128140107/https://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Real-Estate/45480/Bega-Shopping-Center-Timisoara-se-modernizeaza-si-isi-schimba-chiriasii.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bega Group (Romania)|Bega Group]], the holding company that owns Bega Shopping Center, has opened three other [[retail park]]s in Buziașului, [[Circumvalațiunii]] and [[Lipovei]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bega-shoppingcenter.ro/despre-noi/ |title=Despre noi |work=BEGA |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128020850/http://www.bega-shoppingcenter.ro/despre-noi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Iulius Mall Timișoara|Iulius Mall]] was inaugurated in October 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Companii/7577/Timisoara-are-cel-mai-mare-Mall.html |title=Timișoara are cel mai mare mall |work=Wall-Street |date=24 October 2005 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128144311/https://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Companii/7577/Timisoara-are-cel-mai-mare-Mall.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following an investment by Iulius Group and Atterbury Europe, Iulius Mall has been integrated into a large urban regeneration project – [[Iulius Town Timișoara|Iulius Town]], complementing it with retail, office and entertainment functions. Iulius Town has the largest shopping area in Romania (120,000 m2), a space that brings together over 450 stores.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.economica.net/la-un-an-de-la-inaugurare-birourile-din-iulius-town-timisoara-au-5-000-de-angajati-iar-suprafata-d_189350.html |title=La un an de la inaugurare, birourile din Iulius Town Timișoara au 5.000 de angajați, iar suprafața de retail, de 120.000 mp, are 450 de magazine |work=Economica.net |date=31 August 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128155105/https://www.economica.net/la-un-an-de-la-inaugurare-birourile-din-iulius-town-timisoara-au-5-000-de-angajati-iar-suprafata-d_189350.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The estimated annual traffic for Iulius Town is over 20 million visitors.<ref name="forbes" />

The second mall, [[Shopping City Timișoara|Shopping City]], opened in March 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-s-a-deschis-de-al-doilea-mall-timisoara-shopping-city-costat-aproape-100-milioane-euro-1_56fce2c35ab6550cb86c0061/index.html |title=S-a deschis cel de-al doilea mall din Timișoara. Shopping City a costat aproape 100 de milioane de euro |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=31 March 2016 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130070217/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-s-a-deschis-de-al-doilea-mall-timisoara-shopping-city-costat-aproape-100-milioane-euro-1_56fce2c35ab6550cb86c0061/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The shopping center has a leasable area of 70,000 m2, covering almost 20 ha and comprising 110 stores on two levels. Within Shopping City, the largest [[Cinema City International|Cinema City]] multiplex outside Bucharest was opened in April 2016, with 13 [[3D film|3D]] rooms, an [[IMAX]] room and a [[4DX]] room.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/video-foto-fost-inaugurat-timisoara-mai-modern-cinematograf-romania-costat-8-milioane-euro-1_57169a1d5ab6550cb828326c/index.html |title=A fost inaugurat la Timișoara cel mai modern cinematograf din România. A costat 8 milioane de euro |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=20 April 2016 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030173724/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/video-foto-fost-inaugurat-timisoara-mai-modern-cinematograf-romania-costat-8-milioane-euro-1_57169a1d5ab6550cb828326c/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the first year since its opening, Shopping City had a traffic of over nine million visitors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://shoppingcitytm.ro/stiri/shopping-city-timisoara-aniverseaza-un-an-de-shopping-cu-super-premii-si-un-ford-fiesta/ |title=Shopping City Timișoara aniversează un an de shopping, cu super premii și un Ford Fiesta |work=Shopping City Timișoara |date=31 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119150440/https://shoppingcitytm.ro/stiri/shopping-city-timisoara-aniverseaza-un-an-de-shopping-cu-super-premii-si-un-ford-fiesta/ }}</ref>

The first [[strip mall]] in the city, Funshop Park, opened in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://funshoppark.ro/timisoara-2/ |title=Timișoara |work=Funshop Park |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826153205/https://funshoppark.ro/timisoara-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Built on the former industrial platform of Azur, Funshop Park has a leasable area of 10,800 m2 and is provided with an outdoor [[food court]] area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/funshop-park-timisoara-cel-mai-nou-strip-mall-din-timisoara-isi-deschide-portile-cu-promotii-si-surprize-pentru-clienti-va-avea-si-o-zona-de-food-court-exterioara-foto/09/05/2022 |title=Funshop Park Timișoara, cel mai nou strip mall din Timișoara, își deschide porțile cu promoții și surprize pentru clienți. Va avea și o zonă de food court exterioară |work=Opinia Timișoarei |date=9 May 2022 |access-date=5 September 2023 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905070004/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/funshop-park-timisoara-cel-mai-nou-strip-mall-din-timisoara-isi-deschide-portile-cu-promotii-si-surprize-pentru-clienti-va-avea-si-o-zona-de-food-court-exterioara-foto/09/05/2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Along with the existing stores in the central area, new supermarkets have been opened by national and international concerns such as [[Selgros]], [[Metro AG|Metro]], [[Auchan]], [[Kaufland]], [[Carrefour]], [[Lidl]], [[Penny (supermarket)|Penny]], [[Mega Image]] or [[Profi]]. On the [[bricolage]] and [[DIY]] market are present the stores of [[Dedeman]], [[Hornbach (retailer)|Hornbach]], [[Brico Dépôt]], [[Arabesque (company)|Arabesque]], [[Leroy Merlin]], [[Mobexpert]], Mömax, [[Jumbo S.A.|Jumbo]] and [[Decathlon (retailer)|Decathlon]], among others, part of local and international chains.

=== Tourism === [[File:Tourist Information, Timisoara, Romania.JPG|thumb|Tourist information center on Alba Iulia Street]] Timișoara constitutes the core of regional [[tourism]], receiving 80% of the area's tourists.<ref name="bid-book">{{cite web |url=https://timisoara2023.eu/document/view/42/Bidbook_RO_Timisoara2021.pdf |title=Bid Book |website=Timișoara 2023 |date=2016 |page=71}}</ref> It draws 250,000–300,000 tourists each year and is distinguished by its safety, quality of hospitality, and gastronomic excellence.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ghidulbanatului.ro/timisul-locul-2-in-topul-judetelor-preferate-de-turistii-straini_31634.html |title=Timișul, locul 2 în topul județelor preferate de turiștii străini |website=Ghidul Banatului |last=Decean |first=Dana |date=2 December 2025}}</ref> Recreational tourism (such as city breaks and visits to friends and relatives) accounts for the largest share, followed by business and study tourism. The majority of tourists are young, well-educated individuals, primarily from Romania and other European countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2025/10/timisoara-prin-ochii-turistilor-peste-86-recomanda-orasul-iar-65-intentioneaza-sa-revina/ |title=Timișoara prin ochii turiștilor. Peste 86% recomandă orașul, iar 65% intenționează să revină |website=pressalert.ro |last=Câmpean |first=Denisa |date=27 October 2025}}</ref> The average stay is two nights.<ref name="bid-book" />

In 2013, in Timișoara there were 107 accommodation units (comprising 49 [[hotel]]s, seven [[hostel]]s, 50 [[Pension (lodging)|pensions]], and an international [[campsite]]) totaling 5,547 accommodation places.<ref name="sidu"/>

Responsible for promoting Timișoara as an urban tourist destination is Visit Timișoara, established in 2022 at the initiative of [[Timișoara City Hall]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://visit-timisoara.com/ro/despre-noi/ |title=Despre noi |website=Visit Timișoara}}</ref> In 2026, Timișoara was designated the destination of the year in Romania, a title awarded following a public vote and a decision by a specialized jury.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/stiri-interne/societate/orasul-din-romania-desemnat-destinatia-anului-2529799.html |title=Orașul din România desemnat „Destinația Anului 2026” și lider la turism urban: ierarhie surpriză în clasament |website=Adevărul |last=Mazilu |first=Cornelia |date=15 May 2026}}</ref>

== Education == {{See also|List of schools in Timișoara}}

=== Pre-university education === [[Early childhood education|Preschool education]] takes place in 70 [[kindergarten]]s; the [[primary education]] in 47 [[school]]s; the [[secondary education]] in 36 [[high school]]s; the [[tertiary education|post-secondary education]] in 11 post-secondary schools; and the master workman education in six foreman schools.<ref name="edu">{{cite web |url=http://www.primariatm.ro/timisoara/index.php?meniuId=2&viewCat=112 |title=Educație și învățământ |work=Primăria municipiului Timișoara |date=30 October 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810185947/https://www.primariatm.ro/timisoara/index.php?meniuId=2&viewCat=112 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isj.tm.edu.ro/institutii/3 |title=Licee |work=Inspectoratul Școlar Județean Timiș |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123085655/https://www.isj.tm.edu.ro/institutii/3 |url-status=live }}</ref> The school network also includes two special high schools for students with disabilities, three schools of [[inclusive education]], five seminaries, a special school for students with [[amblyopia]], two educational assistance centers and a [[Waldorf education|Waldorf high school]].<ref name="edu" /> The private education system includes an international school and high school with teaching according to the British curriculum,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/Scoala-cambridge-deschide-latimisoara-platesc-parintii-a-si-trimite-copiii-scoala-staif-sistem-invatamant-international-1_5ae044f3df52022f7536e312/index.html |title=O școală ca la Cambridge se deschide la Timișoara. Cât plătesc părinții pentru a-și trimite copiii la o școală cu ștaif, cu sistem de învățământ internațional |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=25 April 2018 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=30 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530120006/http://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/Scoala-cambridge-deschide-latimisoara-platesc-parintii-a-si-trimite-copiii-scoala-staif-sistem-invatamant-international-1_5ae044f3df52022f7536e312/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> an English-language kindergarten and [[primary school]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/in-toamna-la-iulius-town-se-va-deschide-prima-gradinita-din-timisoara-cu-predare-dupa-curriculum-britanic-si-o-scoala-primara-8888/ |title=În toamnă, la Iulius Town se va deschide prima grădiniță din Timișoara cu predare după curriculum britanic și o școală primară |work=TION |date=12 August 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128055602/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/in-toamna-la-iulius-town-se-va-deschide-prima-gradinita-din-timisoara-cu-predare-dupa-curriculum-britanic-si-o-scoala-primara-8888/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as a [[nursery school|nursery]] and kindergarten with teaching according to the Finnish curriculum.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/prima-gradinita-din-timisoara-cu-predare-in-limba-engleza-dupa-curriculum-din-finlanda-pentru-copiii-care-vor-locui-la-vox-vertical-village-ori-ai-caror-parinti-lucreaza-in-vox-technology-park/24/07/2019 |title=Prima grădiniță din Timișoara cu predare în limba engleză, după curriculum din Finlanda, pentru copiii care vor locui la Vox Vertical Village ori ai căror părinți lucrează în Vox Technology Park |work=Opinia Timișoarei |last=Iedu |first=Liliana |date=24 July 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128192444/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/prima-gradinita-din-timisoara-cu-predare-in-limba-engleza-dupa-curriculum-din-finlanda-pentru-copiii-care-vor-locui-la-vox-vertical-village-ori-ai-caror-parinti-lucreaza-in-vox-technology-park/24/07/2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The specificity of pre-university education in Timișoara is the diversity of teaching languages. The city's rich multiethnic tradition has been maintained by the schools with teaching in [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] (Béla Bartók High School), [[German language|German]] ([[Nikolaus Lenau High School]]), English (William Shakespeare High School), [[French language|French]] (Jean-Louis Calderon High School) and [[Serbian language|Serbian]] (Dositej Obradović High School).

According to a ranking made by the ''AdmitereLiceu.ro'' portal in 2020, five high schools in Timișoara are among the top 100 high schools in Romania: [[Grigore Moisil High School (Timișoara)|Grigore Moisil High School]], [[C. D. Loga National College (Timișoara)|Constantin Diaconovici Loga National College]], [[Banat National College|National College of Banat]], [[Carmen Sylva National Pedagogical College]] and [[Nikolaus Lenau High School]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.admitereliceu.ro/top-licee?county_id=38&city_id=7469&year=2020&exams%5B%5D=admission&exams%5B%5D=bac&olympics=on&cauta=Afi%C5%9Feaz%C4%83+topul |title=Top licee |work=AdmitereLiceu.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128224307/https://www.admitereliceu.ro/top-licee?county_id=38&city_id=7469&year=2020&exams%5B%5D=admission&exams%5B%5D=bac&olympics=on&cauta=Afi%C5%9Feaz%C4%83+topul |url-status=live }}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="160px"> | align = center File:Liceul Pedagogic Carmen Sylva Timisoara.jpg | [[Carmen Sylva National Pedagogical College]] File:Colegiul CD Loga 2016.jpg | [[Constantin Diaconovici Loga National College (Timișoara)|Constantin Diaconovici Loga National College]] File:Colegiul National Banatean 2017.jpg | [[Banat National College|National College of Banat]] File:Nikolaus Lenau High School, Timișoara, August 2022.jpg| [[Nikolaus Lenau High School]] </gallery>

=== Higher education === {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = West University of Timisoara (4).jpg | caption1 = [[West University of Timișoara|West University]] | image2 = Piata Victoriei - panoramio (1).jpg | caption2 = [[Lloyd Palace]], the rectorate of the [[Politehnica University of Timișoara|Polytechnic University]] | image3 = UMF Timișoara (2023 April) 04.jpg | caption3 = [[Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara|Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy]] }} [[Higher education]] has a tradition of over 100 years, with the establishment of the [[Politehnica University of Timișoara|Polytechnic University]] in 1920. From then until today, Timișoara has become the most important university and academic center in western Romania, with about 40,000 students enrolled in [[undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate education|postgraduate]] study programs in four [[public university|public]] and two [[private university|private universities]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte_ro_1.pdf |chapter=Educație |title=Anuarul statistic al României |publisher=Institutul Național de Statistică |date=2020 |pages=338–339 |issn=1220-3246 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129223224/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/anuarul_statistic_al_romaniei_carte_ro_1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> There are branches of the [[National Alliance of Student Organizations in Romania]] and [[AIESEC]]. Student organizations are very active, known for events such as StudentFest, the largest international student art and culture festival in Southeast Europe<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/studentfest-2018-festivalul-care-promoveaza-tinerii-artisti-isi-asteapta-participantii-70946/ |title=StudentFest 2018. Festivalul care promovează tinerii artiști își așteaptă participanții |work=TION |date=19 April 2018 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128025715/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/studentfest-2018-festivalul-care-promoveaza-tinerii-artisti-isi-asteapta-participantii-70946/ |url-status=live }}</ref> or the ten-day International Student Week.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/iswint-2020-sub-semnul-diversitatii-si-al-incluziunii/24/02/2020 |title=ISWinT 2020, sub semnul diversității și al incluziunii |work=Opinia Timișoarei |date=24 February 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128212328/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/iswint-2020-sub-semnul-diversitatii-si-al-incluziunii/24/02/2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Politehnica University of Timișoara|Polytechnic University]] is one of the largest and most famous [[institute of technology|technical universities]] in Central and Eastern Europe. In 2011 it was classified by the [[Ministry of National Education (Romania)|Ministry of Education]] in the category of universities of advanced research and education, the highest position that a university in Romania can reach.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mediafax.ro/social/clasificarea-universitatilor-12-institutii-printre-care-universitatea-din-bucuresti-si-universitatea-babes-bolyai-din-cluj-napoca-in-categoria-cercetare-avansata-si-educatie-8705359 |title=Clasificarea universităților din România: Care sunt cele mai bune instituții de învățământ superior |work=Mediafax |date=6 September 2011 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175427/http://www.mediafax.ro/social/clasificarea-universitatilor-12-institutii-printre-care-universitatea-din-bucuresti-si-universitatea-babes-bolyai-din-cluj-napoca-in-categoria-cercetare-avansata-si-educatie-8705359 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2018 [[SCImago Institutions Rankings]], the Polytechnic University is on the third place among the Romanian universities with research activity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&country=ROU&year=2012 |title=Romania 2018 |work=SCImago Institutions Rankings |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129090938/https://www.scimagoir.com/rankings.php?sector=Higher%20educ.&country=ROU&year=2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Established by royal decree in 1944, the [[West University of Timișoara|West University]] is the largest university in the city in terms of student numbers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-18173282-document-topul-celor-mai-mari-universitati-stat-plus-pentru-multe-universitati-particulare-pune-problema-pur-simplu-existentei.htm |title=Topul celor mai mari universități de stat. Plus: ''Pentru multe universități particulare se pune problema pur și simplu a existenței'' |work=HotNews.ro |last=Pantazi |first=Raluca |date=24 September 2014 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128053729/https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-18173282-document-topul-celor-mai-mari-universitati-stat-plus-pentru-multe-universitati-particulare-pune-problema-pur-simplu-existentei.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The West University is one of the five members of the Universitaria Consortium, the group of elite Romanian universities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banatulazi.ro/consortiul-universitaria-reuneste-la-timisoara-rectorii-celor-mai-bune-universitati/ |title=Consorțiul "Universitaria" reunește la Timișoara rectorii celor mai bune universități |work=Banatul Azi |last=Ionescu |first=Stejărel |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128042352/http://www.banatulazi.ro/consortiul-universitaria-reuneste-la-timisoara-rectorii-celor-mai-bune-universitati/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, the West University was present in 19 international rankings of universities, one of the top-ranked in Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://oldsite.uvt.ro/files/8674ee272c38908789d56e0ec0d2c960cfcce4d5/ |title=Raportul Rectorului cu privire la starea Universității de Vest din Timișoara |work=Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara |date=2019 |page=12 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128164135/https://oldsite.uvt.ro/files/8674ee272c38908789d56e0ec0d2c960cfcce4d5/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One of the six [[medical school|medical universities]] in Romania is located in Timișoara – the [[Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timișoara|Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rohealthreview.ro/astazi-se-desfasoara-examenul-de-admitere-la-cele-sase-universitati-traditionale-de-medicina-din-romania/ |title=Astăzi se desfășoară examenul de admitere la cele șase Universități tradiționale de Medicină din România |work=Ro Health Review |date=26 July 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128180211/https://rohealthreview.ro/astazi-se-desfasoara-examenul-de-admitere-la-cele-sase-universitati-traditionale-de-medicina-din-romania/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The fourth public university in Timișoara, specialized in [[life sciences]] and [[veterinary medicine]], is the [[King Michael I University of Life Sciences]].

