{{Short description|Eldest daughter of Mark Twain (1872–1896)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2014}} {{Infobox person | name = Susy Clemens | image = Susy clemens1885.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Clemens as a young teenager, c. 1885 | birth_name = Olivia Susan Clemens | birth_date = {{birth date|1872|03|19}} | birth_place = [[Elmira, New York]], U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1896|08|18|1872|03|19|mf=yes}} | death_place = [[Hartford, Connecticut]], U.S. | resting_place = [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Elmira, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]] | monuments = | education = | alma_mater = [[Bryn Mawr College]] | occupation = Writer, literary critic | parents = [[Mark Twain]]<br>[[Olivia Langdon Clemens]] | relatives = [[Clara Clemens]] (sister)<br>[[Jean Clemens]] (sister) }}'''Olivia Susan Clemens''' (March 19, 1872 – August 18, 1896) was the second child and eldest daughter of Samuel Clemens, who wrote under the pen name [[Mark Twain]], and his wife [[Olivia Langdon Clemens]]. She inspired some of her father's works, at 13 wrote her own biography of him, which he later published in his autobiography, and acted as a literary critic. Her father was heartbroken when she died of [[spinal meningitis]] at age 24.
Her biography of her father was published in 1988 in its entirety as ''Papa: An Intimate Biography of Mark Twain'', a volume which also included a biography of Susy Clemens and her correspondence with her father.{{sfn|Clemens|1988}}
==Life== [[File:Mark Twain's Joan of Arc.jpg|thumb|Susy Clemens was the inspiration for the character of Joan of Arc in her father's novel ''[[Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc]]''.]]
Born in [[Elmira, New York]], Clemens was largely raised in [[Hartford, Connecticut]], but went abroad with her family to [[England]] in 1873 and again in 1878–79. At age 13, she wrote a biography of her father that Twain later included in his [[Mark Twain's Autobiography|''Chapters from my Autobiography'']]. The biography described her impressions of her father and her happy family life. Her father wrote: "I had had compliments before, but none that touched me like this; none that could approach it for value in my eyes." Like her father, she was interested in writing, and wrote her own plays and acted in them during her childhood and adolescence.{{sfn|Ward|Duncan|Burns|2001|p=133}} Twain later described his favorite daughter as intelligent, thoughtful, sensitive and vivacious and said he had regarded her as a [[child prodigy|prodigy]]. "She was a magazine of feelings and they were of all kinds and of all shades of force; she was so volatile, as a little child, that sometimes the whole battery came into play in the short compass of a day," he wrote after her death. "She was full of life, full of activity, full of fire, her waking hours were a crowding and hurrying procession of enthusiasms ... Joy, sorrow, anger, remorse, storm, sunshine, rain, darkness – they were all there: They came in a moment and they were gone as quickly. In all things she was intense: in her this characteristic was not a mere glow, dispensing warmth, but a consuming fire."{{sfn|Pilkington|2010}} He based the character of [[Joan of Arc]] in his book ''[[Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc]]'' on his eldest daughter as he remembered her at age seventeen.{{sfn|Ward|Duncan|Burns|2001|p=159}} [[File:The Boys' Life of Mark Twain 024.jpg|left|thumb|Susy Clemens, left, with her mother, [[Olivia Langdon Clemens]], and younger sisters [[Clara Clemens|Clara]] and [[Jean Clemens|Jean]] in 1884.]][[File:Susy Clemens at Byrn Mawr In 1890-91.png|thumb|left|Susy Clemens at Bryn Mawr in 1890–91]] In the fall of 1890, Clemens attended [[Bryn Mawr College]], where she was given the starring role of Phyllis in the play ''[[Iolanthe]]'', began calling herself by her real first name "Olivia" and developed a close friendship with fellow student Louise Brownell{{sfn|Lystra|2004|p=15}} that some biographers have speculated may have been romantic in nature. Clemens left the college after one semester, possibly because of her family's financial difficulties, because she found the studies too difficult, or because of her relationship with Brownell.{{sfn|Lystra|2004|p=15}}
As she grew older, she became frustrated with her father's fame, which sometimes left her in the shadows. She was annoyed by her father's reputation as a "mere humorist" and felt he should represent himself as a serious writer instead of just as a funny man.{{sfn|Ward|Duncan|Burns|2001|p=161}} She was embarrassed when Twain performed the [[ghost story]] ''The Golden Arm'' for an audience at Bryn Mawr. She had begged him not to tell the story, thinking it too unsophisticated for her worldly classmates, and ran out of the hall crying when her father told the story anyway.<ref name="Susy">{{cite web| title= Susy Reviews Her Father's Performance | work= etext.lib.virginia.edu|url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton/onstage/susyrev.html |access-date = January 10, 2008}}</ref> She later accompanied her family abroad and attended schools in [[Geneva]] and [[Berlin]], where she took language and voice lessons, though she was disappointed when her voice teacher, Mathilde Marchesi, told her she had a lovely [[soprano]] voice but did not have the strength or stamina for grand opera. Marchesi observed that Clemens was [[Anemia|anemic]], [[Sleep deprivation|sleep-deprived]], and [[Anorexia|anorexic]]. She had Clemens stop singing lessons for the time being and encouraged her to restore her health first. She recommended [[hydrotherapy]] and proper diet and exercise, while Twain thought Susy might also be helped by [[hypnotism]]. However, she was never able to acquire enough lung capacity to project her voice from the stage.{{sfn|Rushmore|1971|pp=198-199}} In [[Europe]] she was at loose ends, bored by her family's evenings at home and annoyed by her father's frequent temperamental outbursts.{{sfn|Ward|Duncan|Burns|2001|p=151}} She wrote to her friend Brownell that she sometimes had trouble finding a reason for existence. She was also frustrated by society's refusal to see her as anything other than the daughter of Mark Twain.{{sfn|Lystra|2004|p=18}} In [[Florence]], the then nineteen-year-old Clemens became infatuated with a married [[Italy|Italian]] [[count]].{{sfn|Ward|Duncan|Burns|2001|p=151}} Her physical and mental health suffered, and she again sought cures ranging from hydrotherapy to "mind cures". She felt she was helped by [[New Thought|Mental Science]], a less structured version of [[Christian Science]], and to some extent by [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualism]].{{sfn|Lystra|2004|pp=22-23}}{{sfn|Paine|1912|p=1022}}
