Taliq script

{{Short description|Script style in Persian calligraphy}} {{Infobox writing system |name = Taliq |sample = File:Calligraphy by Kamal al-Din.jpg |caption = Page of calligraphy in ''taliq'' script signed by Ekhtiyar Monshi Gonabadi. Iran, 1541-42 (948 A.H.). Freer Gallery of Art |type = Abjad |languages = Persian }} The '''taʿlīq''' ({{Langx|fa|{{nq|تعلیق}}|lit=hanging}}) '''script''' is a calligraphic hand in Islamic calligraphy typically used for official documents written in Persian. Literally meaning ''hanging'' or ''suspended'' script, it emerged in the mid‑13th century CE and was widely used, especially in chanceries of Iranian states, although from the early 16th century onward it lost ground to another ''hanging'' script, the increasingly popular ''nastaliq''.<ref name="Iranica">{{Cite web |url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calligraphy | title = CALLIGRAPHY |author = Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi | website = Encyclopædia Iranica |language = en}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|p=270-271}}

''Taliq'' had a long gestation. The Persian style of writing ''naskh'' underwent gradual changes from the 11th century onward, and those changes, together with some borrowings from ''tawqi'' and ''riqa''', resulted in the emergence of ''taliq'' script in the mid‑13th century CE.<ref name="Iranica"/>{{sfn|Blair|p=271}} ''Taliq'' shares many peculiarities with these three scripts, "but is more stylized. It revels in curvilinear elements, extraneous loops, extreme contrasts between compression and expansion, and connected letters, all traits that make it difficult for the novice to decipher".{{sfn|Blair|p=271}}

In ''taliq'' words and detached letters could be joined, which allowed for speedy writing and made it suitable for official correspondence.<ref name="Iranica"/> By the late thirteenth century ''taliq'' had achieved a definitive style, sometimes called ''taliq-i qadim'' (old ''taliq'') or ''taliq-i asl'' (original ''taliq''), "probably driven in part by the burgeoning Ilkhanid bureaucracy’s need to standardize written Persian".{{sfn|Blair|p=271}} (see firman of Sadr al-Din Zanjani, vizier of ilkhan Gaykhatu). In order to write even faster, chancery clerks (''munshi'') streamlined the script by increasing the number of unorthodox ligatures and dropping the pointing on many letters. Some letters were reduced in size, while others were written with thinner strokes or in new shapes. This new style known as ''shikasta taliq'' (broken, i.e., truncated and simplified ''taliq'') (sometimes also called ''khatt-i tarassol'' - "correspondence script") was used systematically from the end of the 14th century.<ref name="Iranica"/>{{sfn|Blair|p=273}}

According to Safavid authors (like Dust Muhammad or Qadi Ahmad) ''shikasta taliq'' have been invented, or at least defined, by Taj al-Din Salmani, a scribe working in the court of Timur (r. 1370-1405), and perfected by ʿAbd-al-Hayy Astarabadi, chief clerk under Timur's grandson Abu Sa'id (r. 1451-1469). ʿAbd-al-Hayy developed two varieties of ''taliq'' – a more flowing style associated with the Timurids in Khurasan and a more linear and solid style associated with Aq Qoyunlu in Iraq and Azerbaijan.<ref name="Iranica"/>{{sfn|Blair|p=270, 273}} The biographers mention Darvish 'Abdallah Munshi as the most famous calligrapher in the Khurasan style<ref name="Hamid Reza Afsari">{{Cite web |url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/calligraphy-COM_05000067?s.num=3 |title = Calligraphy |author = Hamid Reza Afsari | website = Encyclopaedia Islamica |date = 17 June 2021 |language = en}}</ref> (see letter by his hand). The most important ''taliq'' calligrapher of Safavid period was Ekhtiyar Monshi Gonabadi (d. 1582), after whom "no calligraphers dedicated themselves with the same seriousness to Ta‘liq calligraphy because the same century saw the flowering of the Nasta‘liq script".<ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.reed.edu/persian-calligraphy/en/ekhtiyar-monshi-gonabadi/index.html | title = Ekhtiyār Monshi Gonābādi |author = | website = Anthology of Iranian Masters of Calligraphy|language = en}}</ref>

Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi stressed that ''shikasta taliq'' "is a script devised for rapid writing and therefore one in which intertwining is allowed, that is, unjoinable letters as well as two or more words are joined together. The strokes, except in certain contexts, are predominantly round, and the pen is moved smoothly. The sizes of letters and words are not uniform, and if there is any consistency in the composition, it is very different from the neat symmetry to be seen in other scripts".<ref name="Iranica"/>

In the 15th century ''taliq'' was also used in the Ottoman Empire. Following the expansion of imperial chancery after conquest of Constantinople in 1453 Ottoman scribes began to elaborate ''taliq'' script, developing the distinctive Ottoman style known as ''divani''.{{sfn|Blair|p=508}} ''Taliq'' is also generally used as the name for the ''nastaliq'' script in the Turkish language<ref>{{cite book|last1=Derman|first1=M. Uğur|title=Letters in Gold: Ottoman Calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı Collection, Istanbul|date=1998|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|isbn=0810965267|page=17}}</ref> and often in the Arabic language.<ref>{{cite book|last1=al-Khattat|first1=Hashim Muhammad|title=Qawa'id al-Khatt al-'Arabi|date=1977|location=Baghdad|page=51}}</ref> Traditionally ''taliq'' was considered to be the basis of the ''nastaliq'', but more recent research derive this script from the ''naskh'' alone.{{sfn|Blair|p=274-277}}

<gallery> File:Gaykhatu Farman.jpg|Firman of Sadr al-Din Zanjani, vizier of ilkhan Gaykhatu, dated Jumada II 692/June 1292. Art and History Collection on loan to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery File:Opening page from the manuscript of "Hikmat al-ʿIshraq" by al-Suhrawardi.jpg|Opening page from the manuscript of ''Hikmat al-ʿIshraq'' transcribed by Sayyid Muhammad Munshi for the library of sultan Mehmed II. Istanbul, dated 882 AH (1477-8 CE). Topkapı Palace Museum File:Encomium to the sultan Yaʿqub Aqqoyunlu,.jpg|Encomium to the sultan Yaʿqub Aqqoyunlu (r. 1478-1490), copied in shikasta taliq by ʿAbd al- Hayy ibn Hafiz Shaykh Muhammad al-Bukhari. Topkapı Palace Museum File:Letter in Ta'liq Script MET DP-12721-001.jpg|Letter in ''taliq'' by Darvish 'Abdallah Munshi. Iran, A.H. 911 (1505–6 CE). Metropolitan Museum of Art File:Closing page from a ziyaratnama (letter of recommendation) issued by the shrine of Imam Riza at Mashhad on 5 July 1533.jpg|Closing page from a ''ziyaratnama'' (letter of recommendation) issued by the shrine of Imam Reza at Mashhad on 14 Dhu'l Hijja 944/5 July 1533. Letter recommend Darvish Khidr Shah as a worthy person who had performed the pilgrimage to Mashhad. British Museum File:Farman of Jalal-ud-Din Mohammad Akbar 92.28 Paper 1560 C.E. Persian; Taliq 52 x 26 cm.jpg|Firman of Mughal Emperor Akbar, dated 1560 CE. National Museum of India </gallery>

== Bibliography == * {{Cite book |last=Blair |year=2008 |first=Sheila | author-link=Sheila Blair | title=Islamic Calligraphy |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0748612123 |ref={{SfnRef|Blair}}}}

==References== {{Commons category|Taliq}} {{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taliq Script}} Category:Islamic calligraphy Category:Persian calligraphy Category:Persian orthography Category:Handwriting script