Supermarine Spitfire

{{Short description|British single-seat WWII fighter aircraft}} {{Redirect|Spitfire}} {{Good article}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}} {{Use British English|date=February 2018}} {{Infobox aircraft | name = Spitfire | logo = | logo_size = | image = File:Spitfire - Season Premiere Airshow 2018 (cropped).jpg | alt = | caption = Spitfire LF Mk IX, ''MH434'' in 2018 in the markings of its original unit [[No. 222 Squadron RAF]] | long_caption = | other_names = | aircraft_type = [[Fighter aircraft|Fighter]] / [[Interceptor aircraft|Interceptor]] aircraft | aim = | outcome = | related = | national_origin = United Kingdom | manufacturer = [[Supermarine]] | design_group = | designer = [[R. J. Mitchell]] | builder = | issuer = | status = | owners = | primary_user = [[Royal Air Force]] | more_users = {{plain list| * [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] * [[Free French Air Force]] * [[United States Army Air Forces]]}} | service = | major_applications = | proposals = | prototypes = | number_built = More than 20,351<ref name="Ethell p. 117" /> | construction_number = | civil_registration = | military_serial = | radio_code = | requirement = | aircraft_carried = | flights = | total_hours = | total_distance = | construction_date = 1938–1948 | introduction = 4 August 1938<ref name="Ethell p. 12" /><ref>{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201103000/http://www.aeroflight.co.uk/waf/ireland/af/irl-af-all-time.htm |date=1 December 2010 }}. aeroflight.co. Retrieved 27 September 2009.</ref> | first_flight = 5 March 1936<ref name="Ethell p. 12" /> | initiated = | in_service = | last_flight = | expected = | developed_from = | variants = [[Supermarine Spitfire (Griffon-powered variants)]] <br> [[Supermarine Spitfire (early Merlin-powered variants)]] <br> [[Supermarine Spitfire (late Merlin-powered variants)]] <br> [[Supermarine Seafire]] | developed_into = [[Supermarine Spiteful]] | preservation = | fate = | predecessors = | successors = | concluded = }} [[File:Spitfire fly past at RAF Halton.ogg|thumb|Audio recording of Spitfire fly-past at the 2011 family day at [[RAF Halton]], Buckinghamshire]] [[File:Spitfire G-AWGB landing at Biggin Hill airfield.webm|thumb|Supermarine Spitfire ''G-AWGB'' landing at [[London Biggin Hill Airport|Biggin Hill Airport]], June 2024]] The '''Supermarine Spitfire''' is a British single-seat [[fighter aircraft]] that was used by the [[Royal Air Force]] and other [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] countries before, during, and after [[World War II]]. It was the only British fighter produced continuously throughout the war. The Spitfire was a short-range, high-performance [[interceptor aircraft]] designed by [[R. J. Mitchell]], chief designer at [[Supermarine]] Aviation Works, which operated as a subsidiary of [[Vickers-Armstrong]] from 1928. Mitchell modified the Spitfire's distinctive [[elliptical wing]] (designed by [[Beverley Shenstone]]) with innovative sunken rivets to have the thinnest possible cross-section, achieving a potential top speed greater than that of several contemporary fighter aircraft, including the [[Hawker Hurricane]]. Mitchell continued to refine the design until his death from cancer in 1937, whereupon his colleague [[Joseph Smith (aircraft designer)|Joseph Smith]] took over as chief designer.

Smith oversaw the Spitfire's development through [[Supermarine Spitfire variants: specifications, performance and armament|many variants]], from the Mk 1 to the Rolls-Royce Griffon-engined Mk 24, using several wing configurations and guns. The original [[airframe]] was designed to be powered by a [[Rolls-Royce Merlin]] engine producing 1,030 [[horsepower|hp]] (768 kW). It was strong enough and adaptable enough to use increasingly powerful Merlins, and in later marks, [[Rolls-Royce Griffon]] engines producing up to 2,340 hp (1,745 kW). As a result, the Spitfire's performance and capabilities improved over the course of its service life.

During the [[Battle of Britain]] (July–October 1940), the more numerous Hurricane flew more sorties resisting the [[Luftwaffe]], but the Spitfire captured the public's imagination, in part because the Spitfire was generally a better fighter aircraft than the Hurricane. Spitfire units had a lower attrition rate and a higher victory-to-loss ratio than Hurricanes, most likely due to the Spitfire's higher performance. During the battle, Spitfires generally engaged Luftwaffe fighters—mainly [[Messerschmitt Bf 109 variants#Bf 109E|Messerschmitt Bf 109E]]-series aircraft—which were a close match for them.