==Death== Clemens chose not to accompany the family to Europe on Twain's lecture tour of 1895–1896, citing [[seasickness]] and a desire to recover her health and become an [[opera]] singer. She stayed in Elmira, at the home of her aunt Susan Crane. In August 1896, while visiting her former home in Hartford, Clemens developed a fever that turned into [[spinal meningitis]]. Clemens was moved to her family home, and stayed in her parents' mahogany bed, which had detachable angels on each post, a bed that she and her sisters had fond memories of playing with as children. Katy Leary, the family's Irish maid, took care of her, sleeping on a sofa in the room. Clemens developed [[delirium]], at one point clutching an article of her mother's clothing and crying because she thought her mother had died, and at another looking out the windows at the traffic and singing, "''Up go the [[trolley car]]s for Mark Twain's daughter. Down go the trolley cars for Mark Twain's daughter.''"{{sfn|Ward|Duncan|Burns|2001|p=176}} She spent several days writing a 47-page [[prose poem]] partially addressed to the opera singer [[Maria Malibran]], whom she had taken as a kind of role model. Eventually she [[blindness|lost her sight]] and lapsed into a [[coma]]. On August 18, 1896, she died at age twenty-four. Her family was devastated.{{sfn|Ward|Duncan|Burns|2001|pp=161, 176–177}}
Clemens was buried in [[Woodlawn Cemetery (Elmira, New York)|Woodlawn Cemetery]] in Elmira. The poem on her headstone was an adapted extract from an 1893 poem, ''Annette'', by Australian poet [[Robert Richardson (poet)|Robert Richardson]] <ref>{{cite web |title=The poem on Susy Clemens' headstone |work=twainquotes.com |url=http://www.twainquotes.com/headstone.html |access-date=January 10, 2008}}</ref>: {{Poem quote |text=Warm summer sun ::shine kindly here, Warm southern wind ::blow softly here, Green sod above ::lie light, lie light – Good night, dear heart ::Good night, good night. |sign=[[Robert Richardson (poet)|Robert Richardson]] |title=Annette}}
==Popular culture== A children's book, ''The Extraordinary Mark Twain (According to Susy),'' features excerpts of Susy's biography of her father with smaller journal-style pages inserted between the main pages.{{sfn|Kerley|2010}}
''[[Mark Twain: Words & Music]]'' is a double-CD that tells the life story of Samuel Clemens in spoken word and song and features segments about his family. The project was produced by [[Carl Jackson]] as a benefit for the [[Mark Twain Boyhood Home & Museum]]. The story line was written by [[Cindy Lovell]] and is narrated by [[Garrison Keillor]] with [[Clint Eastwood]] performing as Twain and [[Angela Lovell]] performing as Susy.{{sfn|Lovell|2011}}
==References== {{reflist}}
==Sources== * {{Cite book |title=Papa: An Intimate Biography of Mark Twain |last=Clemens |first=Susy |publisher=Doubleday Books |year=1988 |isbn=0-385-23245-4}} * {{Cite book |title=The Extraordinary Mark Twain (According to Susy) |last=Kerley |first=Barbara |publisher=Scholastic Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0545125086}} * {{Cite book |title=[[Mark Twain: Words & Music]] |last=Lovell |first=Cindy |author-link=Cindy Lovell |publisher=Mailboat Records |year=2011 |asin=B005MR4P6Q}} * {{Cite book |title=Dangerous Intimacy: The Untold Story of Mark Twain's Final Years |last=Lystra |first=Karen |publisher=University of California Press Ltd |year=2004 |isbn=0-520-23323-9|url=https://archive.org/details/dangerousintimac0000lyst}} * {{Cite book |title=Mark Twain: A Biography |last=Paine |first=Albert Bigelow |author-link=Albert Paine |publisher=Harper & Bros. |year=1912 |isbn=}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/apr/21/mark-twain-manuscript-daughter-susy|title=Mark Twain manuscript reveals author's pain at losing his daughter|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|date=April 21, 2010|publisher=theguardian.com|access-date=June 8, 2014}} * {{Cite book |title=The Singing Voice |last=Rushmore |first=Robert |publisher=Dodd, Mead |year=1971}} * {{Cite book |title=Mark Twain: An Illustrated Biography |last1=Ward |first1=Geoffrey C. |last2=Duncan |first2=Dayton |last3=Burns |first3=Ken |author-link1=Geoffrey Ward |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |year=2001 |isbn=0-375-40561-5}}
==External links== *[http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?mark-twains-mourns-the-loss-of-his-daughter Twain Writes of Family Mourning Daughter Susy] Shapell Manuscript Foundation
{{Mark Twain|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clemens, Susy}} [[Category:1872 births]] [[Category:1896 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century American women writers]] [[Category:19th-century American biographers]] [[Category:American women biographers]] [[Category:Bryn Mawr College alumni]] [[Category:Clemens family|Susy]] [[Category:Deaths from meningitis in the United States]] [[Category:Neurological disease deaths in Connecticut]] [[Category:Infectious disease deaths in Connecticut]] [[Category:Writers from Elmira, New York]] [[Category:Writers from Hartford, Connecticut]] [[Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Elmira, New York)]]