{{Short description|Germanic goddess}} In Germanic paganism, '''Tamfana''' is a goddess. The destruction of a temple dedicated to the goddess is recorded by Roman senator Tacitus to have occurred during a massacre of the Germanic Marsi by forces led by Roman general Germanicus. Scholars have analyzed the name of the goddess (without reaching consensus) and have advanced theories regarding her role in Germanic paganism.
==Attestations== In book 1, chapters 50 and 51 of his ''Annals'', Tacitus says that forces led by Germanicus massacred the men, women, and children of the Marsi during the night of a festival near the location of a temple dedicated to Tanfana: {| | <small>Original Latin (first century CE):</small> : :''iuvit nox sideribus inlustris, ventumque ad vicos Marsorum et circumdatae stationes stratis etiam tum per cubilia properterque mensas, nullo metu, non antepositis vigiliis: adea cuncta incuria disiecta erant, neque belli timor, ac ne pax quidem nisi linguida et soluta inter temultentos.'' : :51. ''Caesar avidas legiones, quo latior populatio foret, quattuor in cuneos dispertit; quinquaginta milium spatium ferro flammisque pervastat. non sexus, non aetas miserationem attulit: profana simul et sacra et celeberrimum illis gentibus templum quod Tamfanae vocabant solo aequantur. sine vulnere milites, qui semisomnos, inermos aut palantis ceciderant. excivit ea caedes Bructeros, Tubantes, Usipetes; saltusque per quos exercitui regressus insedere.''<ref name="FROST-44-45">Frost (1872:44-45).</ref> | <small>Church and Brodribb translation (1876):</small> : They were helped by a night of bright starlight, reached the villages of the Marsi, and threw their pickets round the enemy, who even then were stretched on beds or at their tables, without the least fear, or any sentries before their camp, so complete was their careless and disorder; and of war indeed there was no apprehension. Peace it certainly was not—merely the languid and heedless ease of half-intoxicated people. : 51. Cæsar, to spread devastation more widely, divided his eager legions into four columns, and ravaged a space of fifty miles with fire and sword. Neither sex nor age moved his compassion. Everything, sacred or profane, the temple too of Tamfana, as they called it, the special resort of all those tribes, was levelled to the ground. There was not a wound among our soldiers, who cut down a half asleep, an unarmed, or a straggling foe. The Bructeri, Tubantes, and Usipetes, were roused by this slaughter, and beset the forest passes through which the army had to return.<ref name="CHURCH-BRODRIBB-1876">Church & Brodribb (1876:25).</ref> | |}
There is no undisputed testimony of this goddess besides the passage in Tacitus. An inscription ''Tamfanae sacrum'' was found in Terni, but is considered a falsification by Pyrrhus Ligorius.<ref name=Grimm80n1>Jacob Grimm, ''Teutonic Mythology'', tr. James Steven Stallybrass, volume 1, London: Bell, 1882, [https://books.google.com/books?id=neQtAAAAIAAJ&q=the+word+is+certainly+German%2C+and+formed+like+Hludana%2C+Sigana&pg=PA257 p. 80, note 1].</ref> She is also mentioned, as ''Zamfana'', in the supposed Old High German lullaby, which was accepted by Jacob Grimm,<ref>Jacob Grimm, "Über die Göttin Tanfana," ''Monatsberichte der Berliner Akademie'' (1859, March 10), [https://books.google.com/books?id=JSdJAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA254 pp. 254–58], repr. in ''Kleinere Schriften'', ed. Karl Müllenhoff, volume 5, Berlin: Dümmler, 1871, p. 418–21, [https://books.google.com/books?id=12xBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA418 p. 418] {{in lang|de}}</ref> but is considered now by most experts a probable forgery.<ref>Cyril W. Edwards, '[https://archive.org/details/beginningsofgerm0000edwa/page/143/mode/1up The Strange Case of the Old High German Lullaby]', in his: ''The Beginnings of German Literature: Comparative and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Old High German'', Rochester, NY 2002, p. 142-165.</ref>
