Temco D-16

{{Short description|American civil aircraft}}  {{Infobox aircraft | name = Temco D-16 | logo = | logo_size = | image = Riley-Temco (Ryan) D-16 Twin Navion.jpg | alt = | caption = Temco D-16A | long_caption = | other_names = | aircraft_type = Business & touring aircraft | aim = | outcome = | related = | national_origin = United States | manufacturer = Temco Aircraft | design_group = | designer = | builder = | issuer = | status = | owners = | primary_user = | more_users = | service = | major_applications = | proposals = | prototypes = | number_built = 110 | construction_number = | civil_registration = | military_serial = | radio_code = | requirement = | aircraft_carried = | flights = | total_hours = | total_distance = | construction_date = 1953-1957 | introduction = 1953 | retired = | first_flight = 1952 | initiated = | in_service = | last_flight = | expected = | developed_from = Ryan Navion | variants = | developed_into = | preservation = | fate = | predecessors = | successors = | concluded = }} The '''Temco D-16''' is a 1950s twin engine civil aircraft from the United States. It was produced by conversion of a Ryan Navion to replace its single engine with two wing-mounted engines. It is commonly known as the '''Twin Navion''', although that name is also often applied to a later similar conversion, the Camair 480.

==Background== The project began in 1951 as a requirement by Charles Daubenberger for an inexpensive replacement for the corporate Ryan Navion operated by his Dauby Equipment Company, to achieve better reliability while crossing high mountain ranges. He commissioned Roger Keeney of the Acme Aircraft Company to provide a solution, that evolved into a twin engine conversion of a Navion.<ref name=twinnavion>[http://www.twinnavion.com/ twinnavion.com]</ref>

==Design and development== Jack Riley Sr. built the first model with a team of four.<ref>{{cite journal|magazine=Air Progress|title=The Man Who Invented the STC|author=Gene Smith|date=September 1989}}</ref> With encouragement from Lycoming, the 125 hp Lycoming O-290 four-cylinder engine was selected for the project. Design changes from the basic Navion structure included strengthened wing spars, that supported engine mounts and other components from Piper PA-18 Super Cub, plus new engine nacelles, a faired nose section that replaced the existing engine and cowling, and a new vertical tail and rudder based on the existing horizontal stabilizer. During testing in 1952, the aircraft was initially named the X-16 Bi-Navion. On 10 November 1952, it was granted certification by the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA), after which it was renamed as the D-16 Twin Navion.<ref name=twinnavion/><ref name=rws2001>Simpson 2001</ref>

A second aircraft was converted for Jack Riley, who specified 140 hp engines, and he purchased the production rights from Dauby. Riley Aircraft then started production of the Riley D-16 Twin Navion, that standardized the design with 150 hp Lycoming O-320 engines and other improvements. In March 1953, after 19 conversions had been carried out, Riley subcontracted production to Temco Aircraft. Temco then purchased the sole production rights, and produced a further 46 conversions under the name Temco D-16. In September 1954, the design was upgraded to include 170 hp Lycoming O-340 engines plus increased fuel capacity in wingtip tanks, officially named Temco D-16A but typically marketed as the ''Riley 55'' for the 1955 model year.<ref name=twinnavion/><ref name=rws2001/><ref name=rws1995>Simpson 1995</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200342.html Flight, 5 February 1954, p. 166]</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1955/1955%20-%200052.PDF Flight, 14 January 1955, p. 52]</ref>

==Operational history== In 1957, after 45 conversions to D-16A specification, production ceased in the face of competition from more cost-effective new-build types such as the Piper PA-23 Apache. Many of the D-16 models were upgraded to D-16A standards. In 2012, about 52 Temco D-16 and D-16A models remain on the US civil aircraft register, and at least three are preserved in museum collections.<ref name=twinnavion/><ref name=rws2001>Simpson 2001</ref><ref name=rws1995>Simpson 1995</ref><ref>Ogden 2007</ref>

==Specifications (D-16) == {{Aircraft specs |ref=Simpson 2001 and FAA Spec 2A1<ref name=rws2001/><ref>FAA Specification 2A1</ref> |prime units?=imp |genhide= |crew=one |capacity=three passengers |length m=8.28 |length ft=27 |length in=2 |length note= |span m=10.16 |span ft=33 |span in=4 |span note= |height m=2.9 |height ft=9 |height in=6 |height note= |wing area sqm=16.56 |wing area sqft=178.3 |wing area note= |airfoil= |empty weight kg=1,043 |empty weight lb=2,300 |empty weight note= |gross weight kg= |gross weight lb= |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight kg=1,519 |max takeoff weight lb=3,350 |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity=59.5 US gal |more general= |eng1 number=2 |eng1 name=Lycoming O-320 |eng1 type=air-cooled flat-four |eng1 kw= |eng1 hp=150 |eng1 note= |power original= |thrust original= |more power= |prop blade number=2 |prop name= |prop dia m= |prop dia ft= |prop dia in= |prop note= |perfhide= |max speed kmh=290 |max speed mph=180 |max speed kts=157 |max speed note= |cruise speed kmh=274 |cruise speed mph=170 |cruise speed kts=148 |cruise speed note= |stall speed kmh= |stall speed mph= |stall speed kts= |stall speed note= |never exceed speed kmh= |never exceed speed mph=190 |never exceed speed kts=165 |never exceed speed note= |minimum control speed kmh= |minimum control speed mph= |minimum control speed kts= |minimum control speed note= |range km=1,120 |range miles=700 |range nmi=609 |range note= |ferry range km= |ferry range miles= |ferry range nmi= |ferry range note= |endurance= |ceiling m= |ceiling ft=20,000 |ceiling note= |climb rate ms=7 |climb rate ftmin=1,400 |climb rate note= |time to altitude= |lift to drag= |wing loading kg/m2= |wing loading lb/sqft= |wing loading note= |power/mass= |thrust/weight= |more performance= |avionics= }}

==See also== {{Portal|Aviation}} {{aircontent |related= *Ryan Navion |similar aircraft= *Bay Super V *Camair Twin Navion |lists= |see also= }}

==References== ;Notes {{Reflist}}

;Bibliography *[http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/e0d402a92678a395862577ae006922c7/$FILE/2A1%20Rev%205.pdf FAA Specification 2A1 Rev 5] *Ogden, Bob. 2007. ''Aviation Museums and Collections of North America''. Air-Britain {{ISBN|0-85130-385-4}} *Simpson, R. W. 1995. ''Airlife's General Aviation''. Airlife Publishing {{ISBN|1-85310-577-5}} *Simpson, Rod. 2001. ''Airlife's World Aircraft''. Airlife Publishing {{ISBN|1-84037-115-3}}

==External links== {{Commons category-inline|Temco D-16}}

Category:Temco aircraft Category:1950s United States civil utility aircraft Category:Low-wing aircraft Category:Aircraft first flown in 1952 Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear