{{Short description|Language family of Bolivia}} {{redirect|Tacanan|the Peruvian region|Tacna Region}} {{distinguish|Tucanoan languages}} {{Lead too short|date=October 2024}} {{Infobox language family | fontcolor = #ffffff | name = Takanan | region = Bolivia | familycolor = pano-tacanan | fam1 = Pano–Tacanan? | glotto = taca1255 | glottorefname = Tacanan | map = Pano-Takanan languages.png | mapcaption = Takanan languages (light green) and Panoan languages (dark green). Spots indicate documented locations. | altname = Tacanan | child1 = Ese Ejja | child2 = Araona–Tacana }}

'''Tacanan''' is a family of languages spoken in Bolivia, with Ese’ejja also spoken in Peru. It may be related to the Panoan languages. Many of the languages are endangered.

==Family division== {{tree list}} *'''Tacanan''' **Ese Ejja ({{aka}} Ese’eha, Tiatinagua, Chama, Huarayo, Guacanawa, Chuncho, Eseʼexa, Tatinawa, Ese exa) **Araona–Tacana ***Araona ({{aka}} Carina, Cavina) ***Cavineña–Tacana ****Cavineña ({{aka}} Kavinenya) ****Tacana *****Tacana ({{aka}} Tupamasa, Takana) *****Reyesano ({{aka}} San Borjano, Maropa) *****Toromona ({{extinct}}?) {{tree list/end}}

Toromono may be extinct. Another extinct Tacanan language is Mabenaro; Arasa has been classified as Tacanan, but appears to have more in common with Panoan.

=== Loukotka (1968) === Below is a full list of Tacanan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.<ref name="Loukotka">{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |authorlink=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}</ref>

*'''Tacana''' - language with many relationships with the Arawak and Pano languages, spoken on the Beni River, Tuichi River, and Tequeje River, territory of Colonia, Bolivia; now spoken by only a few families. Dialects are: **'''Tumupasa''' / '''Maracáni''' - spoken on the Uchipiamona River in the same region. **'''Isiama''' / '''Ydiama''' - spoken on the Unduma River and around Ydiama.

*'''Araona''' - spoken on the Madre de Dios River and Manuripi River in Colonia, Bolivia *'''Capechene''' / '''Capaheni''' - unknown language spoken on the Xapuri River and Rosiano River, Acre territory, Brazil. (Unattested.) *'''Sapiboca''' - extinct language once spoken at the old mission of Reyes, Beni province, Bolivia. *'''Chirigua''' / '''Shiribá''' - extinct language once spoken at the old mission of Santa Buenaventura, Beni. (Unattested.) *'''Guarizo''' - extinct language once spoken at the old missions of Reyes and San Antonio de Isiama. *'''Maropa''' - spoken in the vicinity of Lake Rogoaguado, Beni, now probably extinct. *'''Guacanahua''' / '''Chama''' / '''Ese'ejja''' - spoken by a small tribe on the Madidi River and Undumo River, La Paz province, Bolivia. *'''Mabenaro''' - spoken on the Manuripi River. *'''Caviña''' / '''Cavineña''' - once spoken on the Cavinas River, Madidi River, and Beni River, now probably extinct. *'''Toromona''' - once spoken between the Madidi River, Beni River, and Madre de Dios River, now perhaps extinct. *'''Arasa''' - language spoken by the greater part of the Arazaire tribe (of Pano stock) on the Marcopata River and Arasa River. *'''Tiatinagua''' / '''Mohino''' / '''Chuncho''' / '''Huarayo''' / '''Baguaja''' / '''Tambopata-Guarayo''' / '''Echoja''' - spoken by a tribe on the Peru-Bolivia border, on the Tambopata River.

==Language contact== Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kayuvava, Tupi, and Arawak language families due to contact.<ref name="Jolkesky-2016">{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}</ref>

==Vocabulary== Sample vocabulary of four Tacanan languages, along with Proto-Panoan for comparison, from Nikulin (2019):<ref>Nikulin, Andrey V. [https://www.academia.edu/40654122/The_classification_of_the_languages_of_the_South_American_Lowlands_State-of-the-art_and_challenges The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки]. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, October 17, 2019.</ref>

:{| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Ese Ejja !! Araona !! Cavineña !! Tacana !! Proto-Panoan |- ! liver | e-kakʷa || tákʷa || e-takʷa || e-takʷa || *takʷa |- ! tongue | ej-ana || e-ána || j-ana || j-ana || *hana |- ! blood | || ami || ami || ami || *himi |- ! you (sg.) | mi-a || mi || mi- || mi || *mi |- ! hand | e-me || e-me || e-me-tuku || e-me || *mɨ- |- ! earth | meʃi || mezizo || metʃi ‘soil’ || med’i || *mai |- ! meat | e-jami || e-ami || e-rami || j-ami ‘muscle’ || *rami |- ! stone | || mahana || makana || || *maka |- ! bone | e-sá || e-tsoa || e-tsau || e-tsau || *ʂao |- ! (finger)nail | e-me-kiʃe || Ø-mé-tezi || || e-me-tid’i || *mɨ̃-tsis |- ! fat | e-sei || e-tsei || e-tseri || e-tsei || *ʂɨ[n]i |- ! tooth | e-sé || e-tse || e-tse || e-tse || *ʂɨta |}

==Verbal morphology==

===Associated motion=== Tacanan languages, in particular Cavineña and Ese Ejja, have among the richest associated motion systems in the world's languages.<ref>Guillaume, Antoine. 2016. Associated motion in South America: Typological and areal perspectives. ''Linguistic Typology'' 20(1). 81–177</ref>

==Further reading== *Girard, Victor (1971). Proto-Takanan Phonology (University of California Publications in Linguistics, 70.) Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.

==Notes== <references/>

==References== * Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). ''The languages of the Andes''. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. * Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}. * Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp.&nbsp;13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. {{ISBN|0-292-70414-3}}. * Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp.&nbsp;46–76). London: Routledge.

==External links== * Proel: [http://www.proel.org/mundo/takanan.htm Familia Tacanana] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100819194552/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/ Tacana language dictionary online from IDS] (select simple or advanced browsing)

{{Pano-Tacanan languages}} {{Languages of Brazil}} {{South American languages}}

Category:Tacanan languages Category:Pano-Tacanan languages Category:Indigenous languages of South America (Central) Category:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia Category:Languages of Bolivia Category:Languages of Brazil Category:Languages of Peru *