==Theories and interpretation== Since ''fana'' is Latin for "temple", it has been suggested that the name Tamfana was derived from a temple dedicated to a god ''Tan''. The 16th-century scholar Justus Lipsius thought it concerned a Celtic word ''tan'', meaning "fire". Other scholars thought the word was derived from German ''Tanne'' "pine tree", or that it might mean "collective."<ref>Thomas Smith, ed. Francis Smith, ''Arminius: A History of the German People and of their Legal and Constitutional Customs, from the Days of Julius Caesar to the Time of Charlemagne'', London: Blackwood, 1861, OCLC 34219379, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XVvHS-6riMsC&dq=Tanfana&pg=PA126 p. 126].</ref><ref>Johannes Bühler, ''Deutsche Geschichte'' volume 1 ''Urzeit, Bauerntum und Aristokratie bis um 1100'', Berlin: de Gruyter, 1934, repr. 1960, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nwMoAQAAIAAJ&q=Tanfana p. 371 note] {{in lang|de}}.</ref> The 19th-century antiquarian Thomas Smith believed it was a ''Wotanfana'', a temple dedicated to Wodan. Amateur etymologies were rejected by Grimm, among others;<ref>"Weder westphälische Grütze noch Götter", ''Archiv für Geschichte und Alterthumskunde Westphalens'' 2 (1827), nr. 1, p. 64–68, 64, repr. in ''Kleinere Schriften'' volume 6, Berlin: Dümmler, 1882, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj0CAAAAQAAJ&dq=Tanfana&pg=PA374 p. 374–380, 374] {{in lang|de}}.</ref> he called the name "certainly German," the ''-ana'' ending being also found in ''Hludana'', ''Bertana'', ''Rapana'', and ''Madana''.<ref name=Grimm80n1/><ref name=Grimm257>Grimm, ''Teutonic Mythology'', volume 1, [https://books.google.com/books?id=neQtAAAAIAAJ&dq=Grimm,+Stallybrass,+Teutonic+Mythology+Tanfana&pg=PA257 p. 257].</ref>
The passage is one of few to contradict Tacitus' own statement in ''Germania'' that the Germanic tribes did not have temples.<ref>Grimm, ''Teutonic Mythology'' volume 1, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=neQtAAAAIAAJ&q=The+most+weighty+and+significant+passages+relating+to+this+part+of+the+subject+seem+to+be+the+following%3A&pg=PA257 79–80], [https://books.google.com/books?id=neQtAAAAIAAJ&q=In+all+probability+the+sanctuary+of+Tanfana+which+Germanicus+demolished&pg=PA257 84].</ref><ref>E. O. G. Turville-Petre, ''Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia'', London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964, OCLC 3264532, p. 236.</ref> The historian Wilhelm Engelbert Giefers proposed 1883 that ''Tanfana'' derived from ''tanfo'', cognate with Latin ''truncus'', and referred to a grove on the site of the Eresburg, related to the Irminsul.<ref>Grimm, ''Teutonic Mythology'' volume 4 (Supplement), London: Bell, 1883, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xMAoAAAAYAAJ&q=that+Tanfana+may+come+from+tanfo%2C+truncus&pg=PA1311 pp. 1311–12].</ref>
Many suggestions have been made since then about the goddess' name and nature. Grimm was unable to interpret it, but suggested variously that it was connected to ''Stempe'', a name of Berchte,<ref name=Grimm257/><ref>Grimm, ''Teutonic Mythology'' volume 1, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YxwAAAAAQAAJ&q=Martin+of+Amberg&pg=PR6 p. 278].</ref> that she was named for an association with a sieve,<ref>Grimm, ''Teutonic Mythology'' volume 3, London: Bell, 1883, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OREVAAAAYAAJ&q=that+would+look+heathenish&pg=PA1108 p. 1109, note 1].</ref> and, based on the now discredited lullaby, that her name meant "bountiful, merciful."<ref>Grimm, "Über die Göttin Tanfana," p. 419.</ref> Based on folklore and toponymy, Friedrich Woeste proposed that the name was cognate with German ''zimmern'' and meant "builder" or "nourisher";<ref>Friedrich Woeste, "Spuren weiblicher Gottheiten in den Überlieferungen der Grafschaft Mark," ''Zeitschrift für deutsche Mythologie'' 1 (1853) 384–96, 2 (1855), 81–99, pp. 385–88 {{in lang|de}}.</ref> based on the season at which the festival and the Roman attack took place, Karl Müllenhoff proposed she was a goddess of harvest plenty, properly *''Tabana'', cognate with Greek words for "expenditure" and (hypothetically) "unthrifty"; others added Icelandic and Norwegian words for "fullness, swelling," "to stuff," and "large meal."<ref>Karl Müllenhoff, "Verderbte Namen bei Tacitus," ''Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum'' 9 (1853) 223–61, pp. 258–59 and "Tanfana," ''Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum'' 23 (1879) 23–25 {{in lang|de}}; Rudolf Koegel, ''Geschichte der deutschen Literatur bis zum Ausgang des Mittelalters'', reported in Hans Krahe, "Tamfana," ''PBB'' 58 (1934) 282–87, p. 287 {{in lang|de}}.</ref> These ideas are considered outdated by modern folklore scholarship.
