Palmyra (modern)

{{Short description|City in central Syria}} {{About|the modern city near the ruins of ancient Palmyra|the ancient city of Palmyra, also called "Tadmur" in Arabic|Palmyra|the planet "Tadmor"|Gamma Cephei Ab}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Palmyra | native_name = {{lang|ar|تَدْمُر}} | other_name = Tadmur | image_skyline = City of Tadmor, Syria.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = The modern town of Palmyra | pushpin_map = Syria | pushpin_mapsize = 250 | pushpin_relief = yes | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Syria | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{SYR}} | subdivision_type1 = Governorate | subdivision_name1 = Homs | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = Tadmur | subdivision_type3 = Subdistrict | subdivision_name3 = Tadmur | settlement_type = City  | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title =  | established_date = | established_title2 =  | established_date2 = | established_title3 =  | established_date3 = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric  | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | population_as_of = 2004 census | population_note = | population_total = 51,323 | population_footnotes = <ref name="CBS"/> | population_demonym = {{langx|ar|تدمري|Tadmuri}} | timezone = AST | utc_offset = +03:00 | coordinates = {{coord|34|33|36|N|38|16|2|E|region:SY|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes =  | elevation_m = 405 | postal_code_type =  | postal_code = | area_code = 31 | geocode = C2889 | website = | footnotes = }} '''Palmyra''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɑː|l|-|m|aɪ|r|ə}}; {{langx|ar|تَدْمُر|Tadmur}}; Palmyrene: {{lang|arc| 𐡶𐡣𐡬𐡥𐡴}} ''Tadmor'') is a city in central Syria, administratively part of the Homs Governorate. It is located in an oasis in the middle of the Syrian Desert {{convert|215|km|mi}} northeast of Damascus<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7729718.stm Syria uncovers 'largest church'] BBC News Online, 14 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-16.</ref> and {{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=off}} southwest of the Euphrates River. The ruins of ancient Palmyra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, are situated about {{convert|500|m|mi|frac=3|abbr=off}} southwest of the modern city centre.<ref name="Carter205"/> Relatively isolated, the nearest localities include Arak to the east, Al-Sukhnah further to the northeast, Tiyas to the west and al-Qaryatayn to the southwest.

==Name== In Arabic, both cities are known as 'Tadmur'. Tadmur is the Semitic and earliest attested native name of the city; it appeared in the first half of the second millennium BC.<ref name="yoel">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1l_MfEV6kkC&pg=PA238|title=A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages|year=1988|page=238|author=Yoël L. Arbeitman|publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=9789068311433}}</ref> The etymology of "Tadmur" is vague; Albert Schultens considered it to be derived from the Semitic word for dates ("Tamar"),{{#tag:ref|The Semitic word T.M.R is the common root for the words that designate palm dates in Arabic, Hebrew, Ge'ez and other Semitic languages.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_9NkGsNtcYC&pg=PA445|title= Hebrew in Its West Semitic Setting: A Comparative Survey of Non-Masoretic Hebrew Dialects and Traditions, Deel 1|author= A. Murtonen|page= 445|year= 1989|publisher= BRILL|isbn= 9004088997}}</ref>|group=note}}<ref name="charnok">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_I2BulY4WvsYC|title=Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names|publisher=Houlston and Wright|year=1859|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_I2BulY4WvsYC/page/n210 200]|author=Richard Stephen Charnock|authorlink=Richard Stephen Charnock}}</ref> in reference to the palm trees that surround the city.{{#tag:ref|The Hebrew Bible mentions "Tadmur" as a city built by Solomon, Schultens' argued that it is written "Tamor", and in the margin "Tadmur".<ref name="charnok" /> Schultens considered "Tamor" to be derived from "Tamar",<ref name="charnok" /> however, the inclusion of a -''d''- in "Tamar" cannot be explained.<ref name="yoel2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1l_MfEV6kkC&pg=PA235|title= A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages|author= Yoël L. Arbeitman|page= 235|year= 1988|publisher= Peeters Publishers|isbn= 9789068311433}}</ref>|group=note}}<ref name="yoel2" /> 13th century Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi states Tadmur was the name of the daughter of one of Noah's distant descendants and that she was buried in the city.<ref name="lestrange541">Le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/541/mode/1up 541]</ref>

