HP Voyager

{{Short description|Programmable calculator, 1982–1984}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019|cs1-dates=y}} {{Infobox Calculator | name = HP-10C | image = HP-10C programmable calculator.jpg | caption = HP-10C | type = Programmable scientific | entry = RPN | introduced = 1982 | discontinued = 1984 | cost = $80 USD | manufacturer = Hewlett-Packard | precision = | display_type = LCD seven-segment display | display_size = 10 digits | processor = HP Nut core (1LF5<ref name="Smith_2009">{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Smith |title=HP Voyager Calculator Variants |url=http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/hpcalc/voyager/variants.html |date=2009-07-28 |access-date=2015-11-20}}</ref>) | prog_lang = Keystroke programmable (fully merged) | memory_data = 0…9 registers (''R0''…''R9'') plus ''X'', ''Y'', ''Z'', ''T'', ''LAST X''<ref name="HP-10C_1982">{{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-10C Owner's Handbook |date=February 1982 |edition=1 |publisher=Hewlett-Packard Company, Corvallis Division |location=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |id=HP part-number 00010-90025 |url=http://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/hp10c_oh.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005115920/http://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/hp10c_oh.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-05}}</ref> | memory_step = 9…79 lines<ref name="HP-10C_1982"/> | supply = | power = 0.25 mW | weight = | dimensions =}}

{{Infobox Calculator | name = HP-11C | image = hp11c2.jpg | caption = HP-11C | type = Programmable scientific | entry = RPN | introduced = 1981 | discontinued = 1989 | cost = $135 USD | manufacturer = Hewlett-Packard | precision = | display_type = LCD seven-segment display | display_size = 10 digits | processor = HP Nut core (1LF5 / 1LM2 / 1LQ9<ref name="Smith_2009"/>) | prog_lang = Keystroke programmable (fully merged) | memory_data = 0…20 registers (''R0''…''R9'', ''R.0''…''R.9'') plus ''RI'', ''X'', ''Y'', ''Z'', ''T'', ''LAST X''<ref name="HP-11C_1985">{{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-11C Owner's Handbook and Problem-Solving Guide |date=November 1985 |publisher=Hewlett-Packard Company, Corvallis Division |location=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |edition=G |id=HP part-number 00011-90001 |url=http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00503576.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005115920/http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00503576.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-05}}</ref> | memory_step = 63…203 lines<ref name="HP-11C_1985"/> | supply = | power = 0.25 mW | weight = | dimensions =}}

{{Infobox Calculator | name = HP-12C | image = Financial Calculator Hewlett-Packard HP-12C built from 1981, this item produced 1988 (edited to remove background, warmer colours).jpg | caption = HP-12C | type = Programmable Financial | entry = Classical RPN (4 stack level) | introduced = 1981  | cost = ca. USD 70,- | manufacturer = Hewlett-Packard | precision = | display_type = LCD seven-segment display | display_size = 10 digits | processor = Nut core (HP 1LF5 / HP 1LM2 / HP 1LQ9 / HP 1RR2 / Agilent/Marvell 2AF1<ref name="HP12_CPUs">{{cite web |url=http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/hpcalc/voyager/variants.html |title=HP Voyager Calculator Variants |website=Brouhaha.com |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>) / ARM7TDMI core (Atmel AT91SAM7L128<ref name="HP12_CPUs"/>) / ARM Cortex-M4 core (Atmel ATSAM4LC2CA<ref name="SAM4L">{{cite web |url=http://www.hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-5171-post-46001.html |title=Is the 12C SDK still available? |website=Hpmuseum.org |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>) | prog_lang = keystroke programmable (fully merged) | memory_data = 7…20 (''R0''…''R9''/''CF0''…''CF9'', ''R.0''…''R.9''/''CF10''…''CF19'') + 5 (''n'', ''i'', ''PV'', ''PMT'', ''FV''/''CF20'') + 5 (''X'', ''Y'', ''Z'', ''T'', ''LAST X'')<ref name="HP-12_UG_2005"/> | memory_step = 8…99<ref name="HP-12_UG_2005">{{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-12C User's Guide |publisher=Hewlett-Packard Company |location=San Diego, CA, USA |edition=4 |id=HP part-number 0012C-90001 |date=2005-07-29 |orig-year=1981 |url=http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00363319.pdf |access-date=2015-11-28}}</ref> | supply = 4.5 V (3× LR44) or 3 V (1× or 2× CR2032) depending on model | power = 0.25 mW | weight = 113 g | dimensions = 128 × 79 × 15 mm }}