The four public universities are grouped under the Timișoara University Alliance, founded in 2020 and the first structure of this kind in Romania.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/moment-istoric-la-timisoara-cele-4-universitati-au-realizat-alianta-timisoara-universitara-foto-si-video/19/06/2020 |title=Moment istoric la Timișoara. Cele 4 universități au realizat Alianța Timișoara Universitară |website=Opinia Timișoarei |date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

The student campuses are located in Complexul Studențesc–Medicinei (25 dormitories), Lipovei–Tipografilor (six dormitories) and Blașcovici (two dormitories), offering a total of about 13,000 accommodation places.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2018/10/timisoara-studenti-cazare-camine-2018/ |title=Provocarea cazării pentru studenții din Timișoara. Cum se desfășoară "bătaia" pe locurile în cămin |work=pressalert.ro |last=Mîț |first=Adriana |date=7 October 2018 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129164904/https://www.pressalert.ro/2018/10/timisoara-studenti-cazare-camine-2018/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Complexul Studențesc in particular is known for its [[nightlife]], with several [[pub]]s, [[bistro]]s, [[nightclub]]s and themed [[Bar (establishment)|bar]]s concentrated here. [[File:Biblioteca Centrală a Universității Politehnica Timișoara.jpg|thumb|left|[[Central Library of Politehnica University of Timișoara|Central Library of the Polytechnic University]]]] There are several public [[library|libraries]], municipal or university, most importantly: * Library of the Victor Babeș University of Medicine and Pharmacy, founded in 1946;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bibnat.ro/biblioteci.php?id=3275 |title=Biblioteca Universității de Farmacie și Medicină "Victor Babeș" Timișoara |work=Biblioteca Națională a României |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129165229/http://www.bibnat.ro/biblioteci.php?id=3275 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Central Library of Politehnica University of Timișoara|Central Library of the Polytechnic University]], hosted between 1947 and 2014 in the ensemble of Piarist Gymnasium;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bibnat.ro/biblioteci.php?id=3274 |title=Biblioteca Centrală a Universității Politehnice Timișoara |work=Biblioteca Națională a României |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128160518/http://www.bibnat.ro/biblioteci.php?id=3274 |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Eugen Todoran Central University Library]], with a book fund of over one million volumes;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcut.ro/2016-s400-ro.htm |title=Rapoarte/Statistici |work=Biblioteca Centrală Universitară "Eugen Todoran" din Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912092032/http://www.bcut.ro/2016-s400-ro.htm }}</ref> * [[Sorin Titel County Library]], founded in 1904.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bibnat.ro/biblioteci.php?id=3325 |title=Biblioteca Județeană "Sorin Titel" Timiș |work=Biblioteca Națională a României |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128221519/http://www.bibnat.ro/biblioteci.php?id=3325 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Scientific research === [[File:LERF Timisoara RO 2018 1.jpg|thumb|left|The Renewable Energy–Photovoltaic Laboratory within the {{abbr|INCEMC|National Research and Development Institute for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter}}]] Several institutes operate within the Timișoara branch of the [[Romanian Academy]]: the National R&D Institute for Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, the National R&D Institute for Welding and Materials Testing, the Titu Maiorescu Institute of Banat Studies, the Coriolan Drăgulescu Institute of Chemistry and the Astronomical Observatory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.research.gov.ro/ro/articol/4514/sistemul-de-cercetare-institute-na-ionale-de-cercetare-dezvoltare-in-coordonare |title=Institute Naționale de Cercetare-Dezvoltare (INCD) în coordonare |work=Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării și Digitalizării |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124191752/https://www.research.gov.ro/ro/articol/4514/sistemul-de-cercetare-institute-na-ionale-de-cercetare-dezvoltare-in-coordonare }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://acad-tim.tm.edu.ro/?page_id=144 |title=Institute |work=Academia Română – Filiala Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128094353/http://acad-tim.tm.edu.ro/?page_id=144 }}</ref>

In the patrimony of the [[West University of Timișoara|West University]] there are several research centers, such as: the Institute of Advanced Environmental Research, the Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen Interdisciplinary Training and Research Platform, the Creation Center of Contemporary Visual Arts, the Research Laboratory in Structural and Computational Chemistry–Physics for Nanosciences and QSAR, the Research Center in Criminal Sciences, the East European Center for Research in Economics and Business, the Center for Romance Studies, the Research Center in Computer Sciences, the Center for Social Research and Development, the Institute of Socio-Political Research, etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cercetare.uvt.ro/?page_id=4412 |title=Centre de cercetare |work=Departamentul pentru Cercetare Științifică și Creație Universitară |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201631/https://cercetare.uvt.ro/?page_id=4412 }}</ref> Also in Timișoara there are branches of the Academy of Medical Sciences<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adsm.ro/ro/sectii+si+filiale |title=Secții și filiale |work=Academia de Științe Medicale din România |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118111334/http://adsm.ro/ro/sectii+si+filiale }}</ref> and the Academy of Technical Sciences,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://astr.ro/filiale/ |title=Filiale |work=Academia de Științe Tehnice din România |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128151255/https://astr.ro/filiale/ |url-status=live }}</ref> respectively.

The first [[computer]] built in Romania (1961) was put into operation within the Polytechnic Institute of Timișoara, nowadays the [[Politehnica University of Timișoara|Polytechnic University]]. It was called [[MECIPT]], an acronym for "Electronic Computing Machine of the Polytechnic Institute of Timișoara" ({{langx|ro|'''M'''așina '''E'''lectronică de '''C'''alcul a '''I'''nstitutului '''P'''olitehnic din '''T'''imișoara}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pdfslide.net/documents/evocari-si-documente-despre-mecipt-masina-electronica-de-calcul-.html |title=MECIPT – Mașina Electronică de Calcul a Institutului Politehnic din Timișoara: Evocări și Documente |last=Baltac |first=Vasile |location=Bucharest |date=October 2005 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128195744/https://pdfslide.net/documents/evocari-si-documente-despre-mecipt-masina-electronica-de-calcul-.html |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Its design was started in 1956 by a team led by mathematician Iosif Kaufmann, electronic engineer Wilhelm Löwenfeld and student Vasile Baltac.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzuAjubj90AC |chapter=50 Years Ago We Constructed the First Hungarian Tube Computer, the M-3: Short Stories from the History of the First Hungarian Computer (1957–1960) |first=Győző |last=Kovács |title=History of Computing: Learning from the Past |editor-first=Arthur |editor-last=Tatnall |publisher=Springer |date=2010 |page=73 |lccn=2010932197 |issn=1868-4238 |isbn=978-3-642-15198-9 |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114204328/https://books.google.com/books?id=EzuAjubj90AC |url-status=live }}</ref>

Out of the 1,700 members of the [[Romanian Academy]], from 1866 until 2016, 102 members come or have worked in Banat and the surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://acad-tim.tm.edu.ro/ebook/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf |chapter=Membrii Academiei Române din Banat 1866 – 2016 |last1=Rusu |first1=Dorina N. |last2=Otiman |first2=Păun Ion |title=Viața academică în Banat 1866 – 2016 |publisher=Editura Academiei Române |location=Bucharest |date=2016 |pages=219–223 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129144506/http://acad-tim.tm.edu.ro/ebook/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf }}</ref> Among them are [[Traian Vuia]], the inventor of the first tractor [[monoplane]], [[Traian Lalescu]], one of the fathers of [[integral equation]]s, [[Dumitru Prunariu]], the first Romanian to fly in space and [[Stefan Hell]], winner of the 2014 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]].

In the second half of May, biannually, the Timișoara branch of the Romanian Academy organizes, collaborating and involving the local academic, cultural and scientific community, the Timișoara Academic Days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://acad-tim.tm.edu.ro/?page_id=1344 |title=Zilele Academice Timișene – Ediția a XVI-a, 2019 |work=Academia Română – Filiala Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128075911/http://acad-tim.tm.edu.ro/?page_id=1344 }}</ref>

== Healthcare == [[File:Spitalul Clinic Județean de Urgență „Pius Brînzeu” din Timișoara (2023) - img 02.jpg|thumb|The County Emergency Clinical Hospital]] Due to the specialized university programs, Timișoara is a research center in the fields of medicine and public health; there are branches of the Academy of Medical Sciences and the Student Society of Surgery, the headquarters of the Romanian Hemophilia Association,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hemofilic.ro/contact/ |title=Contact |work=Asociația Română de Hemofilie |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129043225/https://hemofilic.ro/contact/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the Romanian Society of Medical Informatics<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srimed.ro/pagini/contact.html |title=Contact |work=Societatea Română de Informatică Medicală |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128101520/http://www.srimed.ro/pagini/contact.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the Romanian Society of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orl.org.ro/contact.php |title=Contact |work=Societatea Română de Otorinolaringologie Pediatrică |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510015836/http://orl.org.ro/contact.php |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as the regional training center in [[emergency medicine]], operated by [[SMURD]].

In Timișoara there are eight hospitals, seven [[public hospital|publicly owned]] and one [[private hospital|private]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dsptimis.ro/data_files/content/files/raport-sanatate-2015.pdf |title=Analiza stării de sănătate a populației județului Timiș |work=Direcția de Sănătate Publică Timiș |date=19 September 2016 |page=42 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128184259/https://www.dsptimis.ro/data_files/content/files/raport-sanatate-2015.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Pius Brînzeu County Hospital|Pius Brînzeu County Emergency Clinical Hospital]] (included by the [[Ministry of Health (Romania)|Ministry of Health]] in the first class of competence);<ref name="ms">{{cite web |url=http://old.ms.ro/upload/Clasificarea%20spitalelor.xls |title=Clasificarea spitalelor |work=Ministerul Sănătății |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502005255/http://old.ms.ro/upload/Clasificarea%20spitalelor.xls |url-status=live }}</ref> * [[Timișoara Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases|Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases]] (first class);<ref name="ms" /> * [[Timișoara Municipal Hospital|Municipal Emergency Clinical Hospital]]; * [[Louis Țurcanu Children's Hospital|Louis Țurcanu Emergency Clinical Hospital for Children]]; * [[Victor Babeș Infectious Diseases Hospital|Victor Babeș Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases and Pneumophtisiology]]; * [[Victor Popescu Military Hospital|Victor Popescu Military Emergency Clinical Hospital]]; * [[Timișoara CFR Hospital|CF Clinical Hospital]]; * Première Hospital (the largest private hospital in western Romania, owned by Regina Maria health network).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reginamaria.ro/stiri/reteaua-de-sanatate-regina-maria-preia-spitalul-premiere-din-timisoara-cel-mai-mare-spital |title=Rețeaua de sănătate REGINA MARIA preia Spitalul Première din Timișoara, cel mai mare spital privat din vestul țării |work=Regina Maria |date=27 May 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129101015/https://www.reginamaria.ro/stiri/reteaua-de-sanatate-regina-maria-preia-spitalul-premiere-din-timisoara-cel-mai-mare-spital |url-status=live }}</ref> There are also: six integrated specialized [[outpatient clinic]]s (four public and two private); three [[ambulance]] services (one public and two private); 494 [[dental office]]s; 229 [[family medicine]] offices; 138 specialized offices; seven medical expertise offices and 24 work capacity recovery offices; 39 school [[dispensary|dispensaries]]; 11 student dispensaries; a sports dispensary; 63 [[pharmacy|pharmacies]] and 32 pharmaceutical warehouses.<ref name="social" />

== Transport == Timișoara is an important regional [[transport hub|road and railway hub]], connecting the city to [[Bucharest]] and other major cities, as well as Romania to Hungary and [[Serbia]], and further to [[Western Europe]]. It is located along the [[Pan-European Corridor IV]] linking Germany to Turkey and has access, thanks to the [[Bega Canal]], to the Pan-European Corridor VII.<ref name="trace" /> Furthermore, Timișoara is crossed by two [[TEN-T]] core network corridors: [[Orient/East–Med Corridor|Orient/East–Med]] and Rhine–Danube (waterway focus).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/infrastructure/tentec/tentec-portal/map/maps.html |title=TENtec Interactive Map Viewer |work=European Commission |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404191131/https://ec.europa.eu/transport/infrastructure/tentec/tentec-portal/map/maps.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Road transport === [[File:A1 Arad-Timisoara - 01.JPG|thumb|[[A1 motorway (Romania)|A1 motorway]] near Timișoara]] The street plot of Timișoara is composed of 1,278 streets totaling almost {{cvt|750|km}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.primariatm.ro/uploads/files/date_deschise/Nomenclator%20cu%20id-uri.xls |title=Nomenclatorul stradal al municipiului Timișoara |work=Primăria municipiului Timișoara }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The street network is based on a radial model, consolidated by a series of five concentric rings, none of them completely built. Unlike other cities of similar size, there is no predominant corridor in terms of loading, with traffic volumes distributed fairly evenly across a series of radial and circular arteries.<ref name="pmud">{{cite web |url=https://www.primariatm.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/SUMP_august_2020-1.pdf |title=Planul de Mobilitate Urbană Durabilă pentru polul de creștere Timișoara |work=Primăria municipiului Timișoara |date=2015 |page=21 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128041936/https://www.primariatm.ro/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/SUMP_august_2020-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The shape of the road network outside the city is web-like, all the main roads in the county converging towards the capital city.

