{{Short description|Prime Minister of Nigeria from 1960 to 1966}} {{redirect|Tafawa Balewa|the local government area|Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi|the public square in Lagos|Tafawa Balewa Square}} {{Use Nigerian English|date=April 2023}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = The Right Honourable ''Alhaji'' | name = Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa | honorific_suffix = KBE | image = Tafawa_Balewa_in_office_02.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = | office = 1st Head of the Nigerian Government | term_start = 1 October 1960 | term_end = 15 January 1966 | monarch = Elizabeth II {{small|(until 1963)}} | governor-general = {{plainlist| * Sir James Wilson Robertson {{small|(until 1960)}} * Nnamdi Azikiwe {{small|(1960–1963)}} }} | president = Nnamdi Azikiwe {{small|(from 1963)}} | predecessor = ''Himself''<br />{{small|(as Chief Minister)}} | successor = ''Position abolished''<br />({{small|Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi as Military head of state}}) | office1 = Chief Minister of Nigeria | term_start1 = 30 August 1957 | term_end1 = 1 October 1960 | monarch1 = Elizabeth II | governor-general1 = Sir James Wilson Robertson | predecessor1 = ''Position established'' | successor1 = ''Himself''<br />{{small|(as Prime Minister)}} | office2 = Deputy Leader of the Northern People's Congress | term_start2 = 30 August 1957 | term_end2 = 15 January 1966 | leader2 = Sir Ahmadu Bello | predecessor2 = ''Position established'' | successor2 = ''Position abolished'' | office3 = {{ubl|Member of Parliament|for Bauchi South West<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nksIAQAAIAAJ&q=abubakar+tafawa+balewa+constituency | title=The Nigerian Federal Election of 1959: Politics and Administration in a Developing Political System | last1=Post | first1=Ken | date=18 December 1963}}</ref>}} | term_start3 = 1954 | term_end3 = 15 January 1966 | birth_name = Mallam Abubakar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jfk.artifacts.archives.gov/people/460/abubakar-tafawa-balewa|title=Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|website=jfk.artifacts.archives.gov}}</ref> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|12||df=y}} | birth_place = Bauchi, Northern Nigeria Protectorate | death_date = {{Death date and age|1966|1|15|1912|12||df=y}} | death_place = near Lagos, Nigeria | resting_place = Tafawa Balewa's tomb | party = Northern People's Congress | spouse = | children = | parent = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * Barewa College * University of London Institute of Education }} | occupation = Politician }} thumb|Pronunciation of ''Abubakar Tafawa Balewa''
Sir '''Abubakar Tafawa Balewa'''{{Audio|LL-Q56475 (hau)-Eunice Ameh-Abubakar Tafewa Balewa.wav|Listen|help=no }} {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|KBE|PC}} (December 1912 – 15 January 1966) was the first and only Prime Minister of Nigeria. A dominant figure of Nigerian Independence, he was a conservative Anglophile. His political career spanned almost a quarter of a century.
==Early years, 1912–1947== Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was born in the village of Tafawa Balewa in Lere district of Bauchi province, Northern Nigeria Protectorate, in December 1912. He is the eldest child. His father was Yakubu Dan Zalla,a gerawa man who married a Fulani woman, Fatima Inna. Balewa studied in a Madrasa at Bauchi before proceeding to an elementary school in Tafawa Balewa village and completed at Bauchi Government Provincial School. He studied at Katsina Higher College (presently called Barewa College) from 1928 to 1932 and became a secondary school teacher thereafter. In 1944 he became the headmaster of Bauchi middle school. After two years, he moved to the University of London Institute of Education, where he obtained an overseas teacher's certificate. Returning to Nigeria, he worked as Bauchi native authority educational assistant and a member of the advisory council of Emir Yakubu III. Balewa was later made the inspector of schools in Bauchi Province.{{sfn|Clark|2004|p=1}}
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== Political rise, 1947–1957 == Balewa was elected to the Central Legislative Council in 1947 after local authorities accepted the public's declaration that he should be the representative of Bauchi at the Northern House of Assembly. In 1949, he was promoted to the rank of an education officer along four other native authority educational assistants, citing the lack of senior service northerners with university degrees.