In English and other European languages, the ancient and modern cities are commonly known as "Palmyra". The name "Palmyra" appeared during the early first century AD,<ref name="yoel" /> in the works of Pliny the Elder,<ref name="yoe3">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1l_MfEV6kkC&pg=PA248|title= A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages|author= Yoël L. Arbeitman|page= 248|year= 1988|publisher= Peeters Publishers|isbn= 9789068311433}}</ref> and was used throughout the Greco-Roman world.<ref name="charnok" /> The general view holds that "Palmyra" is derived from "Tadmur" either as an alteration, which was supported by Schultens,{{#tag:ref|According to Schultens, the Romans altered the name from "Tadmur" to "Talmura", and afterward to "Palmura" (from the Latin word "palma", meaning palm),<ref name="yoel" /> in reference to the palm trees. Then the name reached its final form "Palmyra".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_I2BulY4WvsYC|title= Local Etymology: A Derivative Dictionary of Geographical Names|publisher=Houlston and Wright|author= Richard Stephen Charnock|page= [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_I2BulY4WvsYC/page/n211 201]|year= 1859}}</ref> |group=note}}<ref name="charnok" /> or as a translation using the Greek word for palm ("palame", παλάμη),{{#tag:ref|The name could be a translation of "Tadmor" (assuming that it meant palm), and derived from the Greek word (Palame).<ref name="yoel2" />|group=note}}<ref name="yoel2" /> which is supported by Jean Starcky.<ref name="yoel" /> Michael Patrick O'Connor argued for a Hurrian origin of both "Palmyra" and "Tadmur",<ref name="yoel" /> citing the incapability of explaining the alterations to the theorized roots of both names, which are represented in the adding of a ''-d-'' to "Tamar" and a ''-ra-'' to "palame".<ref name="yoel2" /> According to this theory, "Tadmur" is derived from the Hurrian word "tad", meaning "to love", + a typical Hurrian mid vowel rising (mVr) formant "mar".<ref name="charnok98">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x1l_MfEV6kkC&pg=PA236|title= A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages|author= Yoël L. Arbeitman|page= 236|year= 1988|publisher= Peeters Publishers|isbn= 9789068311433}}</ref> "Palmyra" is derived from the word "pal", meaning "to know", + the same mVr formant "mar".<ref name="charnok98" />

There is a Syriac etymology for Tadmor, referring to ''dmr'' "to wonder", and ''Tedmurtā'' (Aramaic: ܬܕܡܘܪܬܐ) "Miracle"; thus ''Tadmūra'' means "object of wonder", most recently affirmed by Franz Altheim and Ruth Altheim-Stiehl (1973), but rejected by Jean Starcky (1960) and Michał Gawlikowski (1974).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arbeitman |first1=Yoël L. |title=A Linguistic Happening in Memory of Ben Schwartz: Studies in Anatolian, Italic, and Other Indo-European Languages |publisher=Peeters Publishers |date=1988|page=248 |isbn=9068311433}}</ref>

==History== thumb|Bedouin Chief of Palmyra, Holy Land (i.e., Tadmur, Syria), between 1890 and 1900 {{Main|Palmyra}}{{Further|Palmyra offensive (2015)|Palmyra offensive (July–August 2015)|Palmyra offensive (March 2016)|Palmyra offensive (December 2016)|Palmyra offensive (2017)}}

=== Founding=== In 1929, Henri Arnold Seyrig, the general director of antiquities in the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, started excavating the ruins of Palmyra and forcibly displaced the villagers to a government-built village, adjacent to the ancient site.<ref name="faho98765">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jv2jHT_GRe0C&pg=PA257|title=Syria|author=Diana Darke|page= 257|year= 2010|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=9781841623146}}</ref> The relocation was completed in 1932,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kLFfE1qPhIC&pg=PA12|title=Palmyra and Its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt Against Rome|author= Richard Stoneman|page= 12|year= 1994|publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=0472083155}}</ref> making the ancient city of Palmyra ready for excavations,<ref name="faho98765" /> while the residents settled in the new village of the same name.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA4|title=Iconography of Religions|author=H. T. Bakker|page= 4|year= 1987|publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004047983}}</ref>

===20th century=== {{expand-section|date=December 2024}} In the Ottoman period of early 1900s, Palmyra was a village of 6,000 inhabitants.{{sfn|Belnap|Haeri|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l03h94vqCQMC&pg=PA21 21]}}