In the northern part of the city there is a [[bypass (road)|bypass]]; its southern extension is currently under construction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://monitorizari.hotnews.ro/stiri-infrastructura_articole-23750531-centura-timisoara-sud-lucrari-harta.htm |title=Varianta de ocolire Timișoara Sud – 26 km, o singură bandă pe sens: A fost emis ordinul de începere al lucrărilor |work=HotNews.ro |last=Cozmei |first=Victor |date=25 March 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128162724/https://monitorizari.hotnews.ro/stiri-infrastructura_articole-23750531-centura-timisoara-sud-lucrari-harta.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The city is crossed in the northeast by the [[A1 motorway (Romania)|A1 motorway]], a segment that continues with the [[M43 motorway (Hungary)|M43 motorway]] in Hungary. The A1 is connected near [[Lugoj]] to the [[A6 motorway (Romania)|A6 motorway]], which is under construction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-16238132-harta-interactiva-ziua-marilor-inaugurari-autostrada-care-ocoleste-sebesul-tronsonul-care-termina-brusc-camp.htm |title=Ziua marilor inaugurări: de la autostrada care ocolește Sebeșul, la tronsonul care se termină brusc în câmp |work=HotNews.ro |last=Cozmei |first=Victor |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128154736/https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-esential-16238132-harta-interactiva-ziua-marilor-inaugurari-autostrada-care-ocoleste-sebesul-tronsonul-care-termina-brusc-camp.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Timișoara is connected to the [[international E-road network|European]] and [[roads in Romania|national road network]] by the following roads: * [[European route E70]] – to the border with [[Serbia]] through the [[Moravița]] customs; * [[European route E671]] Timișoara–[[Satu Mare]]; * [[DN6|national road 6]] – to the border with Hungary through [[Cenad]] customs; * national road 59 – with branch DN59A, to the border with [[Serbia]] through [[Jimbolia]] customs; * national road 69 Timișoara–[[Arad, Romania|Arad]]. Locally, car transport experienced a boom after 1990, so that in 2017 the degree of [[motorization]] in Timișoara was among the highest in Romania, with one car for every 2.66 inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/robu-anunta-ca-sunt-peste-125-000-de-autovehicule-inmatriculate-in-timisoara-dar-a-uitat-ceva-91640/ |title=Robu anunță că sunt peste 125.000 de autovehicule înmatriculate în Timișoara, dar a uitat ceva... |work=TION |date=15 November 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128175613/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/robu-anunta-ca-sunt-peste-125-000-de-autovehicule-inmatriculate-in-timisoara-dar-a-uitat-ceva-91640/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Timișoara has one of the most extensive infrastructures for charging [[electric car]]s and [[plug-in hybrid]]s in Romania, with 16 stations located throughout the city<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/unde-vor-fi-statii-de-incarcare-pentru-masini-electrice-in-timisoara-1174744/ |title=Unde vor fi stații de încărcare pentru mașini electrice, în Timișoara |work=TION |last=Deaconescu |first=Roxana |date=9 May 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128152303/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/unde-vor-fi-statii-de-incarcare-pentru-masini-electrice-in-timisoara-1174744/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and a hub in 700 Square.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=LEKTRI.CO se pregătește de inaugurarea Charging Plaza Hub700—cea mai mare infrastructură publică de încărcare a mașinilor electrice din România |url=https://lektri.co/ro/lektri-co-se-pregateste-de-inaugurarea-charging-plaza-hub700-cea-mai-mare-infrastructura-publica-de-incarcare-a-masinilor-electrice-din-romania/ |work=LEKTRI.CO |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123204647/https://lektri.co/ro/lektri-co-se-pregateste-de-inaugurarea-charging-plaza-hub700-cea-mai-mare-infrastructura-publica-de-incarcare-a-masinilor-electrice-din-romania/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Public transport === {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Timiŝoaro, flughavena buso E4, 1.jpeg | image2 = Timiŝoaro, Ŝkoda-trolebuso en b Regele Ferdinand I, 1.jpeg | image3 = Temeswar, Armonia-Tram, 1.jpeg | footer = Bus, [[trolleybus]] and [[tram]] in characteristic white and purple }} Timișoara's public transport network consists of nine [[tram]] lines, eight [[trolleybus]] lines and 31 bus lines and is operated by [[STPT (transport operator)|STPT (Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stpt.ro/reteaua.html |title=Rețeaua traseelor STPT |work=Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128074656/http://stpt.ro/reteaua.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The network covers all the important areas of the city and it also connects Timișoara with some of the communes of the metropolitan area. 45% of urban public transport is served by trams, 22% by trolleybuses, 18% by buses and the remaining 15% by [[water bus]]es and alternative means of transport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ratt.ro/sectii.html |title=Secții ale STPT |work=Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701023601/http://www.ratt.ro/sectii.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Timișoara became the second city in Romania to introduce public school transport, after [[Cluj-Napoca]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digi24.ro/regional/digi24-timisoara/timisoara-transport-public-scolar-trafic-mai-redus-1065092 |title=Timișoara <nowiki>|</nowiki> Transport public școlar, trafic mai redus |work=Digi24 |date=15 January 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129060018/https://www.digi24.ro/regional/digi24-timisoara/timisoara-transport-public-scolar-trafic-mai-redus-1065092 |url-status=live }}</ref> as of 2020, it is served by 14 lines.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/traseele-stpt-pentru-transportul-scolar-in-2020-14-minibuze-ii-duc-pe-elevi-la-scoli-1343815/ |title=Traseele STPT pentru transportul școlar în 2020: 14 minibuze îi duc pe elevi la școli |work=TION |last=Deaconescu |first=Roxana |date=11 September 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128083345/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/traseele-stpt-pentru-transportul-scolar-in-2020-14-minibuze-ii-duc-pe-elevi-la-scoli-1343815/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Timișoara has a well-developed market for taxi services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.taximetre.ro/taxi/timisoara/ |title=Listă Taxiuri Timișoara |work=Taximetre.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118102406/http://www.taximetre.ro/taxi/timisoara/ }}</ref> There are also several [[car rental]] companies. Alternatively, short- and long-distance [[carpooling]] platforms operate in Timișoara, such as [[Uber]], [[Bolt (company)|Bolt]] or [[BlaBlaCar]].

For internal [[coach (bus)|coach]] transport there are several coach stations, most located around the [[Timișoara North railway station]] and on Stan Vidrighin Way.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autogari.ro/Timisoara/ |title=Mersul autobuzelor în Timișoara |work=Autogari.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122115230/https://www.autogari.ro/Timisoara/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are also daily coach trips to destinations in Europe, served by private passenger transport companies, such as Atlassib, [[Eurolines]] or [[Flixbus]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/infoutile/acces/autobuz.html |title=Acces cu autobuzul |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=11 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211083534/http://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/infoutile/acces/autobuz.html }}</ref>

=== Rail transport === [[File:Gara Timișoara Nord (April 2023).jpg|thumb|[[Timișoara North railway station]]]] Timișoara has the oldest and the densest railway network in Romania, with over {{cvt|91.9|km}} of lines for {{cvt|1,000|km2}} of territory, although some of the components are no longer operational due to low demand and lack of maintenance.<ref name="trace" /> Therefore, Timișoara is the most important rail hub in Timiș County and in western Romania. Most of the railway lines that intersect in Timișoara are secondary lines; the most important are [[Căile Ferate Române Line 900|line 900]] from [[Bucharest]], with international connections to [[Serbia]] and the main line Timișoara–[[Arad, Romania|Arad]]–[[Oradea]], which ensures the connection with [[Căile Ferate Române Line 200|line 200]] ([[Brașov]]–[[Sibiu]]–[[Arad, Romania|Arad]]–[[Curtici]]) and, implicitly, with Hungary.<ref name="social" />

The city has five [[railway station|stations]] ([[Timișoara North railway station|Timișoara North]], [[Timișoara West railway station|Timișoara West]], [[Timișoara South railway station|Timișoara South]], [[Timișoara East railway station|Timișoara East]] and Timișoara CET) and a triage station (Ronaț Triaj). The main passenger station is [[Timișoara North railway station|Timișoara North]], built in 1897 and undergoing extensive rehabilitation since 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-licitatie-adjudecata-contract-semnat-reabilitarea-cladirii-garii-nord-timisoara-1_5fb0fd5c5163ec4271e2820f/index.html |title=Licitație adjudecată și contract semnat pentru reabilitarea clădirii Gării de Nord din Timișoara |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=15 November 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126130849/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-licitatie-adjudecata-contract-semnat-reabilitarea-cladirii-garii-nord-timisoara-1_5fb0fd5c5163ec4271e2820f/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The old station building, built in [[Neoclassicism|neoclassical style]], was badly damaged by the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombing of 1944, so it was rebuilt in [[Stalinist architecture|socialist classical style]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-gara-mare-timisoara-fost-bijuterie-arhitectonica-cladire-trista-amintire-1_5266f4e4c7b855ff566ab658/index.html |title=Gara Mare din Timișoara a fost bijuterie arhitectonică. Astăzi este o clădire de tristă amintire |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=23 October 2013 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112032918/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-gara-mare-timisoara-fost-bijuterie-arhitectonica-cladire-trista-amintire-1_5266f4e4c7b855ff566ab658/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Timișoara North is one of the busiest stations in Romania, with an average of 174 passenger trains/day and a flow of 5,530 passengers/day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.consiliulferoviar.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/anexa_nr_4-centralizator_fise_observatii.pdf |title=Anexa nr. 4. Centralizator fișe observații |work=Consiliul Național de Supraveghere din Domeniul Feroviar |date=2017 |page=12 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027034909/http://www.consiliulferoviar.ro/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/anexa_nr_4-centralizator_fise_observatii.pdf }}</ref>

Although the nature of freight traffic has changed, decreasing the requirement for maneuvering and recomposing trains, Timișoara is an important center for [[rail freight transport]]; there are several large industrial concerns that receive and ship goods by train.<ref name="pmud" />

=== Air transport === [[File:Timisoara-airport-romania-march-2017.jpg|thumb|[[Timișoara Traian Vuia International Airport|Traian Vuia International Airport]]]] Located {{cvt|12|km}} from Timișoara, in the northeastern part of the city, [[Timișoara Traian Vuia International Airport|Traian Vuia International Airport]] is the [[List of the busiest airports in Romania|fourth-busiest Romanian airport]] in terms of passenger numbers (~1.2 million in 2022)<ref>{{cite web|title=Traficul de pasageri pe aeroporturile din România a crescut în anul 2022 cu 87,53%|publisher=airportaar.ro|url=https://www.airportaar.ro/traficul-de-pasageri-pe-aeroporturile-din-romania-a-crescut-in-anul-2022-cu-8753-fata-de-anul-2021-si-aproape-s-a-triplat-fata-de-anul-2020/|date=27 January 2023|access-date=30 January 2023|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130144550/https://www.airportaar.ro/traficul-de-pasageri-pe-aeroporturile-din-romania-a-crescut-in-anul-2022-cu-8753-fata-de-anul-2021-si-aproape-s-a-triplat-fata-de-anul-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the most important air hub in the [[Danube–Criș–Mureș–Tisa Euroregion|DKMT Euroregion]]. In 2017, it became the first airport in Romania certified by [[European Aviation Safety Agency|EASA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aerotim.ro/comunicate/aeroportul-international-timisoara-la-final-de-an/ |title=Aeroportul Internațional Timișoara, La Final De An |work=Aerotim |date=21 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119003629/https://www.aerotim.ro/comunicate/aeroportul-international-timisoara-la-final-de-an/ |archive-date=19 January 2022 }}</ref> In 2018, Traian Vuia International Airport attracted 15.1% of the total number of passengers embarked at Romanian airports, 32.8% of the total tons of goods loaded and 13.2% of the total number of flights.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/transportul_aeroportuar_de_pasageri_si_marfuri_in_sem1_2018.pdf |title=Transportul aeroportuar de pasageri și mărfuri. Semestrul I 2018 |publisher=Institutul Național de Statistică |last1=Sîrbu |first1=Anca |last2=Țurcanu |first2=Alida |date=2018 |page=7 |issn=2065-7129 |work= |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129092645/https://insse.ro/cms/sites/default/files/field/publicatii/transportul_aeroportuar_de_pasageri_si_marfuri_in_sem1_2018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Traian Vuia International Airport serves as an operational base for [[Wizz Air]]. As of 2021, the airport is undergoing expansion works, by adding two terminals – internal arrivals and external departures – and creating an intermodal center for freight transport.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aerotim.ro/comunicate/aeroportul-international-timisoara-continua-procesul-de-dezvoltare-si-modernizare/ |title=Aeroportul Internațional Timișoara Continuă Procesul De Dezvoltare Și Modernizare |work=Aerotim |date=3 December 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044459/https://aerotim.ro/comunicate/aeroportul-international-timisoara-continua-procesul-de-dezvoltare-si-modernizare/ }}</ref>

The city's first airport, the [[Cioca Airfield]], had remained in use for recreational and utility aviation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-povestea-aeroportul-cioca-visul-neimplinit-timisoarei-interbelice-1_56c491d35ab6550cb8e91b12/index.html |title=Povestea Aeroportului "Cioca", visul neîmplinit al Timișoarei interbelice |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=17 February 2016 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628065559/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-povestea-aeroportul-cioca-visul-neimplinit-timisoarei-interbelice-1_56c491d35ab6550cb8e91b12/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Water transport === [[File:Timișoara Bega water transport.jpg|thumb|150px|Vaporetto and kayaks on the Bega|left]] The [[Bega Canal]] is the first navigable canal built in Romania, connecting Timișoara with the Serbian town of [[Titel]]. Its total navigable length was {{cvt|114|km}}, of which {{cvt|33|km}} on the Romanian territory.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SnRAAAAMAAJ |title=Geografia economică a Republicii Socialiste România |last=Herbst-Rădoi |first=Atena |publisher=Editura Didactică și Pedagogică |date=1969 |page=255}}</ref> In 2018, repair works were started on the navigation infrastructure of the Bega Canal, which would allow the resumption of naval traffic between Timișoara and [[Serbia]], halted in 1967.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/proiect-transfrontalier-de-14-milioane-de-euro-anul-2021-ar-putea-aduce-reluarea-circulatiei-navale-pe-bega-intre-timisoara-si-serbia-41627/ |title=Proiect transfrontalier de 14 milioane de euro. Anul 2021 ar putea aduce reluarea circulației navale pe Bega, între Timișoara și Serbia |work=TION |date=22 November 2018 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128110613/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/proiect-transfrontalier-de-14-milioane-de-euro-anul-2021-ar-putea-aduce-reluarea-circulatiei-navale-pe-bega-intre-timisoara-si-serbia-41627/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2018, Timișoara is the first Romanian city with urban public transport by water, made with [[vaporetto]]-like boats on a single line with six stations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stpt.ro/grafice/v1a.pdf |title=V1 M. Viteazul – Ardealul |work=Societatea de Transport Public Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130172716/http://stpt.ro/grafice/v1a.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cycling and micromobility === [[File:VeloTM Timișoara station.jpg|thumb|left|150px|VeloTM bike sharing station in Timișoara]] Timișoara has the most developed integrated cycling system in Romania. Cyclists have access to more than {{cvt|100|km}} of [[bike lane]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banatulazi.ro/timisoara-va-deveni-primul-oras-din-romania-cu-100-de-kilometri-de-piste-pentru-biciclisti/ |title=Timișoara va deveni primul oraș din România cu 100 de kilometri de piste pentru bicicliști |work=Banatul Azi |last=Ionescu |first=Stejărel |date=28 July 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120174726/http://www.banatulazi.ro/timisoara-va-deveni-primul-oras-din-romania-cu-100-de-kilometri-de-piste-pentru-biciclisti/ |url-status=live }}</ref> including {{cvt|37|km}} outside the city via the Bega Canal cycle path, which connects Romania with Serbia,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/e-gata-cea-mai-lunga-pista-de-biciclete-din-romania-ne-duce-din-timisoara-in-serbia-pe-malul-begai-de-cand-vom-putea-inchiria-biciclete/25/03/2015 |title=E gata! Cea mai lungă pistă de biciclete din România ne duce din Timișoara în Serbia, pe malul Begăi. De când vom putea închiria biciclete? |work=Opinia Timișoarei |last=Deaconescu |first=Roxana |date=25 March 2015 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116221009/http://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/e-gata-cea-mai-lunga-pista-de-biciclete-din-romania-ne-duce-din-timisoara-in-serbia-pe-malul-begai-de-cand-vom-putea-inchiria-biciclete/25/03/2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> providing a direct connection to the European network of cycling routes – [[EuroVelo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.eurovelo.com/ev13/romania |title=Romania |work=EuroVelo |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129090939/https://en.eurovelo.com/ev13/romania |url-status=live }}</ref> Timișoara is the first city in Romania with a public [[Bicycle-sharing system|bike-sharing system]], VeloTM, inaugurated in 2015. The system has 440 bicycles in the 25 stations in the city<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2017/09/primaria-timisoara-mai-cumparat-140-de-biciclete-pentru-sistemul-velotm-ce-le-transmite-primarul-biciclistilor/ |title=Primăria Timișoara a mai cumpărat 140 de biciclete pentru sistemul VeloTM. Ce le transmite primarul bicicliștilor |work=pressalert.ro |last=Mîț |first=Adriana |date=6 September 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129002536/https://www.pressalert.ro/2017/09/primaria-timisoara-mai-cumparat-140-de-biciclete-pentru-sistemul-velotm-ce-le-transmite-primarul-biciclistilor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and, depending on the season, is accessed by 1,000–1,500 people daily.