After the Battle of Britain, the Spitfire superseded the Hurricane as the principal aircraft of [[RAF Fighter Command]], and it was used in the [[European theatre of World War II|European]], [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]], [[Pacific War|Pacific]], and [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asian]] theatres.

Much loved by its pilots, the Spitfire operated in several roles, including interceptor, photo-reconnaissance, fighter-bomber, and trainer, and it continued to do so until the 1950s. The [[Supermarine Seafire|Seafire]] was an aircraft carrier-based adaptation of the Spitfire, used in the [[Fleet Air Arm]] from 1942 until the mid-1950s. The Spitfire remains popular among enthusiasts. Approximately 60 remain airworthy as of 2025, and many more are static exhibits in aviation museums throughout the world. Five airworthy aircraft are also part of the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, which is a squadron in the RAF. The BBMF is used at air shows.<ref name="McGowan">{{Cite web |last=McGowan |first=Sam |date=2024-08-08 |title=How Many Spitfires Are Left And Are Any Flyworthy? |url=https://www.slashgear.com/1870925/spitfires-remaining-aircraft-flyworthy/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=SlashGear}}</ref>

==Development and production== ===Origins=== [[File:Supermarine Type 224.jpg|thumb|[[Supermarine Type 224]]]] In 1931, the Air Ministry released [[List of Air Ministry specifications|specification F7/30]], calling for a modern fighter capable of a flying speed of {{convert|250|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} to replace the [[Gloster Gauntlet]] biplane. R. J. Mitchell designed the [[Supermarine Type 224]] to fill this role in competition with the [[Blackburn F.3]] and [[Westland F.7/30]] and privately funded designs from Gloster. The 224 was an open-cockpit monoplane with bulky gull wings and a large, fixed, spatted [[Landing gear|undercarriage]] powered by the {{convert|600|hp|adj=on}}, [[Evaporative cooling (engine)|evaporatively cooled]] [[Rolls-Royce Goshawk]] engine.<ref>Ethell 1997, p. 6.</ref> It made its first flight in February 1934.<ref name="Andrews Supermarine, p. 206">Andrews and Morgan 1987, p. 206.</ref> Of the seven designs tendered to F7/30, the [[Gloster Gladiator]] biplane was accepted for service.<ref name="document p. 16">Price 1977, p. 16.</ref>

The Type 224 was a big disappointment to Mitchell and his design team, who immediately embarked on a series of "cleaned-up" designs, using their experience with the [[Schneider Trophy]] seaplanes as a starting point.<ref name="document p. 16" /> This led to the Type 300, with retractable undercarriage and a wingspan reduced by {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}}. This design was submitted to the Air Ministry in July 1934, but was not accepted.<ref>Price 1982, p. 16.</ref> It then went through a series of changes, including the incorporation of an enclosed cockpit, oxygen-breathing apparatus, smaller and thinner wings, and the newly developed, more powerful Rolls-Royce [[Rolls-Royce Merlin|PV XII]] V-12 engine{{Refn|PV coming from "Private Venture"; the engine was developed at Rolls Royce without government funding|group=nb}}, which was later named the "Merlin". In November 1934, Mitchell, with the backing of Supermarine's owner [[Vickers-Armstrong]], started detailed design work on this refined version of the Type 300.<ref>Price 1982, p. 17.</ref>

On 1 December 1934, the Air Ministry issued contract AM 361140/34, providing £10,000 for the construction of Mitchell's improved Type 300 design.<ref name="document p. 20">Price 1977, p. 20.</ref> In April 1935 Ralph Sorley spoke to Mitchell about the new specification F10/35 which called for armament of at least six and preferably eight guns while at the same time removing bomb carry requirement and reducing fuel capacity. Mitchell foresaw no problem adding the guns and welcomed the reduction which would reduce weight. A specification for an eight-gun fighter, F5/34 had come from a recommendation by Squadron Leader [[Ralph Sorley]] of the Operational Requirements section at the Air Ministry.<ref name="Glancey 2006, pp. 37–38">Glancey 2006, pp. 37–38.</ref><ref>Price 2002 p21</ref> In the redesign the change was made from [[Vickers machine gun]]s to [[.303 British|.303 in]] (7.7 mm) [[M1919 Browning machine gun|Brownings]]),<ref name="document p. 32">Price 2003, p. 21.</ref> and the fuel tankage dropped to 75 gallons from 94.<ref>Price 2002 p23</ref>