===21st century=== ==== Syrian civil war==== On 13 May 2015, the militant terrorist organization the Islamic State (IS) launched an attack on the modern town, raising fears that the iconoclastic group would destroy the historic city.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/05/15/middleeast/syria-palmyra-isis/|title= Palmyra: Will ISIS bulldoze ancient Syrian city?|publisher= CNN|date=18 May 2015 |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> On 18 May IS captured the city,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/group-seizes-town-iraqs-anbar-province-082610804.html|title=Islamic State fighters capture Iraqi town, purges opponents in Syria's Palmyra|work=Yahoo News |access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> with their forces entering the area of the World Heritage Site several days later.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-32820857 |title= Islamic State seizes Syria's ancient Palmyra|date=21 May 2015 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=29 May 2015 }}</ref>

In May 2015, IS destroyed the tomb of Mohammed bin Ali, a descendant of the Islamic prophet Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law Ali, and a site revered by Shia Muslims, and sometime between then and 23 June destroyed the tomb of Nizar Abu Bahaaeddine, a Sufi scholar who lived in Palmyra in the 16th century. Abu Bahaaeddine's tomb was situated in an oasis about {{convert|500|m|ft yd}} from Palmyra's main ancient ruins. Mohammed bin Ali's tomb was located in a mountainous region {{convert|3|mi|km|0|order=flip}} north of Palmyra. Ten days prior to the tombs' destruction, ISIL destroyed a number of tombstones at a local cemetery for Palmyra's residents. IS is also reported to have placed explosives around Palmyra.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Islamic State fighters blow up two burial sites at Palmyra| date=23 June 2015 |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/islamic-state/11693510/Islamic-State-fighters-blow-up-two-burial-sites-at-Palmyra.html|access-date = 2015-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = ISIS Destruction of Ancient Sites Hits Mostly Muslim Targets|url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/150702-ISIS-Palmyra-destruction-salafism-sunni-shiite-sufi-Islamic-State|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150704025555/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/150702-ISIS-Palmyra-destruction-salafism-sunni-shiite-sufi-Islamic-State/|url-status = dead|archive-date = 4 July 2015|website = National Geographic News|access-date = 2015-07-04|first1 = Kristin|last1 = Romey|date=July 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = ISIL blows up ancient shrines near Syria's Palmyra|url = https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/isil-ancient-shrines-syria-palmyra-150623234538378.html|website = www.aljazeera.com|access-date = 2015-07-04}}</ref> They also destroyed the Temple of Baalshamin in mid 2015.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/01/world/middleeast/isis-militants-severely-damage-temple-of-baal-in-palmyra.html Palmyra Temple Was Destroyed by ISIS, U.N. Confirms]. The New York Times. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2023.</ref>

In March 2016 a large-scale offensive by the SAA (supported by Hezbollah and Russian airstrikes) initially regained the areas south and west of the city. After capturing the orchards and the area north of the city, the assault on the city began. In the early morning hours of the 27 March 2016, the Syrian military forces regained full control over the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/12205205/Syrian-army-retake-ancient-city-of-Palmyra.html|title=Syrian army retakes ancient city of Palmyra|date=27 March 2016|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=45445|title=IS pulls back into Tadmur outskirts|author=jack|work=Syrian Observatory For Human Rights|date=27 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=45459|title=Regime forces takes control on Tadmur prison and military airport|author=jack|work=Syrian Observatory For Human Rights|date=27 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-armed-forces-liberate-palmyra-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327063044/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-syrian-armed-forces-liberate-palmyra-2/|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 March 2016|title=Breaking: Syrian Armed Forces liberate Palmyra|first=Leith|last=Fadel|date=27 March 2016}}</ref> In December 2016, IS retook the oilfields outside of the city, and began moving back into the city center.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Barnard|first1=Anne|title=ISIS Close to Recapturing Palmyra From Syrian Forces|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/10/world/middleeast/isis-palmyra-syria.html?_r=0|website=NY Times|access-date=11 December 2016|date=10 December 2016}}</ref>

On 1 March 2017, the Syrian army backed by warplanes, had entered Palmyra and captured the western and northern western sections of the city amid information about pulling back by IS from the city.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=61952|title=Regime forces enter Tadmur city|date=1 March 2017|work=SOHR|access-date=1 March 2017}}</ref> The next day, the Syrian Army recaptured the entire city of Palmyra, after IS fully withdrew from the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/|title=Reuters | Breaking International News & Views|date=13 June 2023|website=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2023}}</ref>