In the Dutch city of Oldenzaal the 19th-century antiquarian and school principal Jan Weeling developed the idea that the temple was located in the district of Twente, where the Tubanti as allies of the Marsi had been situated. Based on contemporary legends he located the Tamfana-temple on the slope of the 85 m Tankenberg, a moraine hill east of Enschede, where he took the initiative to place a memorial stone in the 1840s. He also claimed that a heavy boulder with ceremonial functions in the centre of town ("de Groote Steen") originally stemmed from the supposed temple, but was moved into the city around 1710. A local spring might also date from prehistoric times. These ideas were endorsed in 1929 by the archivist A.G. de Bruyn, who studied Oldenzaal folklore. De Bruyn returned to the original idea of splitting the name into ''Tan'' and ''fana''. on toponymic grounds. He found extra proof in the seal of the neighbouring baily of Ommen from 1336, depicting the patron saint Brigid of Kildare holding a palm branch, and accompanied by a lion, an eagle, and an eight-pointed star, apparently representing the sun. According to De Bruyn, the woman depicted on the seal was holding a fir tree, and he speculated that she depicted a moon or a mother deity, possibly related to the Carthaginian goddess Tanit.<ref name=Geesten>A.G. de Bruyn, ''[https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB18A:026207000:00046 Geesten en goden in oud Oldenzaal]'', Oldenzaal 1929, p. 42–48 ([https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB18A:026207000:00087 illustration on p. 87]) {{in lang|nl}}.</ref><ref>On the seal (wrongly dated): Harry Woerink, "[https://weblog.oudommen.nl/1960/01/01/het-wapen-van-ommen/ Het wapen van Ommen]", ''Oud-Ommen'' 1960 (Weblog Oud-Ommen).</ref>
De Bruyn's speculations were not endorsed by professional historians. They gained renewed popularity by a recent book by Rudi Klijnstra, who connected local folklore with New age-ideas about Mother goddesses.<ref name=Geesten/><ref>Rudi Klijnstra, ''Tanfana, de Twentse Godin: haar mythen, legenden & heilige plaatsen'', Hengelo: Annwn, 2007, {{ISBN|978-90-902155-6-3}} {{in lang|nl}},</ref>
Rudolf Simek notes that an autumnal festival aligns with Old Norse attestations of the ''dísablót'', a celebration of the ''dísir'', female beings with parallels to the West Germanic cult of the Matres and Matronae. Simek says that Tamfana is perhaps best considered in the context of the widespread veneration of the Germanic Matres and Matronae.<ref name="SIMEK-310">Simek (2007:310).</ref>
==See also== * Baduhenna, a Germanic goddess mentioned by Tacitus in his ''Annals'' * "Isis" of the Suebi, a Germanic goddess mentioned by Tacitus in his ''Germania'' * Nerthus, a Germanic goddess mentioned by Tacitus in his ''Germania'' * Regnator omnium deus, a Germanic god mentioned by Tacitus in his ''Germania''
==Notes== {{reflist|2}}
==References== {{refbegin}} * Church, Alfred John. Brodribb, William Jackson (Trans.) (1876). ''Annals of Tacitus''. MacMillan and Co. * Frost, Percival (1872). ''The Annals of Tacitus''. Whittaker & Co. * Simek, Rudolf (2001 [1993]). ''Dictionary of Northern Mythology''. D. S. Brewer. {{refend}}
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Category:Germanic goddesses Category:Marsi (Germanic) Category:Germanicus Category:Odin