[[File:Prototype Spitfire K5054.jpg|thumb|Spitfire prototype ''K5054'']] On 5 March 1936,<ref>Morgan and Shacklady 2000, p. 27.</ref><ref group=nb>For many years, considerable debate occurred over the date of the first flight being 5 or 6 March. Many of Supermarine's records from this era were destroyed during a bombing raid in 1940, and none of the surviving documents seemed to pin this down. This matter was almost conclusively answered in 1985 by aviation author Alfred Price, who received an account sheet with a handwritten note updating a line from "Not yet flown" to "Flew 5 Mar 36". See ''Spitfire: A Complete Fighting History'', 1991, pp. 165–166.</ref> [[Supermarine Spitfire prototype K5054|the prototype (''K5054'')]], fitted with a fine-pitch propeller to give more power for take-off, took off on its first flight from [[Southampton Airport|Eastleigh Aerodrome]]. At the controls was [[Joseph Summers|Captain Joseph "Mutt" Summers]], chief test pilot for Vickers, who is quoted as having said, "don't touch anything" on landing.<ref>Gunston et al. 1992, p. 334.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Although this is often perceived as Summers implying the Spitfire was flawless, this is not the case. What he meant was that he wanted nothing touched, especially the control settings, until he had consulted with Mitchell and the design team and suggested some improvements.<ref>Quill 1983, p. 71.</ref>|group=nb}} This eight-minute flight<ref name="Glancey 2006, pp. 37–38" /> came four months after the maiden flight of the contemporary Hurricane.<ref>Fleischman, John. [http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/spits_and_canes.html "Best of Battle of Britain."] ''[[Air & Space]]'', March 2008. Retrieved 3 April 2008.</ref>

''K5054'' was fitted with a new propeller, and Summers flew the aircraft on 10 March 1936; during this flight, the undercarriage was retracted for the first time.<ref>Price 2002, p. 38.</ref> After the fourth flight, a new engine was fitted, and Summers left the test flying to his assistants, [[Jeffrey Quill]] and George Pickering. They soon discovered that the Spitfire{{#tag:ref|The Air Ministry submitted a list of possible names to Vickers-Armstrong for the new aircraft, then known as the Type 300. One of these was the improbable ''Shrew''. The name ''Spitfire'' was suggested by [[Sir Robert McLean]], director of Vickers-Armstrongs at the time, who called his spirited elder daughter Annie Penrose "a little spitfire".<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/air-force-obituaries/8849075/Annie-Penrose.html "Annie Penrose."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113152117/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/air-force-obituaries/8849075/Annie-Penrose.html |date=13 January 2016 }} ''Telegraph,'' 25 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2012.</ref> The word is recorded since at least 1801 and refers to a fiery, ferocious type of person; at the time, it usually meant a girl or woman of that temperament.<ref>[[wikt:spitfire|Wiktionary: spitfire]]</ref> Previously, the name had been used unofficially for Mitchell's earlier F7/30 Type 224 design. Mitchell is reported to have said it was "just the sort of bloody silly name they would choose".<ref name="McKinstry 2007, p. 55." /><ref>Deighton 1977, p. 99.</ref>|group=nb}}<ref name="McKinstry 2007, p. 55.">McKinstry 2007, p. 55.</ref> was a very capable aircraft, but not perfect. The rudder was oversensitive, and the top speed was just 330 mph (528 km/h), little faster than [[Sydney Camm]]'s new Merlin-powered Hurricane.<ref>Glancey 2006, p. 43.</ref> A new and better-shaped, two-bladed, wooden propeller allowed the Spitfire to reach 348 mph (557 km/h) in level flight in mid-May, when Summers flew ''K5054'' to [[RAF Martlesham Heath]] and handed the aircraft over to Squadron Leader Anderson of the [[Aeroplane & Armament Experimental Establishment]] (A&AEE). Here, Flight Lieutenant Humphrey Edwardes-Jones took over the prototype for the RAF.<ref>[http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Edwardes-Jones.htm Humphrey Edwardes-Jones] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324043740/http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Edwardes-Jones.htm |date=24 March 2011 }}. rafweb.org</ref> He had been given orders to fly the aircraft and then to make his report to the Air Ministry on landing. Edwardes-Jones' report was positive; his only request was that the Spitfire be equipped with an undercarriage position indicator.<ref>Glancey 2006, p. 44.</ref> A week later, on 3 June 1936, the Air Ministry placed an order for 310 Spitfires,<ref>Ethell 1997, p. 11.</ref> at a cost of [[Pound sterling|£]]1,395,000.<ref name="Price p. 61">Price 1982, p. 61.</ref> before the A&AEE had issued any formal report. Interim reports were later issued on a piecemeal basis.<ref name="price document, p. 25 9">Price 1977, pp. 25, 27.</ref>

