{{Short description|Ancient city in Iran}} {{Redirect|Susia|the Israeli settlement|Susya}} {{About|the ancient city|the nearby modern-day villages|Tus-e Olya|and |Tus-e Sofla}} {{Infobox historic site | name = Tus | native_names = {{native name|fa|{{nastaliq|توس|fa}}}} | alternate_name = | image = Tomb-of-Ferdowsi آرامگاه-فردوسی Davoud-Davoudi 1.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Ferdowsi's tomb in Tus | image_map = | map_type = Iran | map_alt = | map_caption = Location of the site | map_relief = | coordinates = {{coord|36|28|45.0|N|59|30|35.0|E|display=inline,title}} | map_dot_label = | location = Razavi Khorasan Province, Iran | region = | type = Settlement | built = | abandoned = | epochs = | cultures = | event = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = In ruins | architecture = | notes = }} [[Image:Haruniyeh.JPG|thumb|right| The vast Haruniyeh Dome in Tus. Some say it is the tomb of Ghazali, but this is disputed.]]
'''Tus''' ({{Langx|fa|توس|translit=Tūs}}) is an ancient city in Khorasan near Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. To the ancient Greeks, it was known as '''Susia''' ({{langx|grc|Σούσια}}). It was also known as '''Tusa'''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/952108 |title=Places: 952108 (Tusa/Sousia) |author=Keall, E., M. Roaf, R. Talbert, T. Elliott, S. Gillies |access-date=January 5, 2015|publisher=Pleiades}}</ref> Tus was divided into four cities, Tabran, Radakan, Noan and Teroid, which in combination formed largest city in the region in the fifth century.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
==History== According to legend Tous son of Nowzar founded the city of Tous in the province of Khorassan next to today's city of Mashhad. It is said that the city of Tous was the capital of Parthia and the residence of King Vishtaspa, who was the first convert to Zoroastianism.<ref>Justi: ''Iranisches Namenbuch'', 1963, p. 157.</ref> It was captured by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE, and became a key waypoint on the Silk Road.
Tus was taken by the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik and remained under Umayyad control until 747, when a subordinate of Abu Muslim Khorasani defeated the Umayyad governor during the Abbasid Revolution.<ref>V. Minorsky, ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', vol. X, ed. P.J. Bearman, T. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs, (Brill, 2000), 741.</ref> In 809, the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid fell ill and died in Tus, on his way to solve the unrest in Khorasan.<ref>The Court of the Caliphs by Hugh N Kennedy ({{ISBN|0 297 83000 7}})</ref> His grave is located in the region.<ref>Hudud al-Alam translated by V. Minorsky (SBN 7189 -2-1 7)</ref>
In the 9th and 10th century, the Persian literature flourished in Khorasan and Transoxiana under Samanid Empire and other Iranian dynasties. The most famous person who has emerged from that area is the poet Ferdowsi, author of the Persian epic Shahnameh, whose mausoleum, built in 1934 in time for the millennium of his birth, dominates the town. Other notable residents of Tus include the theologian, jurist, philosopher and mystic al-Ghazali; early polymath Jābir ibn Hayyān; the poet Asadi Tusi; the powerful Seljuk vizier Nizam al-Mulk; the medieval polymath Nasir al-Din al-Tusi; the prominent Usooli ''mujtahid'' (Twelver-Shi'a law interpreter) Shaykh Tusi; and the noted Sufi mystic and historian Abu Nasr as-Sarraj.<ref name="Ox">{{cite book |editor1-last= Esposito |editor1-first= John |editor1-link= John Esposito |title= The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |date= 2003 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford |isbn= 9780195125580 |url= https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada |access-date= 24 April 2018 |chapter= Sarraj, Abu Nasr al- |url-access= registration }}</ref> The Samanid poet Daqiqi was also a native of Tus.
In 1220, Tus was sacked by the Mongol general, Subutai, and a year later Tolui would kill most of its populace,<ref>''Tus'', Gisela Helmecke, ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia'', Vol. I, ed. Josef W. Meri, (Routledge, 2006), 838.</ref> and destroying the tomb of Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the process.<ref name="Bretschneider65">''Mediaeval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources'', Vol. 2, ed. E. Bretschneider, (Routledge, 2000), 65.</ref> Tus was rebuilt in 1239 under the governorship of Kuerguez.<ref name="Bretschneider65"/> The city was attacked again in 1256 by the Mongols during Hulegu's campaign against the Nizari Ismailis.<ref name="Daftary1992">{{cite book |last1=Daftary |first1=Farhad |title=The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-42974-0 |page=423 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQGlyZAy134C&pg=PA423 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Willey2005>{{cite book |last1=Willey |first1=Peter |title=Eagle's Nest: Ismaili Castles in Iran and Syria |date=2005 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-85043-464-1 |pages=75–85 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RTyTn4ErwRIC |language=en}}</ref>
== Registration of Ferdowsi's Tomb in UNESCO == Ferdowsi Tomb has been nationally registered in the Iranian Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization and at the suggestion of the Cultural Heritage Organization and Ferdowsi Foundation, efforts have been made to pursue the registration of Ferdowsi Tomb in the UNESCO World Heritage List.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WCHV |date=2021-07-18 |title=Campaign for Registering Ferdowsi's Hometown as a World Cultural Heritage Site |url=http://worldculturalheritagevoices.org/campaign-for-registering-ferdowsis-hometown-as-a-world-cultural-heritage-site/ |access-date=2022-03-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>
==See also== {{Portal|Iran}} *Al-Tusi – a descriptor used for individuals associated with Tus *Tus Citadel
==References== {{Reflist}}
== Sources == * {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs | year = 1975 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Frye | first = R. N. | author-link = Richard N. Frye | chapter = The Sāmānids | pages = 136–161 | isbn = 978-0-521-20093-6 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&pg=PA136 }} * {{cite book | title = History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Age of Achievement, A.D. 750 to the end of the 15th-century | year = 1998 | publisher = UNESCO | last = Litvinsky | first = Ahmad Hasan Dani | isbn = 9789231032110 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC }} * {{cite encyclopedia | article = DAQĪQĪ, ABŪ MANṢŪR AḤMAD | last = Khaleghi-Motlagh | first = Djalal | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/daqiqi-abu-mansur-ahmad-b | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VI, Fasc. 6 | pages = 661–662 | year = 1993 }}
==External links== * {{Commons category-inline}} * [https://www.livius.org/articles/place/susia-tus/ Livius.org: Susia (Tus)]
{{Mashhad County}} {{Ferdowsi}}
<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
{{Authority control}}
Category:Populated places in Mashhad County Category:Ancient Iranian cities Category:Populated places along the Silk Road Category:Nishapur Quarter