In 2019, Timișoara introduced public transport with [[Motorized scooter|electric scooter]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/liber-la-trotinetele-electrice-gratuite-la-timisoara-primele-au-fost-preluate-din-rastele-foto-si-video/01/04/2019 |title=Liber la trotinetele electrice gratuite la Timișoara. Prima a fost preluată din rastel de primarul Nicolae Robu. Foto și video |work=Opinia Timișoarei |last=Dichiș |first=Bianca |date=1 April 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128064319/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/liber-la-trotinetele-electrice-gratuite-la-timisoara-primele-au-fost-preluate-din-rastele-foto-si-video/01/04/2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Architecture == {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 150 | header = [[Art Nouveau]] 20th-century palaces in Timișoara | image1 = Palatul Miksa Steiner, Cetate, Timisoara.jpg | caption1 = Steiner Palace (former Discount Bank) | image2 = Casa Agoston Galgon.jpg | caption2 = Gálgon Palace ("Rooster Building") }}

Timișoara has the largest architectural ensemble of historic buildings in Romania (around 14,500),<ref name="statut" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://culturatimis.ro/lista-monumentelor-istorice-din-judetul-timis/ |title=Lista monumentelor istorice din județul Timiș |work=Direcția Județeană pentru Cultură Timiș |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204232105/https://culturatimis.ro/lista-monumentelor-istorice-din-judetul-timis/ |url-status=live }}</ref> consisting of the urban patrimony of the neighborhoods of Cetate, Fabric, Iosefin and Elisabetin.<ref name="ideal">{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/timisoara-construita-ca-un-oras-ideal-ce-l-face-atat-de-special-458480/ |title=Timișoara, construită ca un oraș ideal. Ce-l face atât de special? |work=TION |date=16 February 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129201906/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/timisoara-construita-ca-un-oras-ideal-ce-l-face-atat-de-special-458480/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Most of these buildings are part of the imperial heritage, a period of economic prosperity that left its mark on the city.<ref name="cultural">{{cite web |url=https://timisoara2021.ro/document/view/7/Printed_Cultural_Strategy.pdf |title=Strategia culturală a municipiului Timișoara 2014 – 2024 |work=Primăria municipiului Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122042951/https://timisoara2021.ro/document/view/7/Printed_Cultural_Strategy.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The architectural diversity, represented by [[baroque architecture|baroque]], [[historicism (art)|historicism]], [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassicism]], [[Art Nouveau]] and [[Wiener Secession]], earned Timișoara the nickname "Little Vienna".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Timișoara, la petite Vienne du Banat |last=Kovácsházy |first=Cécile |journal=Germanica |volume=43 |date=2008 |issue=43 |pages=105–114|doi=10.4000/germanica.565 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The oldest building in Timișoara is [[Huniade Castle]], which today houses the [[Museum of Banat]]. Destroyed during the [[Siege of Temesvár (1849)|siege of 1849]], the castle was later rebuilt, but still retains elements of the former castle built by [[John Hunyadi]] between 1443 and 1447, but also elements from the period of [[Charles I of Hungary]].<ref name="ideal" />

Timișoara is a city with a polynuclear urban structure. The current urban structure, the result of historical evolution, is relatively clear: in the middle of the urban agglomeration is the historic center (Cetate neighborhood) around which the other neighborhoods revolve. Due to their independent development, they have distinct features both functionally and architecturally.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://hcl.civicul.ro/view-hcl/hcl_193_10.05.2016/attachment/008_Cap._6._Profilul_spatial_arii_de_interventie_SID-PCT_2020_20.04.2016.pdf |chapter=Partea III. Profilul spațial |title=Strategia Integrată de Dezvoltare Urbană 2015–2020 |publisher=Primăria municipiului Timișoara |pages=275–302 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128054314/https://hcl.civicul.ro/view-hcl/hcl_193_10.05.2016/attachment/008_Cap._6._Profilul_spatial_arii_de_interventie_SID-PCT_2020_20.04.2016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The center of today's Timișoara is the "successor" of the Austrian military fortress built mostly between 1732 and 1761.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forum.primariatm.ro/uploads/files/PUG/02%20FISA%20ISTORICA%20TIMISOARA_03_2014.pdf |title=Fișa istorică a municipiului Timișoara – atașată PUG |last=Bocicai |first=Adina |work=Primăria municipiului Timișoara |date=2014 |pages=13–14 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117124811/https://forum.primariatm.ro/uploads/files/PUG/02%20FISA%20ISTORICA%20TIMISOARA_03_2014.pdf }}</ref> Today, only a few parts of the old city wall remain standing, namely the [[Theresia Bastion]] in the east and a few others which are located on the western limit of the old city wall.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0uigAAAAMAAJ |title=Timișoara: monografie artistică |last=Cuțara |first=Alexandru |publisher=Editura Amarcord |date=1998 |page=49 |isbn=978-973-9244-35-0 |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114210353/https://books.google.com/books?id=0uigAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> These were later listed as part of the architectural heritage of Timișoara.

Timișoara is regarded as a city with strong potential for densification, thanks to its numerous vacant lots and buildable areas located right in the city center—an advantage that other cities of similar size in the country lack. As a result, the city experienced few major demolitions during the communist era and has largely retained its original radial-concentric urban structure.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://arhitectura-1906.ro/2013/03/densificare-si-de-densificare-in-timisoara/ |title=Densificare și de-densificare în Timișoara |journal=Arhitectura |last=Belci |first=Diana |issue=1 |date=2013}}</ref> === Historic neighborhoods === ==== Cetate ==== {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Timfloralis in Piata Unirii (3).jpg | caption1 = [[Union Square, Timișoara|Union Square]] | image2 = Festivalul Florilor TimFloralis.jpg | caption2 = [[Victory Square, Timișoara|Victory Square]] | image3 = Old City Hall of Timisoara (1).jpg | caption3 = [[Liberty Square, Timișoara|Liberty Square]] }}

The Cetate neighborhood, the political, administrative and cultural center of Timișoara, is divided into two distinct urban areas. The first area is the "inner city" of the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name="protejate">{{cite web |url=https://www.yumpu.com/ro/document/read/3477195/zone-construite-protejate-timisoara-2011-audieri-publice |title=Zone construite protejate – Timișoara 2011 |last1=Junie |first1=Aurelia |last2=Opriș |first2=Mihai |work=Primăria municipiului Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128061845/https://www.yumpu.com/ro/document/read/3477195/zone-construite-protejate-timisoara-2011-audieri-publice |url-status=live }}</ref> The whole area has the status of [[heritage site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patrimoniu.gov.ro/images/lmi-2015/LMI-TM.pdf |title=Lista monumentelor istorice 2015 – județul Timiș |work=Institutul Național al Patrimoniului |page=6 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613184040/http://patrimoniu.gov.ro/images/lmi-2015/LMI-TM.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The area houses the oldest buildings of the city, dating from the 18th century.<ref name="opris">{{cite book |title=Arhitectura istorică din Timișoara |last1=Opriș |first1=Mihai |last2=Botescu |first2=Mihai |publisher=Editura Tempus |date=2014 |isbn=978-973-1958-28-6}}</ref> The second area was established after 1900 on the lands liberated by the demolition of the fortifications.<ref name="protejate" /> Construction in this area followed the trend at the time, the ''[[fin de siècle]]'' style. The Secessionist school of Banat was influenced by both Austrian and Hungarian styles, resulting from the direct participation of some architects from [[Budapest]] on various representative buildings.<ref name="aner">{{cite web |url=http://www.artnouveau.eu/en/city.php?id=146 |title=Timișoara |work=Art Nouveau European Route |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121221539/http://www.artnouveau.eu/en/city.php?id=146 |url-status=live }}</ref> This style underwent two different stages: the first occurred approximately between 1900 and 1908 and was similar to [[Art Nouveau]], with floral and curvilinear decorations, while the second, which continued until [[World War I]], saw simpler, larger buildings with geometrical designs, similar to Viennese architecture at the time.<ref name="aner" /> Due to the fact that secessionism existed in Timișoara only between 1900 and 1914, its influence on more modest buildings was not as strong as that of [[eclecticism]]. If eclecticism became a true art of the masses, used in all buildings, secessionism remained a style of the elites, which penetrated Banat through cult architecture.<ref name="secession">{{cite journal |url=https://biblioteca-digitala.ro/reviste/Patrimonium-Banaticum/dl.asp?filename=Patrimonium-Banaticum-V-2006-11.pdf |title=Arhitectura vernaculară și cea cultă din Timișoara și Arad 1700–1918 |journal=Patrimonium Banaticum |volume=V |last=Székely |first=Gabriel |date=2006 |pages=149–155 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129212148/https://biblioteca-digitala.ro/reviste/Patrimonium-Banaticum/dl.asp?filename=Patrimonium-Banaticum-V-2006-11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The historic center of Timișoara has a system consisting of three urban squares, unique in Romania, each square presenting different sizes, plastic solutions and architectural styles.<ref name="piete">{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/pietele-de-poveste-ale-timisoarei-centrul-istoric-unic-in-romania-109602/ |title=Piețele de poveste ale Timișoarei. Centrul istoric, unic în România |work=TION |date=28 December 2015 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129085006/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/pietele-de-poveste-ale-timisoarei-centrul-istoric-unic-in-romania-109602/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Union Square, Timișoara|Union Square]] ({{langx|ro|Piața Unirii}}), built in [[baroque style]], is the oldest square in Timișoara. It is also called Dome Square ({{langx|ro|Piața Domului}}), because it houses the [[St. George's Cathedral, Timișoara|Roman Catholic Dome]], built in 1774.<ref name="piete" /> The middle of the square is dominated by the Plague Column. On the southern side of the square is the Baroque Palace, designed after the [[Palais Kinsky]] in [[Vienna]], which today houses the Art Museum.<ref name="strutz" /> On the western side are the [[Cathedral of the Ascension of the Lord, Timișoara|Serbian Orthodox Cathedral]] and the [[Serbian Orthodox Episcopal Palace of Timișoara|Serbian Orthodox Episcopal Palace]], representative of the [[Serbo-Byzantine Revival architecture|neo-Serbian style]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/atracii-turistice/cartiere-istorice/cetate/trasee/261-vicariatul-sarbesc.html |title=Palatul Episcopal Ortodox Sârb |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129105118/https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/atracii-turistice/cartiere-istorice/cetate/trasee/261-vicariatul-sarbesc.html }}</ref>

[[Victory Square, Timișoara|Victory Square]] ({{langx|ro|Piața Victoriei}}), also known as the Opera Square ({{langx|ro|Piața Operei}}), is the central square of Timișoara. The entire square was designed by the then chief architect László Székely, educated in Budapest, but a great admirer of Austrian architecture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/cladirile-spectaculoase-timisoarei-fost-opera-unui-singur-arhitect-schimbat-definitiv-szekely-laszlo-fata-capitalei-banatului-1_5567578ccfbe376e35b1d357/index.html |title=Clădirile spectaculoase ale Timișoarei au fost opera unui singur arhitect. Cum a schimbat definitiv Székely László fața capitalei Banatului |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=30 May 2015 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122233605/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/cladirile-spectaculoase-timisoarei-fost-opera-unui-singur-arhitect-schimbat-definitiv-szekely-laszlo-fata-capitalei-banatului-1_5567578ccfbe376e35b1d357/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The square was completely pedestrianized in the late 1980s, with the removal of tram rails.<ref name="piete" /> Spatially, the square stretches between the [[Timișoara Orthodox Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] and the Palace of Culture which houses the [[Romanian National Opera, Timișoara|National Theater and Opera]]. Although built around the same time, the two belong to diametrically opposed styles. The Opera building was built in [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance style]]. Today, only its sides retain this style, the facade rebuilt after a fire in the [[Byzantine Revival architecture|neo-Byzantine style]] characteristic of Romanian interwar architecture.<ref name="opera">{{cite web |url=https://www.ort.ro/info/ro/128/Istoric-%C8%99i-premierele-institu%C8%9Biei.html |title=Istoric și premierele instituției |work=Opera Națională Română Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128050818/https://www.ort.ro/info/ro/128/Istoric-%C8%99i-premierele-institu%C8%9Biei.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Metropolitan Cathedral is the largest religious building in Timișoara and the second tallest church in Romania, after the [[People's Salvation Cathedral]] in [[Bucharest]]. It stands out for its massiveness, having no less than 11 [[bell tower]]s and architectural style, unusual for a 20th-century building, inspired by the architecture of [[Churches of Moldavia|Moldavian monasteries]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timisoara-info.ro/component/content/article/327-catedrala-mitropolitana.html |title=Catedrala Mitropolitană |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331045042/https://www.timisoara-info.ro/component/content/article/327-catedrala-mitropolitana.html }}</ref> The promenade side from the Opera to the cathedral is called Corso and houses several 1900s style palaces (Lloyd, Neuhaus, Merbl, Dauerbach, Hilt and Széchenyi); the opposite side, Surogat, houses two palaces (Löffler and Chamber of Commerce) and several [[Modern architecture|modernist]] blocks of flats.<ref name="protejate" /> In the middle of the square are the statue of the [[Capitoline Wolf]] and the fountain with fish.

To the north of Victory Square is [[Liberty Square, Timișoara|Liberty Square]] ({{langx|ro|Piața Libertății}}). Formerly called the Parade Square ({{langx|ro|Piața de Paradă}}), the square houses several buildings with military functions: the Garrison Command, former Chancellery of War, the Military Casino, etc.<ref name="piete" /> The Military Casino is built in baroque style with some [[Rococo]] influences.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/atracii-turistice/cartiere-istorice/cetate/trasee/250-piata-libertatii.html |title=Piața Libertății |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128024808/https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/atracii-turistice/cartiere-istorice/cetate/trasee/250-piata-libertatii.html }}</ref> The other buildings are in the [[classicism|classic style]], in the 1900s style – [[Art Nouveau|szecesszió movement]] and in other styles. Liberty Square is the pedestrian link between Union Square and Victory Square. In the extension of the Liberty Square there is a smaller square, [[St. George Square, Timișoara|St. George Square]] ({{langx|ro|Piața Sfântul Gheorghe}}), known in the past as Seminar Square ({{langx|ro|Piața Seminarului}}). Its eastern side was formed by the Jesuit Church,<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://biblioteca-digitala.ro/reviste/Patrimonium-Banaticum/dl.asp?filename=Patrimonium-Banaticum-V-2006-04.pdf |title=Istoria și așezămintele ordinelor religioase din Banat în secolul al XVIII-lea |last=Glăvan |first=Ciprian |journal=Patrimonium Banaticum |volume=V |pages=71–79 |date=2006 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128055339/https://biblioteca-digitala.ro/reviste/Patrimonium-Banaticum/dl.asp?filename=Patrimonium-Banaticum-V-2006-04.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> transformed into a mosque during the Ottoman occupation<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281490909 |title=The Bishopric of Csanád/Cenad and the Ecclesiastical Institutions of Medieval Temesvár/Timișoara |last=Petrovics |first=István |journal=Transylvanian Review |volume=XXII |issue=suppl. 4 |pages=240–252 |date=2013}}</ref> and demolished during the modernization works provided in the urbanistic plan of 1911 (in its place was built the Szana Bank).<ref name="protejate" /> The walls of the former church were brought to the surface in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2014/02/misterele-pietei-sf-gheorghe-ce-au-descoperit-arheologii-dupa-doua-luni-si-jumatate-de-santier-foto/ |title=Arheologii au deslușit misterul bisericilor din Piața Sf. Gheorghe după două luni și jumătate de săpături. Câte orașe sunt sub actualul municipiu |work=pressalert.ro |last=Stanici |first=Georgeta |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128084640/https://www.pressalert.ro/2014/02/misterele-pietei-sf-gheorghe-ce-au-descoperit-arheologii-dupa-doua-luni-si-jumatate-de-santier-foto/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The square is dominated by the equestrian statue of [[Saint George]] fighting the dragon, built in 1996.<ref name="sf-gheorghe">{{cite web |url=https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/atracii-turistice/cartiere-istorice/cetate/obiective/251-piata-sf-gheorghe.html |title=Piața Sf. Gheorghe |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522220905/https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/atracii-turistice/cartiere-istorice/cetate/obiective/251-piata-sf-gheorghe.html }}</ref> It is one of several monuments erected in the 1990s in parts of the city where people were killed during the [[Romanian Revolution]]. In this square, the first [[Timișoara horse-drawn railway|horse-drawn tram]] was set in motion in July 1869.<ref name="sf-gheorghe" />

==== Fabric ==== {{multiple image | direction = horizontal | footer = Left to right: [[Trajan Square, Timișoara|Trajan Square]], [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] Palace statue and [[Millennium Church]] | image1 = Piata Traian - panoramio (1).jpg | width1 = {{#expr: (280 * 633 / 829) round 0}} | image2 = Timisoara, Mercur.jpg | width2 = {{#expr: (155 * 633 / 829) round 0}} | image3 = Timisoara, biserica Millennium.jpg | width3 = {{#expr: (130 * 633 / 829) round 0}} | align = right }}

The Fabric neighborhood has earned its name from the many manufactories, workshops and guilds established here.<ref name="fabric">{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2014/05/timisoara-uitata-fabric-cartierul-breslelor-si-al-mestesugurilor-prin-ce-transformari-au-trecut-de-lungul-timpului-faimoasele-bai-neptun/ |title=Fabric, cartierul breslelor și al meșteșugurilor (I). Prin ce transformări au trecut, de-a lungul timpului, faimoasele Băi Neptun |work=pressalert.ro |last=Păun |first=Liana |date=18 May 2014 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128102737/https://www.pressalert.ro/2014/05/timisoara-uitata-fabric-cartierul-breslelor-si-al-mestesugurilor-prin-ce-transformari-au-trecut-de-lungul-timpului-faimoasele-bai-neptun/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The neighborhood is bordered by the Neptune Baths, the Timișoara East railway station, the waterworks and the Timișoreana breweries.<ref name="fabric" /> In the center of the neighborhood is Trajan Square ({{langx|ro|Piața Traian}}). This is a smaller replica of the Union Square; both are rectangular and flanked on the eastern side by a religious building. The oldest building in Trajan Square is the Serbian Orthodox Church, built between 1745 and 1755 in the [[Classical architecture|classicist style]].<ref name="protejate" /> Most of the buildings in the square were built at the end of the 19th century and belong to different movements of the [[Art Nouveau|Art Nouveau style]].<ref name="protejate" /> In Romans' Square ({{langx|ro|Piața Romanilor}}) is the [[Millennium Church]], a [[Historicism (art)|historicist]] building with [[Gothic Revival architecture|neo-Gothic]] and [[Romanesque Revival architecture|neo-Romanesque]] elements.<ref name="protejate" />