===Initial production=== The British public first saw the Spitfire at the [[Hendon Aerodrome|RAF Hendon]] air display on Saturday 27 June 1936. Although full-scale production was supposed to begin immediately, numerous problems could not be overcome for some time, and the first production Spitfire, ''K9787'', did not roll off the [[Woolston, Hampshire|Woolston]], Southampton assembly line until mid-1938.<ref name="Ethell p. 12">Ethel 1997, p. 12.</ref>

In February 1936, the director of Vickers-Armstrong's, Sir Robert MacLean guaranteed production of five aircraft a week, beginning 15 months after an order was placed. On 3 June 1936, the Air Ministry placed an order for 310 aircraft.<ref name="Price p. 61"/> Full-scale production of the Spitfire began at Supermarine's facility in Woolston, but the order clearly could not be completed in the 15 months promised. Supermarine was a small company, already busy building [[Supermarine Walrus|Walrus]] and [[Supermarine Stranraer|Stranraer]] flying boats, and Vickers was busy building [[Vickers Wellington|Wellington]] bombers. The initial solution was to subcontract the work.<ref name="Price p. 61"/> Although outside contractors were supposed to be involved in manufacturing many important Spitfire components, especially the wings, Vickers-Armstrong's (the parent company) was reluctant to see the Spitfire being manufactured by outside concerns, and was slow to release the necessary blueprints and subcomponents.<ref name="Morgan Shacklady 2000 p45">Morgan and Shacklady 2000, p. 45.</ref>

As a result of the delays in getting the Spitfire into full production, the Air Ministry put forward a plan that its production be stopped after the initial order for 310, after which Supermarine would build [[Bristol Beaufighter]]s. The managements of Supermarine and Vickers were able to convince the Air Ministry that production problems could be overcome, and a further order was placed for 200 Spitfires on 24 March 1938. The two orders covered the K, L, and N prefix serial numbers.<ref name="Morgan Shacklady 2000 p45"/>

The first production Spitfire came off the assembly line in mid-1938<ref name="Ethell p. 12" /> and was flown by Jeffrey Quill on 15 May 1938, almost 24 months after the initial order.<ref>Price 1982, p. 65.</ref> The final cost of the first 310 aircraft, after delays and increased programme costs, came to £1,870,242 or £1,533 more per aircraft than originally estimated.<ref name="Price p. 67">Price 1982, p. 67.</ref> A production aircraft cost about £9,500. The most expensive components were the hand-fabricated and finished fuselage at roughly £2,500, then the Rolls-Royce Merlin engine at £2,000, followed by the wings at £1,800 a pair, guns and undercarriage, both at £800 each, and the propeller at £350.<ref name="Glancey 2006, p. 61">Glancey 2006, p. 61.</ref>

===Manufacturing at Castle Bromwich, Birmingham===

[[File:Spitfire IIA P7666.jpg|thumb|Spitfire Mk IIA, P7666, EB-Z, [[Royal Observer Corps]], was built at Castle Bromwich, and delivered to [[No. 41 Squadron RAF|41 Squadron]] on 23 November 1940.{{#tag:ref|The pilot standing in front of the aircraft is prewar Olympic hurdler, Sqn. Ldr. Donald O. Finlay, the commanding officer of 41 Squadron from September 1940 to August 1941, who adopted the aircraft as his personal mount. The same day P7666 was delivered to the squadron, 23 November 1940, Finlay destroyed a Bf 109 on his first operational sortie in the aircraft.|group=nb}}]]

In 1935, the Air Ministry approached [[Morris Motors]] Limited to ask how quickly their [[Plant Oxford|Cowley plant]] could be turned to aircraft production. In 1936, this informal request for major manufacturing facilities was replaced by a formal scheme, known as the [[shadow factory plan]], to boost British aircraft production capacity under the leadership of [[Herbert Austin]]. He was given the task of building nine new factories, and to supplement the British car-manufacturing industry by either adding to overall capacity or increasing the potential for reorganisation to produce aircraft and their engines.<ref name="Philpott2006">{{cite book|author=Ian Philpott|title=The Royal Air Force – Volume 2: An Encyclopedia of the Inter-War Years 1930–1939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDHAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|date=2006|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-84415-391-6|pages=49–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208205301/https://books.google.com/books?id=XDHAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|archive-date=8 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 1938, construction began on the [[Castle Bromwich Assembly|Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory]] (CBAF), next to [[Castle Bromwich Aerodrome|the aerodrome]], and the installation of the most modern [[machine tool]]s then available began two months after work started on the site.<ref name="Price p. 67" /> Although Morris Motors, under [[Lord Nuffield]], who was an expert in mass motor-vehicle construction, managed and equipped the factory, it was funded by the government. By the beginning of 1939, the factory's original estimated cost of £2,000,000 had more than doubled,<ref name="McKinstry 2007, p. 145">McKinstry 2007, p. 145.</ref> and even as the first Spitfires were being built in June 1940, the factory was still incomplete, and suffering from personnel problems. The Spitfire's [[Stressed skin|stressed-skin]] construction required precision engineering skills and techniques that were beyond the capabilities of the local labour force, and some time was required to retrain them. Difficulties arose with management, who ignored Supermarine's tooling and drawings in favour of their own, and the workforce continually threatened strikes or "slow downs" until their demands for higher wages were met.<ref>McKinstry 2007, pp. 152, 153.</ref>