In the early 1950s, the British governor-general, John Macpherson, introduced electoral college system, hence, in 1951, the Northern People's Congress (NPC) was established of which Balewa was a member. In 1952 he moved to Lagos as a member of the central house of representatives, and became minister of works. When the 1954 federal constitution was established, Balewa was selected as one of the three northern members of the council of ministers. He also served as the minister of transportation. In the same year, during the election of the president general of NPC party, he lost to Ahmadu Bello but became the vice-president.{{sfn|Clark|2004|p=2-3}}
[[File:ASC Leiden - NSAG - Crebolder 2 - 40 - Independence ceremony. Robertson GG, Princess Alexandra, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, President - Lagos, Nigeria - October 1, 1960.tif|thumb|alt=see caption|Balewa (far right), with Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy, for the proclamation of independence celebrations in Lagos]] In 1957, NPC won the plurality of votes in the Federal House of Representatives and Balewa became the Chief Minister and designated Prime Minister. As part of his plans to unify the country towards the move for independence in 1960, he formed a coalition government between the NPC and the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), led by Nnamdi Azikiwe and also invited the Action Group (A.G.), the 1957 cabinet was constituted as an all party cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=abubakar tafawa balewa spouse|url=https://susanneo.com/4bon4sd3/bc8fb0-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-spouse|access-date=26 May 2021|website=susanneo.com|archive-date=26 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526123756/https://susanneo.com/4bon4sd3/bc8fb0-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-spouse|url-status=dead}}</ref> Though, Awolowo, the leader of A.G. and premier of the Western region was skeptical of the plan,<ref>{{Cite book|last=A.|first=Joseph, Richard|title=Democracy and prebendal politics in Nigeria : the rise and fall of the Second Republic|date=6 February 2014|isbn=9781107633537|location=Cambridge|pages=34|oclc=864086426}}</ref> the national executive committee of Action Group party endorsed the National Government and Ayo Rosiji and Samuel Akintola were nominated by the party. During this period, Balewa developed a close relationship with K.O. Mbadiwe from NCNC and Akintola from AG.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Nigerian heroes.|last1=Nigeria|last2=Federal Department of Information|date=1982|publisher=Federal Dept. of Information|location=Lagos|oclc = 18561384}}</ref>
== Prime Minister of Nigeria == {{See also|Cabinet of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa}}[[File:President John F. Kennedy with Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Prime Minister of Nigeria (06).jpg|thumb|left|Balewa at the White House with President Kennedy, 1961]]
Balewa retained the post of Prime Minister of Nigeria when Nigeria gained independence in 1960 and was reelected in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Umar|first=Fahad Muhammad|title=Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|url=https://www.academia.edu/30824509}}</ref>
He announced independence in a motion to Parliament on 18 January 1959:
{{Blockquote|text=That this House authorizes the Government of the Federation of Nigeria to request Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom as soon as practicable to introduce a legislation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom providing for the establishment of the Federation of Nigeria on October 1, 1960 as an Independent Sovereign State, and to request Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom at the appropriate time to support with the other Member Governments of the Commonwealth, Nigeria's desire to become a member of the Commonwealth.
This is a great day for Nigeria. It marks the beginning of the last stage of our march toward independence and all of us who are here today should be thankful to Almighty God who has given us the opportunity to witness the events of this most memorable time.|source=<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/teaching-resources-for-historians/teaching-and-learning-in-the-digital-age/through-the-lens-of-history-biafra-nigeria-the-west-and-the-world/the-first-nigerian-republic-formation-and-operation/a-northern-nigerian-call-for-independence | title=A Northern Nigerian Call for Independence | AHA}}</ref>|author=Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|title=''Mr. Prime Minister: A Selection of Speeches Made by Alhaii the Right Honourable Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa''}}
=== Domestic policy ===
==== The Republic ==== Nigeria adopted a new constitution in 1963 which abolished the monarchy and the office of governor-general, with Nigeria becoming a parliamentary republic within the Commonwealth and Nnamdi Azikiwe as President of Nigeria and head of state.<ref name="onwuekwe">{{cite book |author=Chika B. Onwuekwe |title=The Foundations of Nigeria: Essays in Honor of Toyin Falola |date=2003 |publisher=Africa World Press |isbn=1-59221-120-8 |editor=Adebayo Oyebade |pages=172–173 |chapter=Constitutional Development, 1914–1960: British Legacy or Local Exigency?}}</ref>
