Tattva

{{Short description|Sanskrit word meaning 'thatness', 'principle', 'reality' or 'truth}} {{Other uses}} {{Italic title}} {{More citations needed|date=June 2021}} {| cellpadding=2 style="float:right" | | {{Classic element}} |}

According to various Indian schools of philosophy, '''''tattvas''''' ({{Langx|sa|तत्त्व}}) are the elements or aspects of reality that constitute human experience.{{sfn|Osto|2018|p=204-205}} In some traditions, they are conceived as an aspect of the Indian deities. Although the number of ''tattvas'' varies depending on the philosophical school, together they are thought to form the basis of all our experience. The Samkhya philosophy uses a system of 25 ''tattvas'', while Shaivism uses a system of 36 ''tattvas''. In Buddhism, the equivalent is the list of ''Abhidharma'' which constitute reality, as in Namarupa.

==Etymology== ''Tattva'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ʌ|t|v|ə}}) is a Sanskrit word meaning ''truth''.<ref>"tattva - of the truth" from [http://vedabase.net/bg/2/16/en1 BG 2.16] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223113452/http://vedabase.net/bg/2/16/en1 |date=2007-02-23 }}</ref>

==Hinduism== {{Hinduism}}

===Samkhya=== {{main|Samkhya#Philosophy|l1=Samkhya}} The Samkhya philosophy regards the Universe as consisting of two eternal realities: ''Purusha'' and ''Prakrti''. It is therefore a strongly dualist philosophy. The ''Purusha'' is the centre of consciousness, whereas the ''Prakrti'' is the source of all material existence. The twenty-five ''tattva'' system of Samkhya concerns itself only with the tangible aspect of creation, theorizing that ''Prakrti'' is the source of the world of becoming. It is the first ''tattva'' and is seen as pure potentiality that evolves itself successively into twenty-four additional ''tattvas'' or principles.

===Shaivism=== {{main|Tattva (Shaivism)}} In Shaivism, the ''tattvas'' are inclusive of consciousness as well as material existence. The 36 tattvas of Shaivism are divided into three groups: #'''''Shuddha tattvas''''' #:The first five tattvas are known as the ''shuddha'' or 'pure' ''tattvas''. They are also known as the ''tattvas'' of universal experience. #'''''Shuddha-ashuddha tattvas''''' #:The next seven ''tattvas'' (6–12) are known as the ''shuddha-ashuddha'' or 'pure-impure' ''tattvas''. They are the ''tattvas'' of limited individual experience. #'''''Ashuddha tattvas''''' #:The last twenty-four ''tattvas'' (13–36) are known as the ''ashuddha'' or 'impure' ''tattvas''. The first of these is ''prakrti'' and they include the ''tattvas'' of mental operation, sensible experience, and materiality.

===Vaishnavism=== Within Puranic literatures and general Vaiśnava philosophy, ''tattva'' is often used to denote certain categories or types of beings or energies such as:

#'''''Viṣṇu-tattva''''' #:The Supreme God Śrī Viṣnu. The causative factor of everything including other Tattvas. #'''''Kṛṣṇa-tattva''''' #:Any incarnation or expansion of Śrī Viṣnu as Śrī Kṛṣṇa. #'''''Śakti-Tattva''''' #:The multifarious energies of Śrī Viṣnu as Śrī Kṛṣṇa. It includes his internal potencies, Yogamaya, Prakṛti. #'''''Jīva-tattva''''' #:The multifarious living souls (jivas). It includes Śrī Brahmā. #'''''Śiva-tattva''''' #:Śrī Śiva is not a jiva and not a god but a personal creation of Viṣṇu as between Viṣṇu and Brahmā in qualities and powers. #'''''Mahat-tattva''''' #:The total material energy (''Prakṛti'') of the universe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mahattattva |website=Wisdom Library |title=Mahattattva, Mahat-tattva: 5 definitions |date=February 10, 2021 |quote=Mahattattva (महत्तत्त्व) or simply Mahat refers to a primordial principle of the nature of both pradhāna and puruṣa, according to the 10th century Saurapurāṇa: one of the various Upapurāṇas depicting Śaivism.—[...] From the disturbed prakṛti and the puruṣa sprang up the seed of mahat, which is of the nature of both pradhāna and puruṣa. The mahattattva is then covered by the pradhāna and being so covered it differentiates itself as the sāttvika, rājasa and tāmasa-mahat. The pradhāna covers the mahat just as a seed is covered by the skin. Being so covered there spring from the three fold mahat the threefold ahaṃkāra called vaikārika, taijasa and bhūtādi or tāmasa.}}</ref>