In spite of promises that the factory would be producing 60 per week starting in April, by May 1940, Castle Bromwich had not yet built its first Spitfire.<ref name="McKinstry 2007, p. 145" /><ref name="Corduroy2017">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ixn1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT35|title=Whirlwind: Westland's Enigmatic Fighter|author=Niall Corduroy|date=2017|publisher=Fonthill Media|pages=35–|id=GGKEY:RNKZ64PU2TP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208205301/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ixn1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT35|archive-date=8 December 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 17 May, Minister of Aircraft Production [[Max Aitken, 1st Baron Beaverbrook|Lord Beaverbrook]] telephoned Lord Nuffield and manoeuvred him into handing over control of the Castle Bromwich plant to his ministry.<ref>Price 1982, p. 107.</ref> Beaverbrook immediately sent in experienced management staff and workers from Supermarine, and gave control of the factory to Vickers-Armstrong's. Although resolving the problems took time, in June 1940, 10 [[Supermarine Spitfire variants|Mk IIs]] were built; 23 rolled out in July, 37 in August, and 56 in September.<ref>Price 1982, p. 109.</ref> By the time production ended at Castle Bromwich in June 1945, a total of 12,129 Spitfires, comprising 921 Mk IIs,<ref name="Air International 1985">''Air International'' 1985, p. 187.</ref> 4,489 Mk Vs, 5,665 Mk IXs,<ref>Delve 2007, p. 79.</ref> and 1,054 Mk XVIs had been built.<ref name="Air International 1985"/>

===Production dispersal===

[[File:spitfire mk11 pl965 arp.jpg|thumb|This Spitfire PR Mk XI (PL965) was built at [[RAF Aldermaston]] in southern England.]]

During the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe made concerted efforts to destroy the main manufacturing plants at Woolston and [[River Itchen, Hampshire|Itchen]], near Southampton. The first bombing raid, which missed the factories, came on 23 August 1940. Over the next month, other raids were mounted, until, on 26 September 1940, both factories were destroyed,<ref name="Price p. 115">Price 1982, p. 115.</ref> with 92 people killed and a large number injured. Most of the casualties were experienced aircraft-production workers.<ref name="Smallwood 1996">Smallwood 1996, pp. 8–15.</ref>

Fortunately for the future of the Spitfire, many of the production jigs and machine tools had already been relocated by 20 September, and steps were being taken to disperse production to small facilities throughout the Southampton area.<ref name="Price p. 115" /> To this end, the British government requisitioned the likes of Vincent's Garage in Station Square, [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], which later specialised in manufacturing Spitfire fuselages, and Anna Valley Motors, [[Salisbury]],<ref>{{cite news |date=2021-05-26 |title=Salisbury's secret Spitfire makers honoured with plaques |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-wiltshire-57245138 |access-date=2021-07-10}}</ref> which was to become the sole producer of the wing leading-edge fuel tanks for photo-reconnaissance Spitfires.<ref name="Andrews Supermarine p. 3412">Andrews and Morgan 1987, pp. 341–342.</ref>

A purpose-built works, specialising in manufacturing fuselages and installing engines, was built at Star Road, [[Caversham, Berkshire|Caversham]] in Reading.<ref name="Smallwood 1996" /> The drawing office in which all Spitfire designs were drafted was moved to [[Hursley House|Hursley Park]], near [[Winchester]].<ref name="Andrews Supermarine p. 10">Andrews and Morgan 1987, p. 10.</ref>