On 19 April 2021, the Russian Defence Ministry announced that it had killed "up to 200 fighters", by targeting a "terrorist" base northeast of Palmyra.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1845436/middle-east |title=Russian army says killed 'up to 200 militants' in Syria bombing |website=Arab News |date=19 April 2021 }}</ref>

==Demographics== Palmyra is the administrative centre of the Tadmur District and the Tadmur Subdistrict. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the city had a population of 51,323 and the subdistrict a population of 55,062 in the 2004 census.<ref name="CBS">[https://archive.today/20121220124749/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB04-20-2004.htm General Census of Population and Housing 2004]. Syria Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). Homs Governorate. {{in lang|ar}}</ref> Tadmur's inhabitants were recorded to be predominantly Sunni Muslims in 1838.<ref>Smith, in Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Second appendix, B, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/174/mode/1up 174]</ref> It has a small Christian community. The city has a Syriac Catholic Church, which is the only church in the city.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220211150734/https://noursat.tv/news/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83-%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%81%D9%84-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AD-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A8-%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%83-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9- Noursat TV News] </ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220211150733/https://www.alsouria.net/archive/content/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A9 Al Souria News] </ref> During the Syrian Civil War, the city's population significantly increased due to the influx of internally displaced refugees from other parts of the country.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|first1=Anne|last1=Barnard|author-link=Anne Barnard |first2=Hwaida|last2=Saad|author2-link=Hwaida Saad |title=ISIS Fighters Seize Control of Syrian City of Palmyra, and Ancient Ruins|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/21/world/middleeast/syria-isis-fighters-enter-ancient-city-of-palmyra.html|work=The New York Times|date=2015-05-20|access-date=2015-05-20}}</ref>

==Economy== Palmyra is a modern resettlement of the ancient city of Palmyra, which developed adjacently to the north of the ancient ruins.<ref name="Knowles2006"/> The modern city is built along a grid pattern. Quwatli Street is the main road and runs east-west, starting from the Saahat al-Ra'is Square on the western edge of the town.<ref name="Carter205">Carter, p. 205.</ref> The city served as a base for tourists visiting the ruins.<ref name="Knowles2006"/> It has a museum in the southwestern part of the city.<ref name="Carter205"/> Syria holds an annual cultural festival in Tadmur celebrating the city's ancient heritage.<ref>Cavendish, p. 439.</ref> The Palmyra Airport is located here. The city is also home to the Tadmur Prison, which has historically held numerous opponents of the various Syrian governments.<ref name="NYT"/>

Palmyra also serves as a center for Syria's phosphate mining and natural gas industries.<ref name="Knowles2006">Knowles, 2006.</ref> The first phosphate mine run by the government was established near Tadmur and started production in 1971.<ref>Federal Research Division, p. 169.</ref> Work to connect Tadmur's phosphate mines to the port of Tartus began in 1978.<ref>Federal Research Division, p. 194.</ref> In 1986 Soviet surveyors discovered large iron ore deposits in the vicinity of Tadmur.<ref>Federal Research Division, p. 170.</ref>

