Tumor necrosis factor superfamily

{{Infobox protein family | Symbol = TNF | Name = Tumor necrosis factor superfamily | image = Mouse Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha.png | width = | caption = Trimeric structure of TNF alpha, produced by ''Mus musculus'', based on PDB structure 2TNF (1.4 Å Resolution). Different colors represent different monomers. Baeyens, KJ et al. (1999).<ref name="Baeyens_1999">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baeyens KJ, De Bondt HL, Raeymaekers A, Fiers W, De Ranter CJ | title = The structure of mouse tumour-necrosis factor at 1.4 A resolution: towards modulation of its selectivity and trimerization | journal = Acta Crystallographica Section D| volume = 55 | issue = Pt 4 | pages = 772–8 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10089307 | doi = 10.1107/s0907444998018435 | bibcode = 1999AcCrD..55..772B }}</ref> Figure rendered using FirstGlance Jmol. | Pfam= PF00229 | InterPro= IPR006052 | SMART= | Prosite = PDOC00224 | SCOP = 1tnf | TCDB = | OPM family= 292 | OPM protein= 2hew | Membranome superfamily = 80 }} {{Infobox protein family | Symbol = TNF | Name = TNF | image = PDB 1du3 EBI.jpg | width = | caption = crystal structure of trail-sdr5 | Pfam = PF00229 | Pfam_clan = CL0100 | ECOD = 10.3.1 | InterPro = IPR006052 | SMART = | PROSITE = PDOC00561 | MEROPS = | SCOP = 1tnr | TCDB = | OPM family = | OPM protein = | CAZy = | CDD = }}

The '''tumor necrosis factor''' ('''TNF''') '''superfamily''' is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins containing TNF homology domain and forming trimers. Members of this superfamily can be released from the cell membrane by extracellular proteolytic cleavage and function as a cytokine. These proteins are expressed predominantly by immune cells and they regulate diverse cell functions, including immune response and inflammation, but also proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and embryogenesis.<ref name=":0">{{cite book | title = The evolution of the immune system: conservation and diversification|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-801975-7 | location = Amsterdam|oclc=950694824}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Cellular and molecular immunology | first1 = Abul K | last1 = Abbas | first2 = Andrew H | last2 = Lichtman | first3 = Shiv | last3 = Pillai | date = May 2017 | name-list-style = vanc | isbn = 978-0-323-47978-3 | edition = Ninth | location = Philadelphia, PA | oclc = 973917896 }}</ref>

The superfamily contains 19 members that bind to 29 members of TNF receptor superfamily.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aggarwal BB, Gupta SC, Kim JH | title = Historical perspectives on tumor necrosis factor and its superfamily: 25 years later, a golden journey | journal = Blood | volume = 119 | issue = 3 | pages = 651–65 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 22053109 | pmc = 3265196 | doi = 10.1182/blood-2011-04-325225 }}</ref> An occurrence of orthologs in invertebrates hints at ancient origin of this superfamily in evolution.<ref name=":0" />

The PROSITE pattern of this superfamily is located in a beta sheet in the central section of the protein that is conserved across all members.

==Members== There are 19 family members, numerically classified as TNFSF#, where # denotes the member number, sometimes followed by a letter.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable sortable" !TNFSF# !Name !Synonyms !Gene !Function |- |1 |Lymphotoxin alpha |TNFβ, TNFSF1B |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=6709 LTA]'' |Induction of inflammation and antiviral response, development of secondary lymphoid organs, role in tumorigenesis |- |2 |Tumor necrosis factor |TNFα, Dif, Necrosin, TNFSF1A, ... |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11892 TNF]'' |Regulation of immune cells, induction of fever, cachexia, inflammation and apoptosis, inhibition of tumorigenesis and viral replication and response to sepsis |- |3 |Lymphotoxin beta |TNFγ |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=6711 LTB]'' |Induction of inflammation and antiviral response, development of secondary lymphoid organs, role in tumorigenesis |- |4 |OX40 ligand |CD252, Gp34, CD134L |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11934 TNFSF4]'' |Activation of T cell immune response by T cell costimulation |- |5 |CD40 ligand |CD154, TRAP, Gp39, T-BAM |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11935 CD40LG]'' |Regulation of adaptive immune response by activating antigen-presenting cell |- |6 |Fas ligand |CD178, APTL, CD95L |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11936 FASLG]'' |Regulation of T cell homeostasis by induction of apoptosis |- |7 |CD27 ligand |CD70 |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11937 CD70]'' |Regulation of B cell activation and T cell homeostasis |- |8 |CD30 ligand |CD153 |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11938 TNFSF8]'' |Induction of apoptosis of T cells and B cells, prevention of autoimmunity |- |9 |CD137 ligand |4-1 BBL |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11939 TNFSF9]'' | |- |10 |TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand |CD253, APO-2L |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11925 TNFSF10]'' |Inhibition of tumorigenesis, induction of apoptosis |- |11 |Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand |CD254, OPGL, TRANCE, ODF |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11926 TNFSF11]'' |Tissue growth (particularly bone regeneration and remodeling), dendritic cell maturation |- |12 |TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis |APO-3L, DR3L |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11927 TNFSF12]'' |Regulation of angiogenesis, induction of apoptosis |- |13 |A proliferation-inducing ligand |CD256, TALL-2, TRDL1 |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11928 TNFSF13]'' |Regulation of B cell development and plasma cell survival |- |13B |B-cell activating factor |CD257, BLyS, TALL-1, TNFSF20, ... |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11929 TNFSF13B]'' |Stimulation of B cell proliferation and differentiation |- |14 |LIGHT |CD258, HVEML |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11930 TNFSF14]'' |Stimulation of T cell proliferation, apoptosis regulation |- |15 |Vascular endothelial growth inhibitor |TL1, TL-1A |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11931 TNFSF15]'' |Inhibition of angiogenesis |- |18 |TNF superfamily member 18 |GITRL, AITRL, TL-6 |''[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=11932 TNFSF18]'' |Regulation of T cell survival |- |19 |Ectodysplasin A |ED1-A1, ED1-A2 |[https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/gene_symbol_report?hgnc_id=3157 EDA] |Development of ectodermal tissues |} *

== References == {{Reflist|32em}}

== External links == * {{MeshName|Tumor+Necrosis+Factors}} * [http://www.pex1.com/ pex1 tumor necrosis factor gene]

Category:Cytokines Category:Protein superfamilies Category:Single-pass transmembrane proteins Category:TNF receptor family