{{Infobox Calculator | name = HP-15C | image = HP-15C Programmable Scientific Calculator introduced 1982 (edited, built from 2 images).jpg | caption = HP-15C | type = Programmable scientific | entry = RPN | introduced = 1982 | discontinued = 1989 | reintroduced = 2011 | cost = USD 135 (Original) USD 99.99 – USD 179.99 (15C LE) | manufacturer = Hewlett-Packard | precision = | display_type = LCD seven-segment display | display_size = 10 digits | processor = HP Nut core (1LF5 / 1LM2 / 1LQ9<ref name="HP_Voyager_CPUs">{{cite web |url=http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/hpcalc/voyager/variants.html |title=HP Voyager Calculator Variants |website=Brouhaha.com |access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>) / ARM7TDMI core (Atmel AT91SAM7L128) (15C LE) | prog_lang = Keystroke programmable (fully merged) | memory_data = 2…66 registers (R0…R9, R.0/R10…R.9/R20, R21…R65) plus RI, X, Y, Z, T, LAST X | memory_step = 0…448 lines | power = 0.25 mW | weight = 113 g | dimensions = 128 × 79 × 15 mm }}

{{Infobox Calculator | name = HP-16C | image = Hewlett-Packard Model HP-16C Programmable RPN Calculator, HP's First and Only Calculator esp. for Programmers, built 1982-1989 (edited to rectangular, V2).jpg | caption = HP-16C, showing its model name on the display as a hexadecimal number | type = Programmable, computer science | entry = RPN | introduced = 1982 | discontinued = 1989 | cost = 150 USD (1982) – 120 USD (1989)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thimet.de/CalcCollection/Calculators/HP-16C/Contents.htm |title=Hewlett Packard HP-16C |author-first=Tony |author-last=Thimet |access-date=2013-07-16}}</ref> | manufacturer = Hewlett-Packard | precision = | display_type = LCD seven-segment display | display_size = 10 digits | prog_lang = Keystroke programming (fully merged) | processor = HP Nut | memory_data = 203 bytes (shared with programs)<ref name=hpmuseum>{{cite web |url=http://www.hpmuseum.org/hp16.htm |title=HP-16C |publisher=Museum of HP Calculators |access-date=2013-07-16}}</ref> | memory_step = up to 203 steps (shared with data registers) | supply = 3× LR44 1.5 V button cells | power = 0.25 mW | weight = 113 g | dimensions = 128 × 79 × 15 mm }}

The '''Hewlett-Packard Voyager series''' of calculators were introduced by Hewlett-Packard in 1981.<ref name= "date">{{cite web |url=http://www.vcalc.net/hp-date.htm |title=HP Calculators by Date of Introduction |first=Richard |last=Furr| work=The Calculator Reference |date=2003-01-22}}</ref> All members of this series are programmable, use Reverse Polish Notation, and feature continuous memory. Nearly identical in appearance, each model provided different capabilities and was aimed at different user markets.

==Models== The Voyager series of HP calculators included five models, some of which were manufactured in multiple variants (with years of production):

*HP-10C – basic scientific calculator (1982–1984) *HP-11C – mid-range scientific calculator (1981–1989) *HP-12C – business/financial calculator (1981–present) *HP-15C – advanced scientific calculator (1982–1989, 2011, 2023–present) *HP-16C – computer programmer's calculator (1982–1989)

==={{anchor|10C}}HP-10C=== The HP-10C is the last and lowest-featured calculator in this line to have been introduced, even though its number would suggest an earlier origin. The 10C was a basic scientific programmable calculator. While a useful general purpose RPN calculator, the HP-11C offered twice as much for only a slight increase in price. Designed to be an introductory calculator, it was still costly compared to the competition, and many looking at an HP would just step up to the better HP-11C. Poor sales led to a very short market life, making it one of the most difficult of the series to find today.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

==={{anchor|11C}}HP-11C=== The HP-11C is a mid-range scientific programmable calculator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HP-11C |url=https://www.hpmuseum.org/hp11c.htm |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=www.hpmuseum.org}}</ref>

==={{anchor|12C|12CP}}HP-12C === {{Main|HP-12C}} The HP-12C is a popular financial calculator. It was such a successful model that Hewlett-Packard redesigned it from scratch,<ref name="Smith_2009"/> added several new functions, and reintroduced it as the HP 12c Platinum in 2003, along with the HP 12c Prestige. Over the years, a number of anniversary editions of the calculator were also produced.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