==== Iosefin ==== [[File:Timisoara - The water tower in Iosefin district 2.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Vienna Secession|Secession]] [[Iosefin Water Tower|Water Tower]] in [[Iosefin]] district]] At the beginning, the [[Iosefin]] neighborhood had a rural character, with isolated houses, similar to the [[Banat Swabians]] plain villages. The houses had only one level and, for the most part, had facades decorated with [[pediment]]s.<ref name="protejate" /> The rural character of the neighborhood is maintained until 1857, when Timișoara is connected to the railway system of [[Central Europe]]. Then, in the northern part of Iosefin, the [[Timișoara Nord railway station|first railway station]] of the city was built.<ref name="protejate" /> Apart from the St. Mary Catholic Church, which was built between 1774 and 1775, all the buildings in Iosefin are built after 1868, most of which were built around 1900.<ref name="opris" /> Thus, in this area, there are numerous buildings in [[Eclecticism in architecture|eclectic historicist style]], specific to the second half of the 19th century, as well as several architectural ensembles in the 1900s style with its specific stylistic derivations – [[Art Nouveau]], [[Jugendstil]] or [[Vienna Secession|Secession]].<ref name="opris" /> Representative for this style are the historical monuments from urban ensembles IV and V: the Water Palace, the Délvidéki Casino, the former House of Savings, the Anchor Palace, the twin palaces of Nándor and Tamás Csermák, the Notre Dame Church, the Water Tower, etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2014/05/timisoara-uitata-iosefin-cartierul-premierelor-ce-mistere-ascund-cladirile-construite-de-mari-arhitecti-ai-lumii/ |title=Iosefin, cartierul premierelor. Ce mistere ascund clădirile construite de mari arhitecți ai lumii |work=pressalert.ro |last=Păun |first=Liana |date=4 May 2014 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128094558/https://www.pressalert.ro/2014/05/timisoara-uitata-iosefin-cartierul-premierelor-ce-mistere-ascund-cladirile-construite-de-mari-arhitecti-ai-lumii/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/atracii-turistice/cartiere-istorice/iosefin/obiective.html |title=Cartierele Iosefin, Elisabetin |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723115913/https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/atracii-turistice/cartiere-istorice/iosefin/obiective.html }}</ref>

16 December 1989 Boulevard forms the traditional historical border between the Iosefin and Elisabetin neighborhoods. Along it are a series of Art Nouveau palaces (Besch–Piffl, Kuncz, Menczer, etc.), as well as the 1900s-style Fire Station.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://heritageoftimisoara.ro/cladiri/strada/16+Decembrie+1989 |title=Clădiri |work=Heritage of Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115182247/https://heritageoftimisoara.ro/cladiri/strada/16+Decembrie+1989 |url-status=live }}</ref> The boulevard divides Alexandru Mocioni Square ({{langx|ro|Piața Alexandru Mocioni}}) into two unequal parts, the triangular one (formerly called Küttl Square and Sinaia Square) belonging to Iosefin.<ref>{{cite book |title=XIII Piața Alexandru Mocioni |last1=Opriș |first1=Mihai |last2=Botescu |first2=Mihai |publisher=Monitorul Primăriei municipiului Timișoara |date=2011}}</ref> The square is flanked by the Orthodox Church, built in [[Byzantine Revival architecture|neo-Byzantine style]] and inspired by [[Hagia Sophia]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/atracii-turistice/cartiere-istorice/iosefin/trasee/177-biserica-ortodoxa-din-iosefin.html |title=Biserica Ortodoxă din Iosefin |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128053450/https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/atracii-turistice/cartiere-istorice/iosefin/trasee/177-biserica-ortodoxa-din-iosefin.html }}</ref> in contrast to the [[Art Nouveau]] architecture of the surrounding buildings.

==== Elisabetin ==== [[File:Piata Sfanta Maria, Timisoara 2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Virgin Mary Monument, Timișoara|Virgin Mary Monument]] in [[St. Mary Square, Timișoara|St. Mary Square]]. In the background, the Reformed Community Palace]] Like the Iosefin neighborhood, Elisabetin had a rural appearance for a long time.<ref name="protejate" /> Only after 1892, with the dismantling of the military fortress, Elisabetin experienced a strong development. Only two buildings have been preserved in Elisabetin since the 18th century: Dissel House and the Orthodox Church in the Church Square, the oldest Romanian church in Timișoara.<ref name="protejate" /> Although it is a protected historical area, the urban ensemble I of Elisabetin is affected by the so-called [[urban sprawl]]. Many ground floor houses, typical of the historical urban morphology of the neighborhood, have been transformed into multi-story buildings.<ref name="protejate" /> The buildings in the urban ensemble VIII date from 1890 to 1900. Some belong to the [[Classical architecture|classicist style]], while others fall into the [[Historicism (art)|eclectic historicist style]], especially the [[Baroque Revival architecture|neo-baroque movement]].<ref name="protejate" />

One of Elisabetin's squares of historical importance is Mary Square ({{langx|ro|Piața Maria}}), dominated by the [[Romanesque Revival architecture|neo-Romanesque]] monument of St. Mary.<ref name="iliesiu" /> According to tradition, [[György Dózsa]], the leader of the [[Popular revolts in late-medieval Europe|peasant uprising of 1514]], was martyred in this place.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2013/09/timisoara-uitata-legende-urbane-de-lungul-timpului/ |title=Legende urbane de-a lungul timpului |work=pressalert.ro |last=Păun |first=Liana |date=15 September 2013 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122004619/https://www.pressalert.ro/2013/09/timisoara-uitata-legende-urbane-de-lungul-timpului/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Other squares in Elisabetin are the Nicolae Bălcescu Square ({{langx|ro|Piața Nicolae Bălcescu}}) with its 57-meter-high Catholic Church<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1239081/biserica-romano-catolica-elisabetin-timisoara-romania |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903104926/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1239081/biserica-romano-catolica-elisabetin-timisoara-romania |url-status=usurped |archive-date=3 September 2019 |title=Biserica Romano-Catolică Elisabetin |work=Emporis}}</ref> and the smaller Pleven Square ({{langx|ro|Piața Plevnei}}), surrounded by an ensemble of [[Art Nouveau]] residential buildings (the House with Peacocks, the Szilárd House, the House with Beautiful Gate, etc.).<ref name="protejate" />

=== 1919–1947: Neo-Romanian architecture === The neighborhoods of individual villas, the houses with several apartments and the religious and socio-cultural endowments dating from the first half of the 20th century, especially from the interwar period, predominate in the interstitial spaces between the historic neighborhoods, giving the respective areas the aspect of a [[Garden city movement|garden city]].<ref name="protejate" />

The architecture of the new buildings erected in the interwar period kept some decorative elements widespread at the beginning of the 20th century, but the [[Brâncovenesc style|neo-Romanian style]], then the [[Modern architecture|modernist]] and [[Cubism|cubist]] ones, became more and more popular.<ref name="marcu">{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2014/10/timisoara-uitata-cladirile-construite-perioada-interbelica-centrul-orasului-ce-arhitect-bucurestean-si-pus-amprenta-asupra-urbei-moderne/ |title=Clădirile construite în perioada interbelică în centrul orașului. Ce arhitect bucureștean și-a pus amprenta asupra urbei moderne |work=pressalert.ro |last=Păun |first=Liana |date=5 October 2014 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122175624/https://www.pressalert.ro/2014/10/timisoara-uitata-cladirile-construite-perioada-interbelica-centrul-orasului-ce-arhitect-bucurestean-si-pus-amprenta-asupra-urbei-moderne/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Timișoara interbelică. Urbanism și arhitectură |last=Brătuleanu |first=Anca |publisher=Artpress |date=2016}}</ref> More and more projects have been entrusted to Romanian architects, from Timișoara or [[Bucharest]]. Outside the former walls of the fortress and in Elisabetin, numerous [[villa]]s were built in which the influence of the modern style, of the Brâncovenesc style as well as the [[French architecture|French influences]] are predominant, but also public buildings, emblematic for the new architectural line.<ref name="marcu" /> In the interwar years, important buildings of the city were built according to the plans of the Bucharest architect [[Duiliu Marcu]]: the new facade of the Theater, the main building, the student dormitory and the laboratories of the [[Politehnica University of Timișoara|Polytechnic Institute]], the Capitol cinema, etc.<ref name="marcu" />

The neo-Romanian style was consciously promoted by the state. Like secessionism, the neo-Romanian style remained a style of elites that did not influence in any way the architecture of the more modest buildings that were built in large numbers in the interwar period.<ref name="secession" />

=== 1947–1989: Socialist classicism === [[File:Hotel Continental, Timișoara (2023) - IMG 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Opened in 1971, Continental Hotel is the first [[high-rise building]] in Timișoara.]] During the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|communist period]], like other cities in Romania, Timișoara strictly followed the [[Stalinist architecture|Soviet style]]. The architects did not have creative freedom, because the ministry imposed a firm control and an austerity regime, with small budgets.<ref name="girleanu">{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/povestea-unui-faimos-arhitect-proiectat-blocuri-epoca-aur-continental-cea-mai-inalta-cladire-timisoara-socialista-foto-1_59b81d6d5ab6550cb81a9520/index.html |title=Povestea unui faimos arhitect care a proiectat blocuri în "Epoca de Aur". Continental – cea mai înaltă clădire din Timișoara socialistă |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=12 September 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121045738/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/povestea-unui-faimos-arhitect-proiectat-blocuri-epoca-aur-continental-cea-mai-inalta-cladire-timisoara-socialista-foto-1_59b81d6d5ab6550cb81a9520/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The evolution of the postwar architecture of the city was strongly influenced by the activity of the architect Hans Fackelmann, who designed, among others, the [[West University of Timișoara|West University]], one of the first modern constructions in Romania and the Ion Vidu National Art College.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arhitectura-1906.ro/2013/03/in-traducere-fackelmann-inseamna-barbat-faclie/ |title=În traducere, Fackelmann înseamnă "bărbat făclie" |work=Arhitectura |last=Opriș |first=Mihai |date=4 March 2013 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122011931/http://arhitectura-1906.ro/2013/03/in-traducere-fackelmann-inseamna-barbat-faclie/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite the central policy of [[Systematization (Romania)|urban systematization]], which saw entire historic neighborhoods demolished, such as the Uranus neighborhood in [[Bucharest]], the Timișoara authorities did not demolish old buildings, but only "filled in", where there were no buildings.<ref name="girleanu" /> Thus were built the two blocks that close the front of Victory Square, on its eastern side, towards the Metropolitan Cathedral. In the late 1960s, the [[Romanian Communist Party|Communist Party]] called for the construction of a number of commercial venues, hotels, houses of culture, stadiums and sports halls in major cities. It was the period when the Bega store, the Continental and Timișoara hotels, the Youth House, the Modex fashion house, the Olimpia hall and others were built in Timișoara.<ref name="girleanu" />

The communist era also meant the growth of the population of Timișoara, by moving the workers brought from all over the country. Thus arose the need for new neighborhoods. Between 1974 and 1988, huge [[Commuter town|bedroom neighborhoods]] were built, consisting of blocks of flats with four, eight or ten floors, made of large prefabricated panels. At the end of the 1980s, over two thirds of the population of Timișoara lived in such suburbs: Circumvalațiunii, Șagului, Lipovei, etc. The blocks had the technical-municipal installations necessary for housing, but they were poorly executed in the conditions of a pronounced economic decline.<ref name="protejate" />

=== Post-revolution architecture (1990–present) === [[File:Timisoara - Regional Business Centre.jpg|thumb|Regional Business Center]] The reconnection, after 1989, of the Romanian architecture to the European architectural culture proved to be very difficult. Most of the projects and constructions did not yet have enough substance or inertially continued the decorativism of the previous period.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-architecture.ro/istoria_arhitecturii.php?page=14 |title=Istoria arhitecturii |work=Centrul Cultural META |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513022016/http://e-architecture.ro/istoria_arhitecturii.php?page=14 }}</ref> Re-established in 1990 as a department within the Faculty of Constructions, the Timișoara school of architecture brought together architects from the late 1980s who, embracing the theoretical discourse of [[postmodernism]], perpetuated the [[Arts and Crafts movement|arts and crafts philosophy]] of the previous generation, either by a subtle return to historical tradition (Șerban Sturdza, Mihai Botescu or Radu Radoslav), or through a critical regional approach (Vlad Gaivoronschi, Ioan Andreescu or Florin Ionașiu).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://arhitectura-1906.ro/2011/07/scoala-timisoreana-de-arhitectura/ |title=Școala timișoreană de arhitectură |work=Arhitectura |last=Blidariu |first=Cristian |date=15 July 2011 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122212723/https://arhitectura-1906.ro/2011/07/scoala-timisoreana-de-arhitectura/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Constructions such as Austria House (Mihai Botescu), BRD Tower (Radu Radoslav), City Business Center (Vlad Gaivoronschi) or Reghina Blue Hotel (Ioan Andreescu) are linked to their names.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arhiforum.ro/arhitecti/vlad-gaivoronschi |title=Vlad Gaivoronschi |work=ArhiForum |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124080841/http://www.arhiforum.ro/arhitecti/vlad-gaivoronschi }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arhiforum.ro/arhitecti/ioan-andreescu |title=Ioan Andreescu |work=ArhiForum |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122212252/http://www.arhiforum.ro/arhitecti/ioan-andreescu }}</ref>

Similar to other Romanian cities, Timișoara underwent large-scale de-/reindustrialization and [[tertiarization]] after 1989, which shaped its current [[cityscape|urban landscape]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187791661930027X |title=Urban transformation and cultural evolution of post-socialist European cities. The case of Timisoara (Romania): From 'Little Vienna' urban icon to European Capital of culture (ECoC 2021) |last1=Pavel |first1=Sorin |last2=Jucu |first2=Ioan Sebastian |journal=City, Culture and Society |volume=20 |article-number=100296 |date=2020 |doi=10.1016/j.ccs.2019.100296 |s2cid=213520726 |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114210818/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S187791661930027X |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[Great Recession|2008–2009 real estate crisis]] led to a change in the economic behavior of both investors and home buyers. Post-crisis, a number of peripheral real estate projects have been abandoned, and investors and home buyers have shifted their interest to the available plots within the city.<ref name="beta">{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/betacity/docs/despre_locuire_bro_ur_/48 |title=On Housing. Collective Housing: In-Between Product and Process |work=BETA Exhibition Catalogue |date=2018 |page=55 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529085552/https://issuu.com/betacity/docs/despre_locuire_bro_ur_/48 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result of the economic restructuring process during the 2000s, many industrial areas or isolated factories were demolished and their place was taken by [[residential complex]]es and [[shopping mall]]s.<ref name="beta" />

The 2010s represented a decade in which the city acquainted a period of urban development rebirth. Projects such as [[Iulius Town Timișoara|Iulius Town]] and [[ISHO Timișoara|ISHO]] were put on the map under the form of [[edge city|edge cities]] indicating the growth of the urban tissue and implicitly of the facilities of the city.<ref name="functions">{{cite web|url=https://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Real-Estate/205031/ovidiu-sandor-demareaza-constructia-unui-nou-proiect-imobiliar-in-timisoara-cum-arata-isho-offices-pariul-de-130-mil-euro-al-ant.html#gref|title=Ovidiu Sandor demareaza constructia unui nou proiect imobiliar in Timisoara: cum arata Isho Offices|work=wall-street.ro|publisher=Patrick Vrabie via Wall-Street.ro|language=Romanian|date=24 November 2016|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212232837/https://www.wall-street.ro/articol/Real-Estate/205031/ovidiu-sandor-demareaza-constructia-unui-nou-proiect-imobiliar-in-timisoara-cum-arata-isho-offices-pariul-de-130-mil-euro-al-ant.html#gref|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culture == [[File:Timișoara Capitală Europeană a Culturii 2023.jpg|thumb|Logo of the 2023 [[European Capital of Culture]]]]

=== Visual arts === In Timișoara there are eight [[contemporary art]] galleries, five of which are publicly funded: the Pygmalion Gallery (House of Arts), the geamMAT Gallery of the Art Museum, the Helios Gallery (Fine Artists' Union), the Mansarda Gallery (Faculty of Arts and Design) and the City Hall Gallery.<ref name="cultural" />

=== Performing arts === [[File:German State Theatre in Timișoara - the entrance.jpg|thumb|upright|[[German State Theatre Timișoara|German State Theatre]]]] Timișoara is the only city in Europe that has three state [[theater]]s in three different languages – the [[Mihai Eminescu]] National Theatre, the [[German State Theatre Timișoara|German State Theatre]] and the [[Csiky Gergely Hungarian State Theatre]]. The three theaters and the National Opera are housed in the Palace of Culture, built between 1871 and 1875 according to the plans of the Viennese architects [[Ferdinand Fellner]] and [[Hermann Helmer]], who designed, among others, the Stadttheater in [[Vienna]], the Népszínház in [[Budapest]] and the [[Odesa Opera and Ballet Theatre|Opera Theater]] in [[Odesa]].<ref name="opera" /> In 2012, the National Theater built and put into operation the Set Factory, the first professional production line of [[Scenic design|stage props]] and [[Theatrical property|theater equipment]] in Romania.<ref name="cultural" /> Since 2019, the [[Serbian language]] theater has been operating within the Merlin Puppet and Youth Theater.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/orasul-romania-afla-pas-guinness-book-patru-teatre-stat-patru-limbi-diferite-1_5ca3594b445219c57efe0364/index.html |title=Orașul din România care se află la un pas de Guinness Book. Patru teatre de stat, în patru limbi diferite |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=2 April 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124160239/https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/orasul-romania-afla-pas-guinness-book-patru-teatre-stat-patru-limbi-diferite-1_5ca3594b445219c57efe0364/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Romanian National Opera, Timișoara|Romanian National Opera]] as an institution in its current form has existed since 1947, when the [[Giuseppe Verdi]]'s [[opera]] ''[[Aida]]'' opened its first season, on 27 April.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.agerpres.ro/unic-in-europa/2018/02/09/unicineuropa-teatrul-national-din-timisoara-a-renascut-mereu-din-propria-i-cenusa-asemeni-pasarii-phoenix--52082 |title=#UnicInEuropa – Teatrul Național din Timișoara a renăscut mereu din propria-i cenușă, asemeni păsării Phoenix |work=AGERPRES |last=Halunga |first=Otilia |date=9 February 2018 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625062734/https://www.agerpres.ro/unic-in-europa/2018/02/09/unicineuropa-teatrul-national-din-timisoara-a-renascut-mereu-din-propria-i-cenusa-asemeni-pasarii-phoenix--52082 }}</ref>