==== Regional policy ==== Prior to Nigeria's independence, a constitutional conference<ref>{{Cite web |title=open_access_etds |url=https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3529&context=open_access_etds |website=pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu}}</ref> in 1954 had adopted a regional political framework for the country, with all regions given a considerable amount of political freedom. The three regions then were composed of diverse cultural groups.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria (Constitutional Conference) (Hansard, 10 February 1954)|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1954/feb/10/nigeria-constitutional-conference|access-date=26 May 2021|website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref> The premiers and some prominent leaders of the regions later took on a policy of guiding their regions against political encroachment from other regional leaders. Later on, this political environment influenced the Balewa administration. His term in office was turbulent, with regional factionalism constantly threatening his government.<ref>{{Cite news |last=sunnews |date=16 August 2017 |title=Accord Concondiale: The continuous search for Nigeria's elusive unity (10) |url=https://sunnewsonline.com/accord-concondiale-the-continuous-search-for-nigerias-elusive-unity-10/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=21 September 2023 |newspaper=The Sun}}</ref>
However, a treason charge and conviction against one of the western region's leaders, Obafemi Awolowo, led to protest and condemnation from many of his supporters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharpeville massacre {{!}} Summary, Significance, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Sharpeville-massacre |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> The 1965 election in the region later produced violent protests. Rioting and violence were soon synchronous with what was perceived as inordinate political encroachment and an over-exuberant election outcome for Awolowo's western opponents.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Between S.L. Akintola and Obafemi Awolowo, By Femi Fani-Kayode |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/150646-s-l-akintola-obafemi-awolowo-femi-fani-kayode.html?tztc=1 |access-date=21 September 2023 |newspaper=Premium Times}}</ref>
=== Foreign policy === As Prime Minister of Nigeria, Balewa, from 1960 to 1961, doubled as Foreign Affairs advocate of Nigeria. In 1961, the Balewa government created an official Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Relations ministerial position in favour of Jaja Wachuku who became, from 1961 to 1965, the first substantive Nigerian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Commonwealth Relations, later called External Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MFA Nigeria |url=http://www.nigeria-consulate-frankfurt.de/English/MFA-Nigeria/mfa-nigeria.html |access-date=26 May 2021 |website=www.nigeria-consulate-frankfurt.de}}</ref> A week after taking office, he arrived in the United States on his first foreign visit to address the United Nations.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Web |date=11 January 2013 |title=Maiden General Assembly Statement at the United Nations |url=http://nigeriaunmission.org/maiden-speech-at-the-un/ |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Permanent Mission of Nigeria to the United Nations, New York}}</ref>
==== Africa ==== However, as Prime Minister of Nigeria, Balewa played important roles in the continent's formative indigenous rule. He was an important leader in the formation of the Organisation of African Unity and creating a cooperative relationship with French speaking African countries. He was also instrumental in negotiations between Moise Tshombe and the Congolese authorities during the Congo Crisis of 1960–1964.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abubakar Tafawa Balewa|url=https://www.isnhof.org/|url-status=live|access-date=26 May 2021|website=Hall of Fame|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524142024/http://isnhof.org/ |archive-date=24 May 2017}}</ref> He led a vocal protest against the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 and also entered into an alliance with Commonwealth ministers who wanted South Africa to leave the Commonwealth in 1961.
==== United States ==== thumb|Prime Minister Balewa (2nd from right) talks to President Kennedy on the first live broadcast via the SYNCOM satellite from Lagos. Balewa visited the US in 1961 for eight days, four of which he spent in Washington at Blair House. During his visit, he became the first Nigerian leader to address a Joint session of the United States Congress and visited the Islamic Center of Washington.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kperogi |first=Farooq A. |title=Tafawa Balewa's Electrifying 1961 American Visit |url=https://www.farooqkperogi.com/2012/04/tafawa-balewas-electrifying-1961.html |access-date=3 August 2023 |website=Notes From Atlanta}}</ref> He had an enormous amount of respect for President John F. Kennedy, describing him, and his age in particular as "matured as that of any older statesman."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/sites/default/files/archives/JFKOH/Balewa%2C%20Alhaji%20Sir%20Abubaker%20Tafawa/JFKOH-AB-01/JFKOH-AB-01-TR.pdf|title=Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Oral History Interview – 5/7/1964}}</ref> He took part in the launch of the Syncom 2 NASA program, allowing him to phone for President Kennedy from the USNS Kingsport docked at Lagos Harbor via the SYNCOM satellite on 23 August 1963.<ref name="lat">{{Cite news |last=Vartabedian |first=Ralph |date=26 July 2013 |title=How a satellite called Syncom changed the world |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-syncom-satellite-20130726-dto-htmlstory.html |access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2016 |title=World's First Geosynchronous Satellite Launched |url=https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/worlds-first-geosynchronous-satellite-launched/ |access-date=25 August 2019 |website=History Channel |publisher=Foxtel |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207144926/https://www.historychannel.com.au/this-day-in-history/worlds-first-geosynchronous-satellite-launched/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Conversation with the Prime Minister of Nigeria by means of the Syncom Communications Satellite, 23 August 1963 {{!}} JFK Library |url=https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHA/1963/JFKWHA-211-003/JFKWHA-211-003 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=www.jfklibrary.org}}</ref> It marked the first live two-way call between heads of government by satellite.