The HP-12C is HP's longest and best-selling product, in continual production since its introduction in 1981.<ref name="date" />

==={{anchor|15C}}HP-15C=== {{Main|HP-15C}} The HP-15C is a high-end scientific programmable with a root-solver and numerical integration, produced between 1982 and 1989. It is also able to handle complex numbers and matrix operations. Although long discontinued, its continued popularity among users triggered Hewlett-Packard to offer a HP 15c Limited Edition remake of the calculator in 2011, followed by an HP 15C Collector's Edition in 2023.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

==={{anchor|16C}}HP-16C=== {{main|HP-16C}} The HP-16C is a computer programmer's calculator, designed to assist in debugging. It is able to display, compute, manipulate, and convert numbers in or between different numeric bases relevant for programming, including hexadecimal, decimal, octal, and binary. The display would use "h" to indicate hexadecimal, for example. A number of specialized functions are provided to assist the programmer, including left- and right-shifting, masking, and bitwise logical operations. HP has (as of 2015) never made another programmer's calculator, but the 16C's functions have been incorporated into later calculator models.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

==Features== === Arithmetic === Hewlett-Packard retained the numerical analyst William Kahan of UC Berkeley, the architect of the IEEE 754 standard for floating-point arithmetic, to design the numerical algorithms implemented by the calculators.<ref name="Kahan_1979">{{cite journal |last=Kahan |first=William Morton |author-link=William Morton Kahan |date=December 1979 |title=Personal Calculator Has Key to Solve Any Equation ''f''(''x'') = 0 |journal=Hewlett-Packard Journal |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=20;26 |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1979-12.pdf |access-date=2008-11-14}}</ref><ref name="Kahan_1980">{{cite journal |last=Kahan |first=William Morton |author-link=William Morton Kahan |date=August 1980 |title=Handheld Calculator Evaluates Integrals |journal=Hewlett-Packard Journal |volume=31 |issue=8 |pages=23;32 |url=http://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1980-08.pdf |access-date=2008-11-14 |archive-date=2019-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614065152/https://www.hpl.hp.com/hpjournal/pdfs/IssuePDFs/1980-08.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also wrote parts of the manuals.

=== Programming === The HP Voyager series calculator are keystroke programmable, meaning that it can remember and later execute sequences of keystrokes to solve particular problems of interest to the user. These keystroke programs, in addition to performing any operation normally available on the keyboard, can also make use of conditional and unconditional branching and looping instructions, allowing programs to perform repetitive operations and make decisions.

The available programming features differentiate between the various HP Voyager series calculator systems. {| class="wikitable" ! Function ! HP-10C ! HP-11C ! HP-12C ! HP-15C ! HP-16C |- ! BSP / ← <ref group="F">Without BSP (backspace) programs can only be edited by overwriting existing steps.</ref> | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |- ! LBL<ref group="F">Without LBL (Label) goto commands can reference only absolute program steps.</ref> | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |- ! GSB/RTN<ref group="F">Without GSB (Go Subroutine) / RTN (Return from Subroutine) one cannot write subroutines.</ref> | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |- ! x≤y, x=0 | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |- ! x=y, x≠y | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} <ref group="F" name="hp15cmp">Available via the {{keypress|g}} {{keypress|TEST}} n (indirect) function</ref> | {{yes}} |- ! x<0, x≠0, x>y, x>0 | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} <ref group="F" name="hp15cmp" /> | {{yes}} |- ! x<y, x≤0, x≥y, x≥0 | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} <ref group="F" name="hp15cmp" /> | {{no}} |- ! DSE, ISG<ref group="F" name="loop">Without DSZ/DSE (Decrement and Skip) and ISZ/ISG (Increment and Skip) writing loops is difficult.</ref> | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} |- ! DSZ, ISZ<ref group="F" name="loop" /> | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}} | {{no}}<ref group="F">It is available in HP-15C Collector's Edition after turning it into undocumented "16" (HP-16C) mode.</ref> | {{yes}} |- ! SF, CF, F? | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |- ! I (I)<ref group="F">Without indirect addressing only the first 20 (0…19) register can be accessed. Also the programming model is not turing complete.</ref> | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{no}} | {{yes}} | {{yes}} |} <references group="F" />

==Legacy==

===Models=== The HP-12C and its derivatives remain in widespread use today and is still available from Hewlett-Packard.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

In 2011, the long-discontinued HP-15C was re-released as a "Limited Edition" that has since again been discontinued.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

In 2023, the HP-15C was briefly released one more time as a ''Collector's Edition''.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

===Emulators=== Official emulators for the 12C and 15C are commercially available from Hewlett-Packard for Android<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=8593609|title = Hewlett-Packard ships official HP 15c app for Android | Hacker News}}</ref> and iOS<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/hp-reincarnates-calculators-on-iphone-windows|title = HP reincarnates calculators on iPhone, Windows}}</ref> devices.