==Climate== {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Palmyra (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1928–2016) |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high C = 21.4 |Feb record high C = 27.4 |Mar record high C = 36.0 |Apr record high C = 38.8 |May record high C = 42.4 |Jun record high C = 45.3 |Jul record high C = 48.3 |Aug record high C = 47.0 |Sep record high C = 43.6 |Oct record high C = 38.5 |Nov record high C = 31.2 |Dec record high C = 24.2 |year record high C = 48.3 |Jan high C = 12.4 |Feb high C = 15.1 |Mar high C = 19.6 |Apr high C = 25.8 |May high C = 31.4 |Jun high C = 36.1 |Jul high C = 38.8 |Aug high C = 38.7 |Sep high C = 34.7 |Oct high C = 28.5 |Nov high C = 20.0 |Dec high C = 13.9 |year high C = |Jan mean C = 7.6 |Feb mean C = 9.6 |Mar mean C = 13.5 |Apr mean C = 19.0 |May mean C = 24.2 |Jun mean C = 28.4 |Jul mean C = 30.7 |Aug mean C = 30.7 |Sep mean C = 27.3 |Oct mean C = 21.9 |Nov mean C = 14.0 |Dec mean C = 9.0 |year mean C = |Jan low C = 2.7 |Feb low C = 4.1 |Mar low C = 7.3 |Apr low C = 12.2 |May low C = 16.9 |Jun low C = 20.6 |Jul low C = 22.5 |Aug low C = 22.6 |Sep low C = 19.9 |Oct low C = 15.3 |Nov low C = 8.0 |Dec low C = 4.0 |year low C = |Jan record low C = -10.4 |Feb record low C = -7.6 |Mar record low C = -6.7 |Apr record low C = -1.0 |May record low C = 4.0 |Jun record low C = 12.2 |Jul record low C = 12.5 |Aug record low C = 14.9 |Sep record low C = 9.0 |Oct record low C = 3.2 |Nov record low C = -6.1 |Dec record low C = -8.5 |year record low C = -10.4 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 20.6 |Feb precipitation mm = 19.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 21.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 20.8 |May precipitation mm = 6.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 0.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 0.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 0.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 10.8 |Nov precipitation mm = 14.2 |Dec precipitation mm = 21.1 |year precipitation mm = 135.7 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 4.3 |Feb precipitation days = 3.8 |Mar precipitation days = 3.4 |Apr precipitation days = 2.8 |May precipitation days = 1.3 |Jun precipitation days = 0.0 |Jul precipitation days = 0.0 |Aug precipitation days = 0.0 |Sep precipitation days = 0.1 |Oct precipitation days = 2.0 |Nov precipitation days = 2.6 |Dec precipitation days = 4.0 |year precipitation days = 24.3 |Jan humidity = 73 |Feb humidity = 64 |Mar humidity = 54 |Apr humidity = 33 |May humidity = 39 |Jun humidity = 34 |Jul humidity = 37 |Aug humidity = 39 |Sep humidity = 42 |Oct humidity = 45 |Nov humidity = 56 |Dec humidity = 72 |year humidity = 49 |Jan sun = 164.3 |Feb sun = 184.8 |Mar sun = 229.4 |Apr sun = 258.0 |May sun = 319.3 |Jun sun = 363.0 |Jul sun = 381.3 |Aug sun = 362.7 |Sep sun = 297.0 |Oct sun = 263.5 |Nov sun = 213.0 |Dec sun = 164.3 |year sun = 3200.6 |Jand sun = 5.3 |Febd sun = 6.6 |Mard sun = 7.4 |Aprd sun = 8.6 |Mayd sun = 10.3 |Jund sun = 12.1 |Juld sun = 12.3 |Augd sun = 11.7 |Sepd sun = 9.9 |Octd sun = 8.5 |Novd sun = 7.1 |Decd sun = 5.3 |yeard sun = 8.8 |source 1 = NOAA (precipitation and sun 1961–1990)<ref name = NOAA> {{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/SY/40061.TXT | server = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | title = Palmyra Climate Normals 1961–1990 | access-date = April 26, 2017}}</ref> Meteostat<ref>{{cite web |url=https://meteostat.net/en/station/40061 |title= Palmyra Climate : Temperature 1991-2020 |publisher=Meteostat |access-date=18 December 2024}}</ref> |source 2 = Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1956–1978),<ref name = DWD> {{cite web | url = https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_400610_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Palmyra / Syrien | work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = de | access-date = April 26, 2017}}</ref> Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)<ref name = meteoclimat> {{cite web | url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=1127 | title = Station Palmyre | publisher = Meteo Climat |language = fr | access-date = April 26, 2017}}</ref> |date=April 2012}}

==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note}}

==References== {{Reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography== {{Commons category}} {{Refbegin}} *{{cite book|first=Terry|last=Carter|title=Syria and Lebanon 3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_R-I_Gx5OgQC&q=Hajin+Syria|publisher=Lonely Planet|year=2008|isbn=978-1741046090}} *{{cite book|author=Federal Research Division|title=Syria: A Country Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93QsAAAAYAAJ&q=Federal+research+division+tadmur|year=1988|publisher=The Division |isbn=9780160016905}} *{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Edward|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=Eli|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=Crocker & Brewster|volume=3}} *{{cite book|title=Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500|url=https://archive.org/details/palestineundermo00lestuoft|first1=Guy|last1=Le Strange|year=1890|publisher=Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund}} {{Refend}}

==External links== *{{Facebook}} {{Cities of Syria}} {{Homs Governorate|tadmur}} {{Authority control}}

Category:Palmyra, Syria Category:Cities in Syria Category:Populated places established in 1932