==== Commonwealth ==== Balewa, during his premiership, attached great importance to Nigeria's Commonwealth membership, declaring in a UN speech, "We shall not forget our old friends."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitution and Government |url=https://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1961/196101520134_p.%20134.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
==== Eastern Bloc ==== Balewa had a pro-West orientation in his foreign policy, which represented for abhorrence to USSR and other Eastern Bloc states. As a result, the circulation of communist literature in Nigeria was banned and students were discouraged from taking Soviet educational scholarship. Balewa had personally assured the British government "we shall use every means in our power to prevent the infiltration of communism and communist ideas into Nigeria." At one point, the Soviets were implicated in a plot to overthrow Balewa's government.<ref>{{Cite journal |title= Russo/Nigerian Relations in the Context of Counterinsurgency Operation in Nigeria|year=2019 |doi=10.1177/0973598418803526 |last1=Omotuyi |first1=Sunday |journal=Jadavpur Journal of International Relations |volume=23 |pages=48–68 |s2cid=158967078 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== Overthrow and murder === Balewa was overthrown and murdered in a military coup on 15 January 1966, as were many other leaders, including his old companion Ahmadu Bello. The circumstances of his death still remain unresolved. His body was discovered at a roadside near Lagos six days after he was ousted from office. Balewa was buried in Bauchi. News of his assassination spurred violent riots throughout Northern Nigeria and ultimately led to the bloody counter-coup of July 1966.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Islam and colonialism : intellectual responses of Muslims of Northern Nigeria to British colonial rule|last=Sani.|first=Umar, Muhammad|date=2006|publisher=Brill|isbn=900413946X|location=Leiden|oclc=62554253}}</ref>
thumb|Grave of Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
==Legacy and tributes== ===Literary work=== In 1933, Balewa wrote ''Shaihu Umar'', a novella about a pious Muslim in response to a request by Rupert East, the head of the colonial Translation Bureau, to promote Hausa literature.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Бессмертная|first=Olga Bessmertnaya-Ольга|title=A Hausa Author's Idea of Literature as an" about-face" response to the British literary challenge|url=https://www.academia.edu/562281|journal=Multiculturalism & Hybridity in African ...|date=January 2000}}</ref> ''Shaihu Umar'' was first published in 1934. An English translation by Mervyn Hiskett was published in 1967.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hunwick |first1=John O. |last2=Furniss |first2=Graham |date=1994 |title=Mervyn Hiskett, 1920–1994 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653240 |journal=Sudanic Africa |volume=5 |pages=1–6 |jstor=25653240 |issn=0803-0685}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wright |first=E. |date=1 January 1977 |title=Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Shaihu Umar, (translated and edited by Mervyn Hiskett), Atlantic Highlands, N.J., Humanities Press, 1968, $ 1.00. (Longmans, 1967) Clement Agunwa, More Than Once, Humanities Press, 1968, $ 1.50. (Longmans, 1967) Duro Lapido, Wale Ogunyemi, Obotunde Ijimere, Three Nigerian Plays, (edited by Ulli Beier) Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, N.J., 1968, $ 1.25. (Longmans, 1967) |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jaas/12/1-4/article-p316_49.xml |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |volume=12 |issue=1–4 |pages=316–318 |doi=10.1163/156852177X00495 |issn=1568-5217|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Written in a prose homily structure,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> the protagonist, Shaihu Umar, recounts his events in his life's history. Events and themes in the novel deal with the trans-Saharan slave trade, familial relationships and Islamic themes of submission to the will of God. ''Shaihu Umar'' was staged as a play in the 1970s<ref name=":3" /> and filmed by Adamu Halilu in 1976.<ref>Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike, ''Black African Cinema'' (University of California Press, 2023), p. 164.</ref><ref>IMDb, [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0075207/ Shehu Umar].</ref>
===Political views === Balewa advocated for the creation of a Nigerian Privy Council to domestically replace the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in a speech to the Legislative Council in April 1952. This was due to its judicial committee's seemingly insensitivities to regional differences in court cases.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Information |first=FEDERAL Ministry of |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/handle/20.500.14186/467 |title=Mr Prime Minister |date=1964 |publisher=Federal Ministry of Information}}</ref>