=== Simulators === There are many software simulations of HP calculators, including Voyager-series devices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HP Calculator Simulations |url=https://www.hpmuseum.org/simulate/simulate.htm |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=www.hpmuseum.org}}</ref> The WRPN Calculator, a public domain open-source HP-16C simulator, is one of the oldest active software projects of this type.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WRPN 16-bit 1.0 - detailed information |url=https://www.hpcalc.org/details/3698 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.hpcalc.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HP-related Programs for the PC |url=https://www.hpcalc.org/other/pc/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.hpcalc.org}}</ref> [https://jrpn.jovial.com/ Jovial Reverse Polish Notation Calculators] is another project that has developed a cleanroom, open source<ref>{{Citation |last=Foote |first=Bill |title=zathras/jrpn |date=2025-08-25 |url=https://github.com/zathras/jrpn |access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref> implementation of the HP 15C and 16C calculators and has released a browser interface as well as installable applications for various platforms.

==={{anchor|DM10CC|DM10|DM10 Silver Edition|DM10L|DM11CC|DM11|DM11 Silver Edition|DM11L}}Clones===  In 2011, the continued popularity of the Voyager series among users prompted SwissMicros (originally called RPN-Calc) to produce a series of credit-card-sized calculators looking like miniature versions of their HP equivalents and running the original HP firmware in an emulator on a modern calculator hardware. The series consisted of the ''DM10'', ''DM11'', ''DM12'', ''DM15'' and ''DM16''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.swissmicros.com/ |title=SwissMicros.com |access-date=2013-06-29}}</ref> All calculators used the same hardware, but differ in keyboard and firmware (which can be changed with an upgrade port). After the introduction of the larger ''DM15L'', ''DM41L'' and ''DM16L'' in 2015, the ''DM11L'' was added in January 2016 with the ''DM12L'' following in February. A limited production run for a ''DM10L'' was planned for 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.swissmicros.com/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=110&start=60|title = Attention collectors! - Page 7 - SwissMicros Calculator Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://forum.swissmicros.com/viewtopic.php?f=8&t=2122|title=[DM10L] Coming soon! - SwissMicros Calculator Forum}}</ref>

== See also == * Bulk CMOS semiconductor manufacturing process utilized for HP Nut processors

== References == {{reflist|1}}

== Bibliography == * {{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-10C Owner's Handbook |date=February 1982 |edition=1 |publisher=Hewlett-Packard Company, Corvallis Division |location=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |id=HP part-number 00010-90025 |url=http://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/hp10c_oh.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005115920/http://www.swissmicros.com/manuals/hp10c_oh.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-05}} * {{cite book |title=Hewlett-Packard HP-11C Owner's Handbook and Problem-Solving Guide |date=November 1985 |publisher=Hewlett-Packard Company, Corvallis Division |location=Corvallis, Oregon, USA |edition=G |id=HP part-number 00011-90001 |url=http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00503576.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005115920/http://h10032.www1.hp.com/ctg/Manual/c00503576.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-05}}

== External links == * {{cite web |url=http://www.hpmuseum.org/tech10.htm |title=HP-10C Series Technology and Packaging |work=Museum of HP Calculators |first=David G. |last=Hicks}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/hpcalc/ |first=Eric |last=Smith |title=Hewlett-Packard Calculators}} * MyCalcDB: {{cite web |url=http://mycalcdb.free.fr/main.php?l=0&id=817 |title=HP-10C}} {{cite web |url=http://mycalcdb.free.fr/main.php?l=0&id=809 |title=HP-11C}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.vcalc.net/hp-11.htm |title=A look inside Hewlett-Packard's HP-11C |work=Electronic Packaging and Production Magazine |date=March 1982 |first=Howard W. |last=Markstein}} * [https://www.swissmicros.com/ SwissMicros] Manufacturer of HP calculator clones.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hewlett-Packard Voyager series}} Voyager series Category:HP Voyager series calculators