=== Literature === Literary life has been revitalized in Timișoara over the last decade: open, public readings of [[prose]] and [[poetry]] have turned into social-literary experiments and two new [[literary festival]]s have been launched – LitVest and Timișoara International Literature Festival.<ref name="riveter">{{cite book |url=https://www.eurolitnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Romanian-Riveter-download.pdf |chapter=Editorial |last=Crețu |first=Tudor |title=The Romanian Riveter |edition=8th |publisher=European Literature Network |date=2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120134030/https://www.eurolitnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Romanian-Riveter-download.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[literary society]] ''[[Aktionsgruppe Banat]]'', founded by German-speaking authors of the [[Banat Swabians|Banat Swabian minority]], was active in Timișoara between 1972 and 1975.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://sinn-und-form.de/?tabelle=leseprobe&titel_id=4320 |title='Unter dem Einfluß der bürgerlichen Ideologie'. Die 'Aktionsgruppe Banat' in den Akten der Securitate |last=Kienlechner |first=Sabina |journal=Sinn und Form |volume=6 |date=2010 |pages=746–769 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127200220/https://sinn-und-form.de/?tabelle=leseprobe&titel_id=4320 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of its members also activated in the ''Adam Müller-Guttenbrunn'' circle, which included, among others, [[Herta Müller]], Horst Samson and Werner Söllner.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/ro/exclusivitate-scriitorul-richard-wagner-despre-securitate-istorie-%C5%9Fi-adev%C4%83r/a-5217953 |title=EXCLUSIVITATE: Scriitorul Richard Wagner despre Securitate, istorie și adevăr |work=DW |last=Sora |first=Alexandra |date=11 February 2010 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130172718/https://www.dw.com/ro/exclusivitate-scriitorul-richard-wagner-despre-securitate-istorie-%C5%9Fi-adev%C4%83r/a-5217953 |url-status=live }}</ref> A recognized literary figure of the underground in Timișoara in the 1980s, Herta Müller was awarded the [[Nobel Prize for Literature]] in 2009.<ref name="riveter" />

=== Music === Before having a proper musical society, in Timișoara there was the choral association ''Temeswarer Männergesangverein'', founded in 1845. The repertoire of this choir included works of great popularity, belonging mainly to [[German Romanticism|German romantic music]].<ref name="muzica">{{cite journal |url=http://www.bcut.ro/dyn_img/Analele%20Banatului%20Arheologie-Istorie/Analele%20Banatului%20XV%202007/l_bratu.pdf |title=Evoluția vieții muzicale timișorene în perioada antebelică |last=Bratu |first=Lava |journal=Analele Banatului, Arheologie–Istorie |volume=XV |date=2007 |pages=215–229 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128025416/http://www.bcut.ro/dyn_img/Analele%20Banatului%20Arheologie-Istorie/Analele%20Banatului%20XV%202007/l_bratu.pdf }}</ref> The Philharmonic Society was founded later, in 1871, as a men's choral society. The inaugural concert took place on 8 December and included the [[ballad]]s ''Die Frithjof-Saga'' by [[Max Bruch]] and ''Der Taucher'' by Heinrich Weidt.<ref name="muzica" /> Over the years, guest musicians of the Philharmonic Society were invited to perform in Timișoara, among them [[Franz Liszt]], [[Johann Strauss II]], [[Joseph Haydn]], [[Pablo de Sarasate]], [[Henryk Wieniawski]], [[Johannes Brahms]] and [[Béla Bartók]].<ref name="muzica" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filarmonicabanatul.ro/index.php/informatii/istoric/8-istoricul-filarmonicii-banatul-timisoara |title=Istoricul Filarmonicii Banatul Timișoara |work=Filarmonica Banatul Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207153806/http://filarmonicabanatul.ro/index.php/informatii/istoric/8-istoricul-filarmonicii-banatul-timisoara }}</ref> The current [[Banatul Philharmonic of Timișoara|Banatul Philharmonic]] was founded in 1947 by royal decree.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/legatura-sufleteasca-regele-mihai-timisoara-ctitorit-catedrala-infiintat-universitatea-vest-filarmonica-banatului-1_56dda56c5ab6550cb89913ad/index.html |title=Legătura sufletească între Regele Mihai și Timișoara. A ctitorit Catedrala, a înființat Universitatea de Vest și Filarmonica Banatului |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=8 March 2016 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515225454/http://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/legatura-sufleteasca-regele-mihai-timisoara-ctitorit-catedrala-infiintat-universitatea-vest-filarmonica-banatului-1_56dda56c5ab6550cb89913ad/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Philharmonic has been organizing the Timișoara Muzicală International Festival since 1968, the longest-running cultural festival in Timișoara.<ref name="cultural" />

=== Gastronomy === [[File:Timișoara 4 iulie 2016 (006).jpg|thumb|International desserts (e.g., [[profiterole|chou à la crème]], [[Dobos torte|dobostorta]], [[tiramisu]], etc.) on display in a Timișoara store]] The cuisine of Timișoara has been greatly shaped by Austro-Hungarian traditions, as well as by Greek, Italian, Turkish and French influences.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.lsma.ro/index.php/lsma/article/view/1994/pdf |title=The Influence of the Cuisine of Ethnic Communities on the Banatians' Eating Habits |last=Raba |first=Diana Nicoleta |display-authors=etal |journal=Lucrări Științifice, Seria I |volume=23 |issue=1 |date=2021 |pages=240–250 |issn=2069-2307}}</ref> In [[Banat]], dishes are typically made with [[pork]], [[chicken]], [[beef]], [[lamb and mutton|lamb]], or [[fish]], accompanied by vegetable sides fried in lard or oil. Flour-based sauces like [[rântaș]] are often used to thicken the dishes, which are generously seasoned with a variety of spices such as [[Piperaceae|pepper]], [[salt]], [[thyme]], [[paprika]], [[rosemary]], [[cumin]], or [[aromatic herb]]s.<ref name="cuisine">{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/ce-mai-pune-banateanul-pe-masa-din-bunatatile-pastrate-din-mosi-stramosi-tu-cand-ai-mancat-ultima-oara-zupa-papricas-beigli-gomboti-ori-crempita-o-poveste-de-ti-lasa-gura-apa-foto/23/02/2015 |title=Ce mai pune bănățeanul pe masă din bunătățile păstrate din moși-strămoși? Tu când ai mâncat ultima oară zupă, papricaș, beigli, gomboți ori crempită? O poveste de-ți lasă gura apă |work=Opinia Timișoarei |last=Mihalache |first=Magda |date=23 February 2015}}</ref>

The cuisine of Banat as a whole is characterized by fatty, nutritious, and tasty dishes. [[Rasol (Romanian dish)|Rasol]] with bone, [[steak]]s, [[chicken paprikash|paprikash]], [[tochitură|tochituri]], [[goulash]], [[aspic]], [[stuffed peppers]], fish [[saramură|brine]], {{ill|plachie|ro}}, [[drob]], [[soup]]s, [[broth]]s, [[sarma (food)|sarmale]], fresh pork prepared and semi-prepared foods ([[barbeque]], [[schnitzel]], [[sausage]], {{ill|caltaboș|ro}}, [[pastrami]], [[ham]], [[salo (food)|slănină]], [[čvarci|jumări]], [[salami]], [[tobă]], or [[cracklings]]), cheeses ([[caș]], [[telemea]], or [[urda (cheese)|urda]]), and desserts ([[knedle|gomboți]], [[cozonac]], [[cremeschnitte|crempita]], [[Gogoși |crofne]], [[dobos torte|doboș]], [[scovardă|scovergi]], [[plăcintă]] or [[papanași]]) are just some of the traditional dishes that are consumed on holidays, at special events, but also on ordinary days.<ref name="cuisine" />

The presence of Hungarian, Serbian, German, Croatian, and Turkish minorities, as well as other ethnic groups over time, has ensured the continuity of international cuisine in the city. There are bars, cafes, and restaurants, serving dishes such as [[ćevapčići]], [[pljeskavica]], [[goulash]], [[Viennese schnitzel]], [[bigos]], [[Stuffed leaves|sarma]], [[chicken paprikash]], [[karađorđeva šnicla]], [[spätzle]] or [[fisherman's soup]], desserts such as {{ill|vargabéles|hu}}, [[baklava]], [[kadayif (pastry)|kadayif]], [[palačinka]], [[cremeschnitte]], [[dobos torte]], [[tiramisu]], [[apple strudel]], [[krofne]] or plum dumplings, and pastries such as [[pretzel]], [[chebureki]], [[pirozhki]], [[halva]], [[burek]], [[kifli]], [[pogača]], [[kürtőskalács]] or [[lángos]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://lsma.ro/index.php/lsma/article/viewFile/2586/pdf |title=An Overview of the Banat Gastronomy |last=Pîrvulescu |first=Luminița |display-authors=etal |journal=Lucrări Științifice, Seria I |volume=26 |issue=1 |date=2024 |pages=345–352 |issn=2069-2307}}</ref>

Due to the fast pace of urban life and easy access to a wide range of delivery and catering services, many Timișoara residents also show a notable preference for [[fast food]]. This trend is highlighted by the presence of restaurant chains and establishments offering quick dishes, from [[shawarma]], [[kebab]], [[hamburger|burgers]], [[fries]], [[rice]], or [[noodle]]s to [[pizza]], [[hot dog]], [[barbecue grill|grill]], [[salad]]s, [[sandwich]]es, or pastries and confectionery, consumed alongside [[juice]]s, [[energy drink]]s, or [[soft drink]]s. The most important companies on the Timișoara food delivery market are [[Glovo]], [[Wolt]], [[Bolt (company)|Bolt Food]], and [[Groupe Carrefour|Bringo]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessmagazin.ro/analize/imobiliare/povestea-uneia-dintre-cele-mai-cunoscute-afaceri-din-romania-ce-22515779 |title=Povestea uneia dintre cele mai cunoscute afaceri din România, ce tocmai a fost vândută unui gigant finlandezo-american. Cine este timișoreanul din spatele acesteia |website=BusinessMagazin |date=15 October 2024}}</ref>

Events such as ''Banat Brunch''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ghidulbanatului.ro/programul-banat-brunch-din-2024-unde-si-cand-puteti-savura-mancare-traditionala-in-si-atmosfera-autentica-a-satelor_19038.html |title=Programul Banat Brunch, din 2024. Unde și când puteți savura mâncare tradițională în atmosfera autentică a satelor |work=Ghidul Banatului |last=Ștefănescu |first=Andreea |date=27 February 2024}}</ref> or ''Mic Dejun la Margina'' ("Breakfast at [[Margina]]"),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/mic-dejun-la-margina-proiectul-de-turism-cultural-din-timis-premiat-in-grecia/22/10/2021 |title='Mic dejun la Margina', proiectul de turism cultural din Timiș premiat în Grecia |work=Opinia Timișoarei |last=Bălteanu |first=Daniel |date=22 October 2021}}</ref> which celebrate the culinary richness and traditions of Banat cuisine, are popular events in the local gastronomic landscape.

=== Museums === [[File:Palatul Baroc - Timisoara.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Baroque Palace, Timișoara|Timișoara National Museum of Art]] and the [[Brück House]], shown together]] [[File:CastelulHuniade2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Huniade Castle]], home of the [[National Museum of Banat]]]] The Art Museum is housed in the Baroque Palace, a [[Rococo|Late Baroque]] building in the Union Square. The exhibition space includes collections of [[contemporary art|contemporary]], [[decorative art|decorative]] and European art.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.muzeuldeartatm.ro/expozitii/expozitii-permanente/ |title=Expoziții permanente |work=Muzeul de Artă Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115231334/https://www.muzeuldeartatm.ro/expozitii/expozitii-permanente/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Founded in 1877 and housed in the [[Huniade Castle]], the [[Museum of Banat|National Museum of Banat]] has as fields of activity [[history]] and [[archeology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mnab.ro/istoricul-muzeului/ |title=Istoricul Muzeului |work=Muzeul Național al Banatului |date=21 September 2016 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119202603/https://mnab.ro/istoricul-muzeului/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On the ground floor of the museum there is a reconstruction of the [[Parța Neolithic Sanctuary]] dating from the [[6th millennium BC]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zKFFOoPlyjIC |title=The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe, 6500 – 3500 BC: Myths and Cult Images |edition=3rd |last=Gimbutas |first=Marija |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |date=2007 |page=250 |isbn=978-0-520-25398-8 |lccn=72-82323 |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114210854/https://books.google.com/books?id=zKFFOoPlyjIC |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:BanatVMFotoThalerTamas14.jpg|thumb|[[Folk costumes]] and interior fabrics on display at the [[Banat Village Museum]]]] The Banat Village Museum is conceived as a traditional village from Banat, a [[living museum]] and open-air folk architecture reserve located in the Green Forest; it includes rustic households belonging to various ethnic groups in Banat, buildings with social function of the traditional village (town hall, school and church), technical installations and workshops.<ref name="cultural" /> The Corneliu Miklosi Public Transport Museum is subordinated to the local public transport company. Various types of [[tram]]s are on display, including the first [[horse-drawn tram]] and the first [[electric tram]] in the city, as well as buses, trolleybuses and vehicle maintenance equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/cultura/muzee/351-muzeul-de-transport-public-qcorneliu-miklosiq.html |title=Muzeul de Transport Public "Corneliu Miklosi" |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419092452/https://timisoara-info.ro/ro/cultura/muzee/351-muzeul-de-transport-public-qcorneliu-miklosiq.html }}</ref> There are plans to integrate the museum into a center for art, technology and experiment – MultipleXity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oar.archi/ro/concursuri/centrul-pentru-arta-tehnologie-si-experiment-multiplexity |title=Centrul pentru Artă, Tehnologie și Experiment, MultipleXity |work=Ordinul Arhitecților din România |date=25 January 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127220454/https://www.oar.archi/ro/concursuri/centrul-pentru-arta-tehnologie-si-experiment-multiplexity |url-status=live }}</ref> Founded in 1964, the Military Museum operates in the Military Casino in Liberty Square. The museum's patrimony consists of over 2,000 exhibits: maps, documents, models of historical monuments, photographs, weapons and military uniforms.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ghidulmuzeelor.cimec.ro/id.asp?k=721&-Muzeul-Militar-TIMISOARA-Timis |title=Muzeul Militar Timișoara |work=Muzee și Colecții din România |publisher=Institutul Național al Patrimoniului |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128003647/http://ghidulmuzeelor.cimec.ro/id.asp?k=721&-Muzeul-Militar-TIMISOARA-Timis |url-status=live }}</ref> In the museum collections owned by the [[Metropolis of Banat]], the Serbian Orthodox Episcopate and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Timișoara|Roman Catholic Diocese]] there are objects of worship, icons on wood and glass from the 16th–19th centuries, books, manuscripts and old church objects.<ref name="cultural" /> A future museum dedicated to the [[Romanian Revolution]] will be arranged in the building of the former Military Garrison.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/un-nou-pas-facut-pentru-realizarea-muzeului-national-al-revolutiei-anticomuniste-din-decembrie-1989-de-la-timisoara-971130/ |title=Un nou pas făcut pentru realizarea Muzeului Național al Revoluției Anticomuniste din Decembrie 1989 de la Timișoara |work=TION |date=27 February 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127204959/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/un-nou-pas-facut-pentru-realizarea-muzeului-national-al-revolutiei-anticomuniste-din-decembrie-1989-de-la-timisoara-971130/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At present, there is a Memorial of the Revolution, in the collection of which there is written, audio and video information about the events of 1989.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/cultura/muzee/275-muzeul-revoluiei-din-decembrie-1989.html |title=Memorialul Revoluției din Decembrie 1989 |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128161048/https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/cultura/muzee/275-muzeul-revoluiei-din-decembrie-1989.html }}</ref>

In addition, there are several independent museums in Timișoara, including the Museum of the Communist Consumer, arranged as a typical house of the Golden Age,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/cultura/muzee/363-muzeul-consumatorului-comunist-.html |title=Muzeul Consumatorului Comunist |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625132356/https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/cultura/muzee/363-muzeul-consumatorului-comunist-.html }}</ref> the museum dedicated to the Romanian cartoonist Popa's<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/cultura/muzee/382-muzeul-popa-popas.html |title=Muzeul Popa's |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128053446/https://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/cultura/muzee/382-muzeul-popa-popas.html }}</ref> and the Kindlein Museum, a reenactment of Peter Kindlein's jewelry and clock shop and workshop.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ghidulmuzeelor.cimec.ro/id.asp?k=1818 |title=Muzeul Kindlein |work=Muzee și Colecții din România |publisher=Institutul Național al Patrimoniului |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127204002/http://ghidulmuzeelor.cimec.ro/id.asp?k=1818 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Festivals === {{Main|List of festivals in Timișoara}}