Four towns and their satellite airfields were chosen to be the focal points for these workshops:<ref name="Price p. 115" /> Southampton's Eastleigh Airport; Salisbury and the [[RAF High Post|High Post]] and Chattis Hill<ref>{{cite web |title=Chattis Hill Airfield |url=https://www.hampshireairfields.co.uk/airfields/cha.html|access-date=2021-07-15 |website=www.hampshireairfields.co.uk}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|A "Spitfire Lane" can be found on the road between Salisbury and [[Andover, Hampshire|Andover]] leading to the Chattis Hill aerodrome. |group=nb}} aerodromes; [[Trowbridge]] and [[RAF Keevil]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wiltshiretimes.co.uk/leisure/features/towncouncil/4455627.Revisiting_town___s_Spitfire_past/ |title=Revisiting town's Spitfire past |date=24 June 2009|website=Wiltshire Times |access-date=8 April 2018}}</ref> and Reading's [[Henley-on-Thames|Henley]] and [[Aldermaston]] aerodromes. Completed Spitfires were delivered to the airfields on [[Commer]] "[[Queen Mary trailer|Queen Mary]]" low-loader trailers, there to be fully assembled, tested, then passed on to the RAF.<ref name="Smallwood 1996"/>

===Flight testing===

All production aircraft were flight tested before delivery. During the Second World War, Jeffrey Quill was Vickers Supermarine's chief test pilot, in charge of flight testing all aircraft types built by Vickers Supermarine. He oversaw a group of 10 to 12 pilots responsible for testing all developmental and production Spitfires built by the company in the Southampton area.{{#tag:ref|The test pilots were based at Highpost and flown by light aircraft to the other airfields.|group=nb}} Quill devised the standard testing procedures, which with variations for specific aircraft designs operated from 1938.<ref>Quill 1983, pp. 138–145.</ref><ref name=Test>[http://www.spitfireperformance.com/spittest.html Spitfire Testing] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126110617/http://www.spitfireperformance.com/spittest.html |date=26 November 2013 }}. Retrieved 9 September 2008.</ref> [[Alex Henshaw]], chief test pilot at Castle Bromwich from 1940, was placed in charge of testing all Spitfires built at that factory. He co-ordinated a team of 25 pilots and assessed all Spitfire developments. Between 1940 and 1946, Henshaw flew a total of 2,360 Spitfires and Seafires, more than 10% of total production.<ref>Price 1991, p. 68.</ref><ref>[https://www.angelfire.com/sd2/spitfirefactory/man.htm "Henshaw."] ''angelfire.com''. Retrieved 9 February 2008.</ref> Henshaw wrote that he would climb at full throttle at 2,850 rpm to the rated altitude, then dive at full power and 3,000 rpm, and trim the plane to fly by itself at {{convert|460|mph|0|abbr=on}}. A production test usually consisted of an initial circuit of under 10 minutes, and a main flight of 20 to 30 minutes. He commented that the more powerful later versions were heavier and did not handle as well as the earlier ones, for example in a flick-roll.<ref>Price 1991, pp. 68–69, 71.</ref><ref>Price and Spick 1997, p. 70.</ref>

When the last Spitfire rolled out in February 1948,<ref>Price 1982, p. 249.</ref> a total of 20,351 examples of all variants had been built, including two-seat [[trainer aircraft|trainers]], with some Spitfires remaining in service well into the 1950s.<ref name="Ethell p. 117">Ethell 1997, p. 117.</ref> The Spitfire was the only British fighter aircraft to be in continuous production before, during, and after the Second World War.<ref name="McKinstry 2007, p. 6">McKinstry 2007, p. 6</ref>

==Design==

===Airframe=== [[File:Spitfire mk2a p7350 arp.jpg|thumb|Spitfire Mk IIa ''P7350'' of the [[Battle of Britain Memorial Flight|BBMF]] is the only existing airworthy Spitfire that fought in the Battle of Britain.]] In the mid-1930s, aviation design teams worldwide began developing a new generation of fighter aircraft. The French [[Dewoitine D.520]]<ref>Danel and Cuny 1966, pp. 225–244.</ref> and the German [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]], for example, were designed to take advantage of new techniques of [[monocoque]] construction, and the availability of new, high-powered, liquid-cooled, in-line aero engines. They also had refinements such as retractable undercarriages, fully enclosed cockpits, and low-drag, all-metal wings. These advances had been introduced on civil airliners years before, but were slow to be adopted by the military, who favoured the biplane's simplicity and manoeuvrability.<ref>Cross and Scarborough 1976, pp. 6–7.</ref>

