{{Short description|Order of single-celled organisms}} {{More citations needed|date=December 2009}} {{Automatic taxobox | image = | image_caption = | taxon = Syndiniales | authority = Loeblich III, 1976 | subdivision_ranks = Families | subdivision = * Amoebophryaceae * Coccidiniaceae * Euduboscquellidae * Hematodiniidae * Sphaeriparaceae * Syndiniaceae | synonyms = * Coccidinales <small>Chatton & Biecheler 1934</small> }}
The '''Syndiniales''' are an order of early branching dinoflagellates (also known as Marine Alveolates, "MALVs"), found as parasites of crustaceans, fish, algae, cnidarians, and protists (ciliates, radiolarians, other dinoflagellates).<ref name="Hoek1995">{{Cite book | last1 = van den Hoek | first1 = C. | last2 = Mann | first2 = D. G. | last3 = Jahns | first3 = Hans Martin | name-list-style = vanc | title = Algae: an Introduction to Phycology | year = 1995 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-31687-1 | pages = 277–280}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bråte J, Krabberød AK, Dolven JK, Ose RF, Kristensen T, Bjørklund KR, Shalchian-Tabrizi K | title = Radiolaria associated with large diversity of marine alveolates | journal = Protist | volume = 163 | issue = 5 | pages = 767–77 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 22658831 | doi = 10.1016/j.protis.2012.04.004 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Strassert JF, Karnkowska A, Hehenberger E, Del Campo J, Kolisko M, Okamoto N, Burki F, Janouškovec J, Poirier C, Leonard G, Hallam SJ, Richards TA, Worden AZ, Santoro AE, Keeling PJ | title = Single cell genomics of uncultured marine alveolates shows paraphyly of basal dinoflagellates | journal = The ISME Journal | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 304–308 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28994824 | pmc = 5739020 | doi = 10.1038/ismej.2017.167 }}</ref> The trophic form is often multinucleate, and ultimately divides to form motile spores, which have two flagella in typical dinoflagellate arrangement. They lack a theca and chloroplasts, and unlike all other orders, the nucleus is never a dinokaryon. A well-studied example is ''Amoebophrya'', which is a parasite of other dinoflagellates and may play a part in ending red tides. Several MALV groups have been assigned to Syndiniales;<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Guillou L, Viprey M, Chambouvet A, Welsh RM, Kirkham AR, Massana R, Scanlan DJ, Worden AZ | title = Widespread occurrence and genetic diversity of marine parasitoids belonging to Syndiniales (Alveolata) | journal = Environmental Microbiology | volume = 10 | issue = 12 | pages = 3349–65 | date = December 2008 | pmid = 18771501 | doi = 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01731.x | doi-access = }}</ref> recent studies, however, show paraphyly of MALVs suggesting that only those groups that branch as sister to dinokaryotes ('core dinoflagellates') belong to Syndiniales.<ref name=":0" />
==Taxonomy== * Class '''Syndiniophyceae''' <small>Loeblich III, 1976</small> ['''Syndinea''']<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gómez F, Moreira D, López-García P | title = Molecular phylogeny of noctilucoid dinoflagellates (Noctilucales, Dinophyceae) | journal = Protist | volume = 161 | issue = 3 | pages = 466–78 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20188628 | doi = 10.1016/j.protis.2009.12.005 }}</ref><ref name="Gómez12">{{cite journal |author=Gómez F |title=A checklist and classification of living dinoflagellates (Dinoflagellata, Alveolata) |journal=CICIMAR Oceánides |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=65–140 |year=2012 |doi=10.37543/oceanides.v27i1.111 |url=http://www.cicimar.ipn.mx/oacis/Medios/oceanides/P%20065%20Fernando%20Gomez.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127104918/http://www.cicimar.ipn.mx/oacis/Medios/oceanides/P%20065%20Fernando%20Gomez.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-27 }}</ref> ** Order '''Syndiniales''' Loeblich III 1976 [Coccidinales <small>Chatton & Biecheler 1934</small>] *** Family Hematodiniidae **** Genus ''Hematodinium'' <small>Chatton & Poisson 1930</small> *** Family Coccidiniaceae [Coccidinidae <small>Chatton & Biecheler 1934</small>] **** Genus ''Coccidinium'' <small>Chatton & Biecheler 1934</small> *** Family Euduboscquellidae <small>Coats, Bachvaroff & Delwiche 2012</small> **** Genus ''Euduboscquella'' <small>Coats, Bachvaroff & Delwiche 2012</small> *** Family Syndiniaceae <small>Chatton 1920</small> **** Genus ''Trypanodinium'' <small>Chatton 1912</small> **** Genus ''Merodinium'' <small>Chatton 1923</small> **** Genus ''Syndinium'' <small>Chatton 1910</small> [''Atelodinium'' <small>Chatton 1920</small>; ''Synhemidinium'' <small>Chatton 1952 nom. illeg.</small>; ''Solenodinium'' <small>(Chatton 1923) Chatton 1952</small>] *** Family Amoebophryaceae <small>Cachon 1964 ex Loeblich III 1970</small> [Amoebophryidae] **** Genus ''Amoebophrya'' <small>Koeppen 1894</small> [''Hyalosaccus'' <small>Koeppen 1899</small>] *** Family Sphaeriparaceae <small>Loeblich III 1970</small> **** Genus ''Actinodinium'' <small>Chatton & Hovasse 1937</small> **** Genus ''Caryotoma'' <small>Hollande 1953</small> **** Genus ''Atlanticellodinium'' <small>Cachon & Cachon-Enjumet 1965</small> **** Genus ''Sphaeripara'' <small>Poche 1911</small> [''Lohmannia'' <small>Neresheimer 1903 non Michael 1898</small>; ''Lohmanella'' <small>Neresheimer 1904 non Trouessart 1901</small>; ''Neresheimeria'' <small>Übel 1912</small>]
== See also == * ''Duboscquella''
== References == {{Reflist}}
{{Alveolata}} {{Taxonbar|from1=Q3781035|from2=Q15159064}}
Category:Syndiniophyceae Category:Parasitic alveolates Category:Dinoflagellate orders
{{dinoflagellate-stub}} {{Parasitic SAR-stub}}