[[File:Pride parade Timișoara 2023.jpg|right|thumb|180px|Demonstrators during [[Timișoara Pride Week]] in 2023]] In 2013, around 400 cultural manifestations and events (shows, concerts, exhibitions, art and literature salons, festivals, etc.) were organized in Timișoara.<ref name="sidu" /> Some of these include the music festivals Codru, DISKOteka (largest 1980s and 1990s music festival in Europe), Flight (largest music festival in western Romania), JAZZx, Plai and Vest Fest, the film festivals Ceau, Cinema!, European Film Festival and Festival du Film Français, the theater festivals Eurothalia, FEST-FDR and TESZT, LitVest (literature festival), the Medieval Festival, the [[Festival of the Hearts|Festival of Hearts]] (festival of world folklore) and [[Timișoara Pride Week]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timisoreni.ro/info/festivaluri/ |title=Festivaluri |work=Timisoreni.ro |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727140332/https://www.timisoreni.ro/info/festivaluri/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The latter was first organized in 2019;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/picnic-pride-in-parc-la-timisoara-cu-reprezentanti-ai-comunitatii-lgbtq-15932/ |title=Picnic PRIDE, în parc, la Timișoara, cu reprezentanți ai comunității LGBTQ+ |work=TION |date=4 June 2019}}</ref> it has since become one of the best-attended public events among young people in Timișoara.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.g4media.ro/foto-marsul-pride-tm-la-editia-a-treia-aproximativ-1-500-de-persoane-au-sarbatorit-diversitatea-la-timisoara-tinerii-au-colorat-strazile-orasului-strada-este-si-a-noastra.html |title=Marșul Pride TM la ediția a treia: Aproximativ 1.500 de persoane au sărbătorit diversitatea la Timișoara / Tinerii au colorat străzile orașului: "Strada este și a noastră" |work=G4 Media |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=6 July 2024}}</ref>

== Parks and green spaces == Timișoara is known as the "city of parks" for its parks and green spaces.<ref name="strutz" /> These are mainly located around the [[old town]], forming a [[green belt]] along the [[Bega Canal]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro/2017/Lucrari%20PDF%2021(4)/16Szekely%20Gabriel.pdf |title=Changes and evolution of the urban landscape of Timișoara and its Metropolitan Region |last=Szekely |first=Gabriel |journal=Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=77–81 |date=2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129024915/https://journal-hfb.usab-tm.ro/2017/Lucrari%20PDF%2021(4)/16Szekely%20Gabriel.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> At the end of 2009, the area of the [[urban park|city parks]] was 117.57 ha.<ref name="peisagistic">{{cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/24755420 |title=Cadrul natural și peisagistic al municipiului Timișoara |volume=II |publisher=Primăria municipiului Timișoara |date=2010 |last1=Tigirlas |first1=Sergiu |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531090122/https://www.academia.edu/24755420 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, Timișoara had 16 m2 of green spaces per capita, under the EU recommendation of 26 m2.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2017/09/timisoara-si-aradul-coada-clasamentului-spatiilor-verzi-intre-orasele-din-romania/ |title=Timișoara și Aradul, în coada clasamentului spațiilor verzi între orașele din România |work=pressalert.ro |last=Păun |first=Liana |date=11 September 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122015736/https://www.pressalert.ro/2017/09/timisoara-si-aradul-coada-clasamentului-spatiilor-verzi-intre-orasele-din-romania/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://rtsa.ro/tras/index.php/tras/article/download/94/90 |title=Assessing pedestrian accessibility to green space using GIS |last1=Morar |first1=Tudor |last2=Radoslav |first2=Radu |last3=Spiridon |first3=Luiza Cecilia |last4=Păcurar |first4=Lidia |journal=Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences |issue=42 E |date=2014 |pages=116–139}}</ref>

One of the most famous parks in Timișoara is the Anton Scudier Central Park, founded in 1850.<ref>{{cite book |title=Parcuri și grădini în România |last=Marcus |first=Rică |publisher=Editura Tehnică |location=Bucharest |date=1958}}</ref> Since 2009, the park has an Alley of Personalities with 24 bronze statues of local personalities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hcl.civicul.ro/view-hcl/hcl_132_24.03.2009 |title=Hotărârea 132/24.03.2009 privind conferirea unei identități culturale, artistice, turistice și educative Timișoarei prin realizarea în Parcul Central a unei Alei a Personalităților de către Consiliul Local al Municipiului Timișoara |work=Timișoara HCL |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122052707/https://hcl.civicul.ro/view-hcl/hcl_132_24.03.2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019 the park was redesigned in the style of the [[Schönbrunn Palace|Schönbrunn Gardens]] in [[Vienna]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/liber-la-plimbare-si-stat-pe-iarba-in-parcul-central-din-timisoara-fantani-iluminate-pianine-in-foisor-si-zeci-de-mii-de-flori-foto-si-video/02/08/2019 |title=Liber la plimbare și stat pe iarbă în Parcul Central din Timișoara. Fântâni iluminate, pianine în foișor și zeci de mii de flori. Foto și video |work=Opinia Timișoarei |last=Dichiș |first=Bianca |date=2 August 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122015108/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/liber-la-plimbare-si-stat-pe-iarba-in-parcul-central-din-timisoara-fantani-iluminate-pianine-in-foisor-si-zeci-de-mii-de-flori-foto-si-video/02/08/2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also close to the city center is the Rose Park, which at the beginning of the 20th century earned Timișoara the nickname "city of roses".<ref name="strutz" /> The park was inaugurated in 1891 on the occasion of an agro-industrial exhibition, and all the arrangements were made by landscape architect Wilhelm Mühle.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/timis/istoria-parcurilor-din-timisoara-vezi-ce-povesti-au-in-spate-locurile-de-promenada-din-oras.html |title=Istoria parcurilor din Timișoara. Vezi ce povești au în spate locurile de promenadă din oraș |work=Știrile Pro TV |date=19 November 2012 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124153608/https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/timis/istoria-parcurilor-din-timisoara-vezi-ce-povesti-au-in-spate-locurile-de-promenada-din-oras.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The English- and French-style garden stretched over 9 ha and was visited by Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph I]] on 16 September 1891.<ref name="rozelor">{{cite web |url=http://www.timisoara-info.ro/ro/atracii-turistice/alte-atracii/338-parcul-rozelor.html |title=Parcul Rozelor |work=Timisoara-Info.ro |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929024428/https://timisoara-info.ro/ro/atracii-turistice/alte-atracii/338-parcul-rozelor.html }}</ref> The current park was arranged between 1928 and 1934, when it was the largest rosary in [[Southeast Europe]], with 1,200 species and varieties of [[rose]]s.<ref name="rozelor" /> In the park there is also the stage of the summer theater where several festivals, concerts and shows take place. Opposite the Rose Park is the Ion Creangă Children's Park. It was inaugurated in the same year as the Rose Park.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=1ffcd9b1166744b7ad590642dc5af618 |title=Istoria uitată a parcurilor din Timișoara |work=ArcGIS |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114081517/https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapJournal/index.html?appid=1ffcd9b1166744b7ad590642dc5af618 |url-status=live }}</ref> The delimitation of the two parks was made later, when the area was crossed by the current Michelangelo Street. In 2012 it was redesigned as the largest [[children's playground]] in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/parcul-copiilor-a-fost-redeschis-prichindeii-timisoreni-au-avut-parte-de-cea-mai-frumoasa-surpriza-de-1-iunie-foto/01/06/2012 |title=Parcul Copiilor a fost redeschis. Prichindeii timișoreni au avut parte de cea mai frumoasă surpriză de 1 iunie! FOTO! |work=Opinia Timișoarei |last=Deaconescu |first=Roxana |date=1 June 2012 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124153730/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/parcul-copiilor-a-fost-redeschis-prichindeii-timisoreni-au-avut-parte-de-cea-mai-frumoasa-surpriza-de-1-iunie-foto/01/06/2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Queen Marie Park, formerly known as the People's Park, is the oldest park in Timișoara, established at the initiative of the governor of the [[Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar]], Count [[Johann Baptist Coronini-Cronberg|Johann von Coronini-Cronberg]], in 1852.<ref name="peisagistic" /> The Botanical Park, improperly called by the locals the Botanical Garden, is thought of as a dendrological park and was inaugurated in 1986, after a project by the architect Silvia Grumeza.<ref name="peisagistic" /> The park contains collection species grouped in eight sectors, depending on the region of origin of the plant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dmmt.ro/index.php?meniuId=17&viewCat=563&viewItem=232 |title=Grădina Botanică |work=Direcția de Mediu a municipiului Timișoara |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920072133/https://dmmt.ro/index.php?meniuId=17&viewCat=563&viewItem=232 }}</ref> One of the newest parks, the Civic Park was arranged over the former military barracks, demolished between 1956 and 1959.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/schimbarea-la-fata-a-parcului-civic-din-timisoara-vor-aparea-o-fantana-decorativa-o-multime-de-flori-si-arbusti-porneste-santierul-in-cateva-zile/22/11/2019 |title=Schimbarea la față a Parcului Civic din Timișoara. Vor apărea o fântână decorativă, o mulțime de flori și arbuști. Pornește șantierul în câteva zile |work=Opinia Timișoarei |last=Dichiș |first=Bianca |date=22 November 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122193648/https://www.opiniatimisoarei.ro/schimbarea-la-fata-a-parcului-civic-din-timisoara-vor-aparea-o-fantana-decorativa-o-multime-de-flori-si-arbusti-porneste-santierul-in-cateva-zile/22/11/2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The main attraction of the park is the [[floral clock]], built in 1971.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="120px"> | align = center File:Timisoara, Parcul Scudier 2019.jpg | Monument to the Unknown Soldier in the [[Anton Scudier Central Park]] File:Parcul Rozelor - panoramio (3).jpg | [[Roses Park, Timișoara|Roses Park]] File:Parcul Copiilor - panoramio (6).jpg | [[Ion Creangă Children's Park]] File:Parcul Regina Maria - panoramio (2).jpg | The [[Vienna Secession|Secession]] entrance gate to the [[Queen Marie Park, Timișoara|Queen Marie Park]] File:Temisvar sat.jpg | The [[floral clock]] in the [[Civic Park, Timișoara|Civic Park]] </gallery>

== Sports == {{multiple image | align = left | direction = horizontal | image1 = Sala Sporturilor „Constantin Jude” ( Sala Olimpia ) - 2023 - IMG 22.jpg | image2 = Stadionul Dan Păltinişanu - panoramio (2).jpg | footer = [[Constantin Jude Sports Hall]] (left) and [[Stadionul Dan Păltinișanu|Dan Păltinișanu Stadium]] (right) before its demolition }}

The amateur and performance sports activity has an old tradition in Timișoara through sports associations and clubs. The first [[association football|football]] game in Timișoara took place on 25 June 1899.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2019/11/povestea-cat-ului-primul-club-de-fotbal-al-timisoarei-aproape-de-trofee-fuzionat-cu-rgmt-si-persecutat-de-fascisti/ |title=Povestea CAT-ului, primul club de fotbal al Timișoarei. Aproape de trofee, fuzionat cu RGMT și persecutat de fasciști |work=pressalert.ro |last=Biholari |first=Cornel |date=10 November 2019 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128220858/https://www.pressalert.ro/2019/11/povestea-cat-ului-primul-club-de-fotbal-al-timisoarei-aproape-de-trofee-fuzionat-cu-rgmt-si-persecutat-de-fascisti/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Three years later, [[CA Timișoara]] – the first [[football club (association football)|football club]] in Romania – was founded.<ref>{{cite book |title=Timișoara, leagănul fotbalului românesc |last=Dudaș |first=Iosif |publisher=Consiliul Județean pentru Educație Fizică și Sport Timiș |date=1971}}</ref> Traditional teams have been active between the two world wars. [[FC Ripensia Timișoara|Ripensia Timișoara]], founded in 1928 and dissolved in 1948, was the first Romanian club to turn professional.<ref name="statut" /> In its short history, the club has won four national titles and two [[Cupa României|national cups]]. Ripensia Timișoara was re-established in 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/timis/ripensia-inviata-dupa-64-de-ani-planul-znostalgicilor-timisoreni-pentru-cvadrupla-campioana.html |title=Ripensia, înviată după 64 de ani! Planul "nostalgicilor" timișoreni pentru cvadrupla campioană |work=Știrile Pro TV |date=23 July 2012 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128142706/https://stirileprotv.ro/stiri/timis/ripensia-inviata-dupa-64-de-ani-planul-znostalgicilor-timisoreni-pentru-cvadrupla-campioana.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and currently plays in [[Liga II|Liga 2]]. [[Chinezul Timișoara]] ({{langx|hu|Temesvári Kinizsi}}), active between 1910 and 1946, was one of the most successful teams in the history of Romanian football, winning between 1921 and 1927 six consecutive titles of champion of Romania.<ref name="statut" /> There are four football clubs: [[ACS Poli Timișoara]], [[ASU Politehnica Timișoara]], [[CSF CFR Timișoara|CFR Timișoara]] and [[FC Ripensia Timișoara|Ripensia Timișoara]]. SCM Timișoara, a multi-sport club, was founded in 1982 and includes sections for [[basketball]] ([[BC Timișoara]]), [[handball]] (SCM Politehnica Timișoara), [[rugby football|rugby]] ([[SCM Rugby Timișoara|Saracens Timișoara]]), [[motorcycling]] and [[tennis]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scmtimisoara.ro/despre-noi/ |title=Despre noi |work=SCM Timișoara |date=19 October 2017 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127130504/http://www.scmtimisoara.ro/despre-noi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

With a capacity of 32,000 seats, [[Stadionul Dan Păltinișanu|Dan Păltinișanu Stadium]], home stadium of [[ACS Poli Timișoara]], is the second largest stadium in Romania, after [[Arena Națională]] in [[Bucharest]]. The current stadium will be demolished in 2021;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-2/un-stadion-istoric-va-fi-demolat-si-noua-arena-va-costa-100-de-milioane-de-euro-anuntul-autoritatilor-952669 |title=Un stadion istoric va fi demolat și noua arenă va costa 100 de milioane de euro! Anunțul autorităților |work=Digi Sport |date=21 November 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128064041/https://www.digisport.ro/fotbal/liga-2/un-stadion-istoric-va-fi-demolat-si-noua-arena-va-costa-100-de-milioane-de-euro-anuntul-autoritatilor-952669 |url-status=live }}</ref> a multifunctional sports complex with a 36,000-seat arena and a 16,000-seat multipurpose hall will be built in its place.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/alte-promisiuni-pentru-stadionul-si-sala-polivalenta-din-timisoara-alin-nica-a-facut-doua-vizite-la-cni-1353630/ |title=Alte promisiuni pentru stadionul și sala polivalentă din Timișoara. Alin Nica a făcut două vizite la CNI |work=TION |last=Deaconescu |first=Roxana |date=9 October 2020 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117121921/https://www.tion.ro/stirile-judetului-timis/alte-promisiuni-pentru-stadionul-si-sala-polivalenta-din-timisoara-alin-nica-a-facut-doua-vizite-la-cni-1353630/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There are three other smaller stadiums: [[CSF CFR Timișoara|CFR]]'s [[Stadionul CFR (Timișoara)|CFR Stadium]] near [[Timișoara North railway station]], [[ASU Politehnica Timișoara|ASU Politehnica]]'s [[Stadionul Știința|Știința Stadium]] on the campus of the [[Politehnica University of Timișoara|Polytechnic University]] and [[FC Ripensia Timișoara|Ripensia]]'s [[Stadionul Electrica|Electrica Stadium]] near the Green Forest.