Mitchell's design aims were to create a well-balanced, high-performance fighter aircraft capable of fully exploiting the power of the Merlin engine, while being relatively easy to fly.<ref name="Price 2002, p. 20">Price 2002, p. 20.</ref> At the time, with [[Entente Cordiale|France as an ally]], and Germany thought to be the most likely future opponent, no enemy fighters were expected to appear over Great Britain. German bombers would have to fly to the UK over the [[North Sea]], and Germany did not have any single-engine fighters with the range to accompany them. To carry out the mission of home defence, the design was intended to allow the Spitfire to climb quickly to intercept enemy bombers.<ref name=Bodie20>Bodie 1991, p. 20.</ref>

The Spitfire's airframe was complex. The streamlined, [[semi-monocoque]], [[duralumin|duralumin-skinned]] fuselage had a number of compound curves built up over a skeleton of 19 [[former]]s, also known as frames. These started from frame number one, immediately behind the propeller unit, to the tail unit attachment frame. The first four frames supported the glycol header tank and engine cowlings. Frame five, to which the engine bearers were secured, supported the weight of the engine and its accessories. This was a strengthened double frame which also incorporated the fireproof [[Bulkhead (partition)#Other uses of the term|bulkhead]], and in later versions of the Spitfire, the oil tank. This frame also tied the four main fuselage [[longeron]]s to the rest of the airframe.<ref>Deere 2010, pp. 152–153, 170.</ref> Behind the bulkhead were five U-shaped half-frames which accommodated the fuel tanks and cockpit. The rear fuselage started at the 11th frame, to which the pilot's seat and (later) armour plating were attached, and ended at the 19th, which was mounted at a slight forward angle just forward of the fin. Each of these nine frames was oval, reducing in size towards the tail, and incorporated several [[lightening holes]] to reduce their weight as much as possible without weakening them. The U-shaped frame 20 was the last frame of the fuselage proper and the frame to which the tail unit was attached. Frames 21, 22 and 23 formed the fin; frame 22 incorporated the tailwheel opening and frame 23 was the [[Flight control surfaces|rudder]] post. Before being attached to the main fuselage, the tail unit frames were held in a jig and the eight horizontal tail formers were riveted to them.<ref>Morgan and Shacklady 2000, pp. 614–616.</ref>

A combination of 14 longitudinal stringers and four main longerons attached to the frames helped form a light but rigid structure to which sheets of [[alclad]] stressed skinning were attached. The fuselage plating was 24, 20, and 18 [[Sheet metal|gauge]], decreasing in order of thickness towards the tail, while the fin structure was completed using short longerons from frames 20 to 23, before being covered in 22 gauge plating.<ref>Morgan and Shacklady 2000, p. 616.</ref>

The skin of the fuselage, wings, and [[tailplane]] was secured by dome-headed rivets, and in critical areas such as the wing forward of the [[Spar (aviation)|main spar]] where an uninterrupted airflow was required, with flush rivets. From February 1943 flush riveting was used on the fuselage, affecting all Spitfire variants.<ref>Morgan and Shacklady 2000, p. 171.</ref> In some areas, such as at the rear of the wing and the lower tailplane skins, the top was riveted and the bottom fixed by brass screws which tapped into strips of [[spruce]] bolted to the lower ribs. The removable wing tips were made up of duralumin-skinned spruce formers.<ref>Deere 2010, pp. 170–172.</ref>

At first, the ailerons, elevators, and rudder were fabric-covered, but once combat experience showed that fabric-covered ailerons were impossible to use at high speeds a light alloy replaced the fabric, enhancing control throughout the speed range.<ref>Morgan and Shacklady 2000, pp. 57–61.</ref>

===Elliptical wing design===

In 1934, Mitchell and the design staff decided to use a semi-elliptical wing shape to solve two conflicting requirements; the wing needed to be thin to avoid creating too much [[drag (physics)|drag]], but it had to be thick enough to house the retractable undercarriage, armament, and ammunition. An elliptical planform is the most efficient aerodynamic shape for an untwisted wing, leading to the lowest amount of [[lift-induced drag|induced drag]]. The ellipse was skewed so that the centre of pressure, which occurs at the quarter-[[Chord (aircraft)|chord]] position, aligned with the main spar, preventing the wings from twisting. Mitchell has sometimes been accused of copying the wing shape of the [[Siegfried and Walter Günter|Günter brothers]]-designed [[Heinkel He 70]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=OoFcHOLpCskC&dq=Siegfried+Gunther,+heinkel&pg=PA67 "Aeronautical research in Germany: from Lilienthal until today, Volume 147"], Ernst-Heinrich Hirschel, Horst Prem, Gero Madelung. Springer, 2004, pp. 66, 69, 379. {{ISBN|9783540406457}}.</ref> which first flew in 1932, but as [[Beverley Shenstone]], the [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamicist]] on Mitchell's team, explained: "Our wing was much thinner and had quite a different section to that of the Heinkel. In any case, it would have been simply asking for trouble to have copied a wing shape from an aircraft designed for an entirely different purpose."<ref name="document pp. 33–34">Price 1977, pp. 33–34.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Glancey notes that Rolls-Royce saw the potential of the He 70 as a flying test-bed for prototype engines, sending a team to Germany to buy one of the aircraft direct from Heinkel. The German government approved the deal, but only in return for a number of [[Rolls-Royce Kestrel]] engines. He also notes that Shenstone had worked with [[Ernst Heinkel]] in Germany.<ref name="Glancey 2006, pp. 37–38" />|group=nb}}