====Gaudiya Vaishnavism==== {{main|Pancha Tattva (Vaishnavism)}} In Gaudiyā Vaiśnava philosophy, there are a total of five primary tattvas described in terms of living beings, which are collectively known as the ''Pancha Tattvas'' and described as follows:

{{blockquote|"Spiritually there are no differences between these five tattvas, for on the transcendental platform everything is absolute. Yet there are also varieties in the spiritual world, and in order to taste these spiritual varieties one should distinguish between them".<ref>[http://vedabase.net/cc/adi/7/5/en1 Chaitanya Caritamrita, Adi-lila 7.5] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228000738/http://vedabase.net/cc/adi/7/5/en1 |date=2007-02-28 }}</ref>}}

==== Dvaita Vedanta ==== Madhvacharya categorizes all ''tattva'', reality, into dependent and independent entities. The one independent entity is Vishnu, and all other entities depend on him for existence and operation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=Deepak |title=An introduction to Mādhva Vedānta |date=2003 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=978-0-7546-0637-6 |series=Ashgate world philosophies series |location=Aldershot |pages=52}}</ref>

===Tantra=== thumb|200px|right|Air is blue circle. Earth is yellow square. Fire is red triangle. Water is silver crescent. Aether is the black egg. In Hindu tantrism, there are five tattvas (''pañcatattva'') which create global energy cycles of ''tattvic tides'' beginning at dawn with ''Akasha'' and ending with ''Prithvi'':<ref>Rama Prasad: ''Nature's Finer Forces. The Science of Breath and the Philosophy of the Tattvas.'' 1889 / Kessinger Publishing 2010, {{ISBN|978-1162567242}}</ref> #''Akasha'' (Aether tattva) – symbolized by a black egg. #''Vayu'' (Air tattva) – symbolized by a blue circle. #''Agni'' (Fire tattva) – symbolized by a red triangle. #''Apas'' (Water tattva) – symbolized by a silver crescent. #''Prithvi'' (Earth tattva) – symbolized by a yellow square. Each complete cycle lasts two hours.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Greer |first=John Michael |author-link=John Michael Greer |title=The New Encyclopedia of the Occult |title-link=The New Encyclopedia of the Occult |publisher=Llewellyn Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-56718-336-8 |location=St. Paul |pages=470-471}}</ref> This system of five tattvas which each can be combined with another, was also adapted by the Golden Dawn (Tattva vision).

====''Panchatattva'' in ''Ganachakra'' and ''Pañcamakara''==== {{main|Ganachakra|Panchamakara}} John Woodroffe (1918),<ref>Source: [http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/sas/sas27.htm] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007)</ref> affirms that the Panchamrita of Tantra, Hindu and Buddhist traditions are directly related to the ''mahābhūta'' or great elements and that the ''pañcamakara'' is actually a vulgar term for the ''pañcatattva'' and affirms that this is cognate with Ganapuja: {{blockquote| Worship with the Pañcatattva generally takes place in a Chakra or circle composed of men and women, Sadhakas and Sadhikas, Bhairavas and Bhairavis sitting in a circle, the Shakti being on the Sadhaka's left. Hence it is called Chakrapuja. A Lord of the Chakra (Chakreshvara) presides sitting with his Shakti in the center. During the Chakra, there is no distinction of caste, but Pashus of any caste are excluded. There are various kinds of Chakra -- productive, it is said, of differing fruits for the participator therein. As amongst Tantrik Sadhakas we come across the high, the low, and mere pretenders, so the Chakras vary in their characteristics from say the Tattva-chakra for the Brahma-kaulas, and the Bhairavi-chakra (as described in Mahanirvana, VII. 153) in which, in lieu of wine, the householder fakes milk, sugar and honey (Madhura-traya), and in lieu of sexual union does meditation upon the Lotus Feet of the Divine Mother with Mantra, to Chakras the ritual of which will not be approved such as Cudachakra, Anandabhuvana-yoga and others referred to later.}} "Chakrapuja" is cognate with Ganachakra or Ganachakrapuja.

==Ayyavazhi== {{Main|Tattva (Ayyavazhi)}} Tattvas are the 96 qualities or properties of the human body according to Akilattirattu Ammanai, the religious book of Ayyavazhi.