There are many sports centers in the city as well. Most of these facilities are [[sports hall]]s and [[swimming pool]]s,<ref name="statut" /> many of them built by the municipality in the past several years. The main indoor venue is [[Constantin Jude Sports Hall]], formerly known as Olimpia Hall. Used as a local base for men's and women's [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[handball]] and [[futsal]] teams in the city, the hall hosted matches of [[EuroBasket Women 2015]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/locale/timisoara/foto-povestea-batranei-arene-olimpia-timisoara-1968-ramane-sala-sport-cea-mai-importanta-oras-1_590209775ab6550cb899d31c/index.html |title=Povestea bătrânei arene "Olimpia" din Timișoara. Din 1968, rămâne sala de sport cea mai importantă din oraș |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

== Mass media == === Print media === [[File:24-Jan-1772 Temeswarer Nachrichten (Timisoara Times).jpg|thumb|24 June 1772 edition of ''Temeswarer Nachrichten'' (Timișoara Times), the first newspaper printed in Timișoara]] The first newspaper printed in Timișoara in 1771, edited by typographer Matthias Joseph Heimerl, was called ''Temeswarer Nachrichten'' and appeared in 13 editions.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.bcut.ro/dyn_img/Analele%20Banatului%20Arheologie-Istorie/Analele%20Banatului%20S.N.%20XX%20%E2%80%93%202012/21_Glavan.pdf |title=Premisele, geneza și evoluția presei de limbă germană din Banat între anii 1771–1867 |last=Glăvan |first=Ciprian |journal=Analele Banatului, Arheologie–Istorie |volume=XIX |date=2011 |pages=359–376 |access-date=21 January 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122192754/http://www.bcut.ro/dyn_img/Analele%20Banatului%20Arheologie-Istorie/Analele%20Banatului%20S.N.%20XX%20%E2%80%93%202012/21_Glavan.pdf }}</ref> Between 1830 and 1849, ''Temeswarer Wochenblatt'' appeared, whose editor was Joseph Klapka, the founder of the first [[circulating library]] in the [[Habsburg monarchy]] (1815) and mayor of Timișoara between 1819 and 1833. Between 1872 and 1918 the Hungarian-language newspapers ''Délmagyarország'' and ''Temesvári hirlap'' appeared. The Serbian minority first appeared on the local media market in 1829 with the ''Banatski almanah'' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|Банатски алманах}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dbsr.ro/cats/04-almanasi/banalm2-ro.html |title=Banatski almanah |work=Digitalna biblioteka Srba u Rumuniji}}</ref> The first Romanian-language newspapers published in Banat were printed in [[Vienna]] and then in [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]], as happened with ''Luminatorul'' led by [[Vincențiu Babeș]]. During the mid-19th century, there was a branch of the state [[printing house]] in Vienna, and in 1878 Prince [[Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia|Alexander Karađorđević]], fleeing from [[Serbia]], opened a printing house in Iosefin, which he used exclusively for political purposes.<ref name="tipografii">{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2013/08/timisoara-uitata-tipografii-si-ziare-de-la-habsburgi-pana-la-comunisti/ |title=Tipografii și ziare de la habsburgi până la comuniști |work=pressalert.ro |last=Păun |first=Liana |date=31 August 2013}}</ref> The printing activity was boosted at the end of the century, when the manual [[printing machine]]s, driven by a distribution wheel, were replaced by those driven by electricity, after the establishment of the power plant. The first machine of this kind in Timișoara was a Druckmaschine belonging to the episcopal printing house in the Diocese of Cenad, which was inaugurated in 1891.<ref name="tipografii" /> The outbreak of [[World War I]] led to a stagnation of printing activity, but, after the city was taken over by the Romanian authorities, it was revived; in 1920 no less than nine printing houses were known in Timișoara.<ref name="tipografii" />

The interwar years were marked by numerous political, humorous, medical, cultural, economic, religious, agricultural, commercial or almanac weeklies.<ref name="tipografii" /> Also in the interwar period, numerous bilingual or even trilingual publications appeared. The first publication in Romanian, German and Hungarian was the monthly ''Apicultorul – Bienenzüchter – Méhész''.<ref name="tipografii" /> In addition to the publications in the languages spoken in Timișoara, between 1930 and 1936 the [[Esperanto]] quarterly ''Urmiginta Statoj de Europe'' appeared, edited by Josef Zauner, and in 1932 the publication ''Tel-Chaj'' (טל צ׳ג) was registered, a Jewish bimonthly in Hungarian, but no number appeared.<ref name="tipografii" /> From a catalog prepared by Florian Moldovan and Alexander Krischan, in the documentary fund of the County Library of Timișoara were registered in the early 1970s no less than 143 newspaper and magazine titles, of which 60 were Romanian, 39 Hungarian and 40 German.<ref>{{cite book |title=Die deutsche periodische Literatur des Banats: Zeitungen, Zeitschriften, Kalender 1771–1971 |last=Krischan |first=Alexander |publisher=Das Südostdeutsche Kulturwerk |location=Munich |date=1987 |isbn=978-3-88356-038-0}}</ref>

After 1945, but especially since 1948, the number of newspapers and magazines was reduced to a few, all published or under the political control of the [[Romanian Communist Party|Communist Party]]. There were the following papers in Timișoara between 1970 and 1977: ''Drapelul roșu'', ''Neue Banater Zeitung'' ([[German language]]), ''Szabad szó'' ([[Hungarian language]]), ''Banatske novine'' (magazine, [[Serbian language]]) and the literary revue ''Orizont'', all of them with an important circulation.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344075525 |chapter=De la presa comunistă la presa timișoreană liberă |last=Szabo |first=Lucian-Vasile |title=Timișoara: 30 de ani de la Revoluția Română din Decembrie 1989 |editor-last=Tolcea |editor-first=Marcel |publisher=Editura Universității de Vest din Timișoara |date=2019 |pages=55–72 |isbn=978-973-125-726-6}}</ref> Even if the years of 1965–1971 are better known as providing a relative political freedom, press in Romania went away with the {{abbr|PCR|Romanian Communist Party}} control. Media was obliged both to put in light the socialist reality in Romania and to combat the ideological bourgeois influences and retrograde mentality.<ref name="ramneantu">{{cite journal |title=Controlul Partidului Comunist Român asupra mediei timișorene în anii '70 ai secolului al XX-lea |last=Rămneanțu |first=Vasile |journal=Banatica |volume=2 |issue=29 |date=2019 |pages=443–473}}</ref> The cultural revues had to promote the "involved" militant socialist arts and literature and criticize the tendencies to separate the artistic creation from the socialist realities; it was the way the Romanian press became an instrument of the PCR.<ref name="ramneantu" />

Apart from the publications previously censored under communist rule, which quickly changed their orientation under new names, in the first months after the [[Romanian Revolution]], the number of newspaper and magazine titles on the local press market increased dramatically.

Currently, in Timișoara appear:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ocpitimis.ro/presa.php |title=Instituții de presă |work=Oficiul de Cadastru și Publicitate Imobiliară Timiș}}</ref> * dailies: in Romanian: ''Renașterea bănățeană'' (successor of ''Drapelul roșu''), ''Timiș Expres'' and ''Ziua de Vest''; in Hungarian: ''Nyugati jelen''; * one biweekly: ''Timpolis''; * one triweekly: ''Timișoara''; * weeklies: in Romanian: ''Opinia Timișoarei'' and ''Bănățeanul''; in German: ''Banater Zeitung'' (weekly supplement of ''[[Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung für Rumänien]]''); in Hungarian: ''Heti új szó''; in Serbian: ''Naša reč''; * monthly: in Romanian: ''Orizont'', ''Monitorul Primăriei municipiului Timișoara'' and ''Agenda Consiliului Județean Timiș''; in Hungarian: ''Irodalmi jelen''; in Italian: ''Azienda Italia''; * quarterly: in Romanian: ''Orient latin'' and ''Anotimpuri literare''; in Serbian: ''Književni život''; * annuals: in Romanian: ''Almanahul Agenda''; in Hungarian: ''Mindenki kalendáriuma''; in German: ''Die Stafette''; * sporadic periodicity: ''Helion'' magazine of the homonymous [[science fiction]] club. In recent years, more and more publications have given up the printed version, continuing their activity only in the online version.

=== Audiovisual media === ==== Radio stations ==== [[File:Timisoara, Palatul Bancii de Credit.jpg|220px|thumb|Credit Bank Palace, nowadays home of West City Radio<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.westcityradio.ro/contact|title=Contact|work=West City Radio|date=8 December 2023 }}</ref>]] Radio Timișoara, a public station, is part of Radio România Regional, the network of local and regional public [[radio]]s of the [[Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company]]. The idea of building a [[radio station]] in Timișoara was advanced for the first time in July 1930. The first broadcast of Radio Timișoara dates from 5 May 1955, with Andrei Dângă and Emilia Culea as broadcasters.<ref name="radio">{{cite web |url=http://www.radiotimisoara.ro/istoria-radio-timisoara/ |title=Din istoria Radio Timișoara |work=Radio România Timișoara|date=30 May 2018 }}</ref> Today, Radio Timișoara broadcasts in 10 languages on four frequencies that cover a large part of the counties in western Romania.<ref name="radio" /> West City Radio has been broadcasting since 1995, when it received the first broadcasting license in western Romania. The station is addressed to an audience aged between 24 and 48 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.westcityradio.ro/despre-noi/ |title=Despre noi |work=West City Radio|date=3 February 2024 }}</ref> Another local private radio station is Radio Europa Nova, founded in July 1995. Its broadcasting area covers {{cvt|20–30|km}} around the city.

In recent years, numerous local stations of some national stations have appeared, such as Digi FM, [[Europa FM (Romania)|Europa FM]], [[Virgin Radio Romania|Virgin Radio]], [[Radio Impuls]], Radio ZU, [[RFI România]], [[Pro FM]], [[Kiss FM (Romania)|Kiss FM]], [[Radio Guerrilla]], etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://radiomap.eu/ro/timisoara |title=Posturi de radio în Timișoara |work=Radiomap.eu}}</ref>

==== Television stations ==== TVR Timișoara is one of the four territorial studios of the [[Romanian Television|Romanian Television Society]]. It broadcasts since 17 October 1994 and covers the western part of Romania ([[Timiș County|Timiș]], [[Arad County|Arad]], [[Caraș-Severin County|Caraș-Severin]] and [[Hunedoara County|Hunedoara]] counties), as well as the Romanian communities in [[Vojvodina]] ([[Serbia]]) and southeastern Hungary.<ref name="tvr">{{cite web |url=http://timisoara.tvr.ro/despre-tvr-timisoara_4315.html |title=Despre TVR Timișoara |work=TVR Timișoara}}</ref> TVR Timișoara is a member of [[CIRCOM|CIRCOM Regional]] and has collaborated over the years with regional public televisions in [[Novi Sad]] ([[Serbia]]), [[Szeged]] (Hungary) and [[Uzhhorod]] (Ukraine).<ref name="tvr" /> Teleuniversitatea (Teleuniversity) has the status of a department within the [[Politehnica University of Timișoara|Polytechnic University]], obtaining a broadcasting license in 1994. Teleuniversitatea is a [[television station]] with educational objectives, which operates on a non-profit basis, without a budget allocation. TV Europa Nova is the only local private television station. It first aired on 1 May 1994.

== Notable people == {{Main|List of people from Timișoara}}

=== Honorary citizens === Among the recipients of the [[honorary citizenship]] of Timișoara are:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.primariatm.ro/monitorul-oficial/?meniuId=1&viewCat=63&viewItem=2003 |title=Cetățeni de onoare ai Timișoarei |work=Monitorul Primăriei Timișoara |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109121723/https://www.primariatm.ro/monitorul-oficial?viewCat=63&meniuId=1&viewItem=2003 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable" width="75%" style="font-size:85%; border:gray solid 1px; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:middle;" ! style="text-align:left; background:#B0C4DE" | Date ! width="240" style="text-align:left; background:#B0C4DE" | Name ! style="text-align:left; background:#B0C4DE" | Notes |- | 14 November 1995 || [[Corneliu Coposu]] || Politician, [[political prisoner]] |- | 23 January 1996 || [[Corina Peptan]] || Chess player |- | 24 September 1996 || [[Ioan Holender]] || Operatic baritone, director of the [[Vienna State Opera]] |- | 30 June 1998 || [[Iolanda Balaș]] || Olympic [[high jump]]er |- | 22 February 2000 || [[Ana Blandiana]] || Poet, novelist, publicist, essayist |- | 27 February 2001 || [[Wolfgang Clement]] || Minister-President of North Rhine-Westphalia |- | 29 January 2002 || [[Cosmin Contra]] || Football player and manager |- | 11 November 2003 || [[Simona Amânar]] || Olympic [[gymnast]] |- | 18 May 2004 || [[Johnny Weissmuller]] || Olympic [[swimmer]], actor |- | 30 January 2007 || [[Paul Goma]] || Novelist, essayist, memoirist, anti-communist dissident |- | 24 April 2007 || [[Mihai Șora]] || Philosopher, essayist |- | 31 July 2007 || [[Mugur Isărescu]] || Governor of [[National Bank of Romania|BNR]], prime minister of Romania |- | 23 April 2013 || [[Francesco Illy]] || Founder of [[illy]], inventor of [[espresso machine]] |- | 22 October 2013 || [[Chester Williams]] || [[Rugby union|Rugby]] player |- | 23 January 2015 || [[Stefan Hell]] || Physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate |- | 20 March 2015 || [[Peter Freund]] || Physicist |- | 10 May 2016 || [[Dumitru Prunariu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hcl.civicul.ro/view-hcl/hcl_145_10.05.2016 |title=Hotărârea nr. 145/2016 |work=Timișoara HCL}}</ref> || Cosmonaut |- | 27 November 2019 || [[Ion Ivanovici]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.agerpres.ro/cultura/2019/11/27/timis-compozitorul-valsului-valurile-dunarii-iosif-ivanovici-cetatean-de-onoare-post-mortem-al-municipiului-timisoara--410672 |title=Timiş: Compozitorul valsului ''Valurile Dunării'', Iosif Ivanovici, Cetăţean de Onoare post mortem al municipiului Timişoara |work=AGERPRES |last=Halunga |first=Otilia |date=27 November 2019 |access-date=9 January 2024 |archive-date=28 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128235753/https://www.agerpres.ro/cultura/2019/11/27/timis-compozitorul-valsului-valurile-dunarii-iosif-ivanovici-cetatean-de-onoare-post-mortem-al-municipiului-timisoara--410672 }}</ref> || Clarinettist, conductor, composer |}

==International relations== Timișoara hosts two general consulates, representing [[Germany]] and [[Serbia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mae.ro/foreign-missions |title=Misiuni în România |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Romania)|Ministerul Afacerilor Externe]]|language=ro|website=www.mae.ro}}</ref> The German consulate is situated in the [[Flavia Palace]] on [[Splaiul Tudor Vladimirescu]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rumaenien.diplo.de/ro-de/vertretungen/generalkonsulat2 |title=Deutsches Konsulat Temeswar |website=Deutsche Vertretungen in Rumänien}}</ref> whereas the Serbian consulate is located at 4 Remus Street.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mfa.rs/en/diplomatic-missions/serbian-diplomatic-missions/consulates/general-consulate-republic-serbia-10 |title=General Consulate of Republic of Serbia in Timisoara, Romania |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Serbia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref>

==Twin towns – sister cities== {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania}} Timișoara is [[sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Starea economică, socială şi de mediu a municipiului Timişoara 2020: Cooperarea internaţională|url=https://www.primariatm.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Starea_economica_2020.pdf|publisher=Timișoara|page=93|language=ro|date=April 2021|access-date=10 May 2022|archive-date=20 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820023250/https://www.primariatm.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Starea_economica_2020.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.primariatm.ro/orase-infratite |title=Orașe înfrățite |work=Primăria Municipiului Timișoara}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Graz]], Austria (1982) *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Sassari]], Italy (1990) *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mulhouse]], France (1991) *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Faenza]], Italy (1991) *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Karlsruhe]], Germany (1992) *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Rueil-Malmaison]], France (1993) *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Szeged]], Hungary (1998) *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Gera]], Germany (1998) *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Treviso]], Italy (2003) *{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Novi Sad]], Serbia (2005) *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Palermo]], Italy (2005) *{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shenzhen]], China (2007) *{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Nottingham]], United Kingdom (2008) *{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Chernivtsi]], Ukraine (2010) *{{flagicon|PER}} [[Trujillo, Peru|Trujillo]], Peru (2010) *{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Da Nang]], Vietnam (2014) *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Bolzano]], Italy (2015)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pressalert.ro/2015/02/timisoara-s-infratit-cu-orasul-italian-bolzano-ce-spune-consilierul-paul-moldovan-despre-initiativa-sa/ |title=Timișoara s-a înfrățit cu orașul italian Bolzano. Ce spune consilierul Paul Moldovan despre inițiativa sa |work=pressalert.ro |last=Codruț |first=Loredana |date=19 February 2015}}</ref> *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Lublin]], Poland (2016) *{{flagicon|POR}} [[Porto]], Portugal (2018) *{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Cancún]], Mexico (2019)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adevarul.ro/stiri-locale/timisoara/timisoara-s-a-infratit-cu-orasul-mexican-cancun-1928648.html |title=Timișoara s-a înfrățit cu orașul mexican Cancún. Ambasadorul a făcut cadou filmul care a câștigat Premiul Oscar 2019 pentru cel mai bun film străin |work=Adevărul |last=Both |first=Ștefan |date=5 March 2019}}</ref> {{div col end}}

== Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}}

==External links== {{Sister project links |wikt=yes |commonscat=yes |n=yes |q=no |s=no |b=no |voy=yes |v=yes |d=no }} * {{Britannica|596276|Timișoara}}

{{Timiș County}} {{Cities in Romania}} {{RoJudCapitals}} {{Historical capitals of Hungary}} {{European Capital of Culture}} {{Authority control}} {{Portal bar|Cities|Romania}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timisoara}} [[Category:Timișoara| ]] [[Category:1212 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:Capitals of Romanian counties]] [[Category:Cities in Romania]] [[Category:Former capitals of Hungary]] [[Category:Localities in Romanian Banat]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 1210s]] [[Category:Populated places in Timiș County]]