===Honours=== [[File:Tafawa Balewa.jpg|thumb|Statue of Tafawa Balewa in Owerri Imo State]] In January 1960, Balewa was knighted by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Faal|first=Courtney|date=9 May 2009|title=Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa (1912–1966) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/balewa-sir-abubakar-tafawa-1912-1966/|access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref> He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Sheffield in May 1960.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/notes-from-atlanta/gere-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-s-real-ethnic-group/130284.html|title=Gere: Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa's Real Ethnic Group|last=Kperogi|first=Farooq|date=22 January 2016|newspaper=Daily Trust|access-date=5 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924071913/http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/notes-from-atlanta/gere-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-s-real-ethnic-group/130284.html|archive-date=24 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was also awarded an honorary doctorate of laws from the New York University in July 1961.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tafawa Balewa: Remembering the right honourable gentleman - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/tafawa-balewa-remembering-the-right-honourable-gentleman/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |newspaper=Daily Trust|date=16 January 2021}}</ref>
Balewa's portrait was placed on the 5 Naira Note. The Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University and the Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Bauchi State International Airport in Bauchi was named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite news |last=III |first=Editorial |date=17 August 2022 |title=Nigeria in search of another Balewa |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/nigeria-in-search-of-another-balewa/ |location=Abuja, Nigeria|access-date=11 November 2022 |newspaper=Blueprint}}</ref>
==Personal life== Balewa was described as modest and self-effacing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailyadvent.com/index.php/2018/12/19/see-nigerias-ex-leader-buhari-is-being-compared-with/|title=See Nigeria's ex-leader Buhari is being compared with – Daily Advent Nigeria|access-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121151/http://www.dailyadvent.com/index.php/2018/12/19/see-nigerias-ex-leader-buhari-is-being-compared-with/|archive-date=19 January 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> At his death, his major assets included his house in Bauchi and a 50-acre farm where he vacationed when he wanted to relax. The farm was located on the way to Tafawa Balewa village about nine miles outside Bauchi. While in office, many official decisions were reportedly taken at the farm. Balewa was married to four women, who bore him nineteen children.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Master |first=NaijaBlog Talk Zone |date=1 February 2021 |title=See All Assets Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa left for his 4 wives and 19 children (Photos) |url=https://naijablog.ng/2021/02/01/see-all-assets-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-left-for-his-4-wives-and-19-children-photos/ |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=NaijaBlog |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907200442/https://naijablog.ng/2021/02/01/see-all-assets-sir-abubakar-tafawa-balewa-left-for-his-4-wives-and-19-children-photos/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=My husband was tricked and taken away by his orderly – Late Tafawa Balewa's wife - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/my-husband-was-tricked-and-taken-away-by-his-orderly-late-tafawa-balewas-wife/ |access-date=21 September 2023 |newspaper=Daily Trust|date=15 February 2016}}</ref>
Balewa was buried in Tafawa Balewa's tomb at Bauchi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2014 |title=Six must-see places in Bauchi {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/157168-6-must-see-places-bauchi.html |access-date=6 April 2022}}</ref>
==References== {{Reflist}}
===Sources=== * {{cite book | last=Clark | first=A. Trevor | title=Tafawa Balewa, Sir Abubakar (1912–1966), prime minister of Nigeria | publisher=Oxford University Press | volume=1 | date=23 September 2004 | doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36403 | url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-36403 | access-date=10 April 2025}} * {{cite book | last=Clark | first=Trevor| title=A right honourable gentleman : Abubakar from the Black Rock : a narrative chronicle of the life and times of Nigeria's Alhaji Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa | publisher=Edward Arnold | publication-place=London | year=1991 | isbn=978-0-340-56275-8 | oclc=470339031}}
==Further reading== *Kalu Ezera;, Constitutional Developments in Nigeria: An Analytical Study of Nigeria's Constitution-Making Developments and the Historical and Political Factors That Affected Constitutional Change, 1960 *James S. Olson, Robert S. Shadle; Historical Dictionary of the British Empire, Greenwood Press, 1996 *B. I. C. Ijomah, ''The Enigma of Nigerian Nationalism'', Edo State University Publishing House, 1996, {{ISBN|9789782100139}} *Alh. Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa official visit to USA in 25–28 July 1961, YouTube.
==External links== {{Commons category}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Balewa, Abubakar Tafawa}} Category:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa Category:1912 births Category:1966 deaths Category:People from Bauchi State Category:Assassinated Nigerian politicians Category:Prime ministers of Nigeria Category:Foreign ministers of Nigeria Category:Leaders ousted by a coup Category:Deaths by firearm in Nigeria Category:Alumni of the UCL Institute of Education Category: Nigerian recipients of British titles Category:Nigerian knights Category:20th-century knights Category:Nigerian Muslims Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:People murdered in Nigeria Category:Assassinated prime ministers Category:20th-century Nigerian politicians Category:Northern People's Congress politicians Category:Nigerian revolutionaries Category:People from colonial Nigeria Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Category:People murdered in 1966 Category:Politicians assassinated in 1966