==Siddha medicine== {{main|Tattva (Siddha medicine)}}

The Siddha system of traditional medicine ({{indic|lang=ta|indic=சித்த மருத்துவம்|trans=Citta maruttuvam}}) of ancient India was derived by the Siddhars of Tamil Nadu.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/20/stories/2010022051200200.htm Team visits Government Siddha Medical College] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105004924/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/20/stories/2010022051200200.htm |date=2013-11-05 }}, ''The Hindu'', Saturday, 20 Feb 2010.</ref> According to this tradition, the human body is composed of 96 constituent principles or ''tattvas''. Siddhas fundamental principles never differentiated people from the universe. According to them, "Nature is people and people is nature and therefore both are essentially one. People is said to be the microcosm and the Universe is Macrocosm, because what exists in the Universe exists in people."<ref>[http://siddhadreams.wordpress.com/siddha-medicine/ Siddha – a unique system Dr. R. Kannan]</ref>

==Jainism== {{Jainism}} {{Main|Tattva (Jainism)}} Jain philosophy can be described in various ways, but the most acceptable tradition is to describe it in terms of the ''tattvas'' or fundamentals. Without knowing them one cannot progress towards liberation. According to the major Jain text Tattvartha Sutra, these are:{{sfn|Jain|2011|p=3}}

# Jiva – Souls. # Ajiva – Soulless objects. # Asrava – Influx of karma. # Bandha – The bondage of karma. # Samvara – The stoppage of influx of karma. # Nirjara – Shedding of karma. # Moksha – Liberation.

Each one of these fundamental principles are discussed and explained by Jain scholars in depth.<ref>Mehta, T.U. ''Path of Arhat - A Religious Democracy'', Volume 63 Page 112, Faridabad: Pujya Sohanalala Smaraka Parsvanatha Sodhapitha, 1993.</ref> There are two examples that can be used to explain the above principle intuitively. * A man rides a wooden boat to reach the other side of the river. Now the man is ''Jiva'', the boat is ''ajiva''. Now the boat has a leak and water flows in. That incoming of water is ''Asrava'' and accumulating there is ''Bandha''. Now the man tries to save the boat by blocking the hole. That blockage is ''Samvara'' and throwing the water outside is ''Nirjara''. Now the man crosses the river and reaches his destination, ''Moksha''. * Consider a family living in a house. One day, they were enjoying a fresh cool breeze coming through their open doors and windows of the house. However, the weather suddenly changed to a terrible dust storm. The family, realizing the storm, closed the doors and windows. But, by the time they could close all the doors and windows some of the dust had been blown into the house. After closing the doors and the windows, they started clearing the dust that had come in to make the house clean again.

This simple scenario can be interpreted as follows: # Jivas are represented by the living people. # Ajiva is represented by the house. # Asrava is represented by the influx of dust. # Bandha is represented by the accumulation of dust in the house. # Samvara is represented by the closing of the doors and windows to stop the accumulation of dust. # Nirjara is represented by the cleaning up of already collected dust from the house. # Moksha is represented by the cleaned house, which is similar to the shedding off all karmic particles from the soul.

==Buddhism== {{Main|Abhidharma|Dharma theory}} In Buddhism, the term "''dhamma''" is being used for the constitutional elements. Early Buddhist philosophy used several lists, such as ''namarupa'' and the five ''skandhas'', to analyse reality. The Theravada Abhidhamma tradition elaborated on these lists, using over 100 terms to analyse reality.

==References== {{reflist|2}}

==Sources== {{refbegin}} *{{citation|last=Jain|first=Vijay K.|title=Acharya Umasvami's Tattvārthsūtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLmx9bvtglkC|year=2011|publisher=Vikalp Printers|isbn=978-81-903639-2-1|quote=Non-Copyright}} * {{Citation | last =Osto | first =Douglas | title =No-Self in Sāṃkhya: A Comparative Look at Classical Sāṃkhya and Theravāda Buddhism | journal =Philosophy East and West |volume=68 |issue=1 |date=January 2018 | pages =201–222 | doi =10.1353/pew.2018.0010 | s2cid =171859396 | url =https://muse.jhu.edu/article/682202| url-access =subscription }} * Prasad, Ram (1997). ''Nature's Finer Forces: The Science of Breath and the Philosophy of the Tattvas''. Kessinger. {{ISBN|1-56459-803-9}} * Ramacharaka Yogi (1997). ''Science of Breath''. Kessinger. {{ISBN|1-56459-744-X}} * Singh, Jaideva (1979). ''Siva Sutras: The Yoga of Supreme Identity''. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. *Avalon, Arthur (Sir John Woodroffe) (1918). ''Shakti and Shâkta''. Full text available online: [http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/sas/index.htm] (accessed: Monday July 9, 2007) {{refend}}

Category:Classical elements Category:Hindu philosophical concepts Category:Shaivism Category:Vaishnavism Category:Tantra Category:Jain philosophy Category:Sanskrit words and phrases Category:Ontology