{{Blockquote|quote =The elliptical wing was decided upon quite early on. Aerodynamically it was the best for our purpose because the induced drag caused in producing lift, was lowest when this shape was used: the ellipse was ... theoretically a perfection ... To reduce drag we wanted the lowest possible thickness-to-chord, consistent with the necessary strength. But near the root the wing had to be thick enough to accommodate the retracted undercarriages and the guns ... Mitchell was an intensely practical man ... The ellipse was simply the shape that allowed us the thinnest possible wing with room inside to carry the necessary structure and the things we wanted to cram in. And it looked nice. |source =''Beverly Shenstone''<ref>Price 2002, pp. 17–18.</ref>}}

The wing section used was from the [[NACA airfoil|NACA 2200 series]], which had been adapted to create a [[thickness-to-chord ratio]] of 13% at the root, reducing to 9.4% at the tip.<ref name=":0">Lednicer, David. [http://www.ae.illinois.edu/m-selig/ads/aircraft.html "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719211015/http://www.ae.illinois.edu/m-selig/ads/aircraft.html |date=19 July 2011 }} ''UIUC Applied Aerodynamics Group,'' 15 September 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2011.</ref> A [[dihedral (aircraft)|dihedral]] of 6° was adopted to give increased lateral stability.<ref name="Price 2002, p. 20" />

A wing feature that contributed greatly to its success was an innovative spar boom design, made up of five square tubes that fitted into each other. As the wing thinned out along its span, the tubes were progressively cut away in a similar fashion to a [[leaf spring]]; two of these booms were linked together by an alloy web, creating a lightweight and very strong main spar.<ref name="Price 2002, p. 19.">Price 2002, p. 19.</ref> The undercarriage legs were attached to pivot points built into the inner, rear section of the main spar, and retracted outwards and slightly backwards into wells in the non-load-carrying wing structure. The resultant narrow undercarriage track was considered an acceptable compromise as this reduced the bending loads on the main-spar during landing.<ref name="Price 2002, p. 19." />

Ahead of the spar, the thick-skinned leading edge of the wing formed a strong and rigid, D-shaped box, which took most of the wing loads. At the time the wing was designed, this D-shaped leading edge was intended to house steam condensers for the evaporative cooling system intended for the PV-XII. Constant problems with the evaporative system in the Goshawk led to the adoption of a cooling system which used 100% [[Ethylene glycol|glycol]].{{#tag:ref|Starting with the Merlin XII fitted in Spitfire Mk IIs in late 1940 this was changed to a 70% water-30% glycol mix.|group=nb}} The radiators were housed in a new radiator-duct designed by [[Fredrick Meredith]] of the [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] (RAE) at [[Farnborough, Hampshire]]. This used the [[Meredith Effect|cooling air to generate thrust]], greatly reducing the net drag produced by the radiators.<ref name="document p. 24">Price 1977, p. 24.</ref> In turn, the leading-edge structure lost its function as a condenser, but it was later adapted to house integral fuel tanks of various sizes<ref>Smallwood 1996, p. 16.</ref>— a feature patented by Vickers-Supermarine in 1938.<ref>{{citation|title=The Trend Of Invention – Recent Aeronautical Patents Reviewed|date=17 February 1938|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938%20-%200461.html|publisher=Flight|volume=xxxiii|number=1521|page=163|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818023059/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938%20-%200461.html|archive-date=18 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The airflow through the main radiator was controlled by [[pneumatic]] exit flaps. In early marks of the Spitfire (Mk I to Mk VI), the single flap was operated manually using a lever to the left of the pilot's seat. When the two-stage Merlin was introduced in the [[Supermarine Spitfire (late Merlin powered variants)|Spitfire Mk IX]], the radiators were split to make room for an intercooler radiator; the radiator under the starboard wing was halved in size and the intercooler radiator housed alongside. Under the port wing, a new radiator fairing housed a square oil cooler alongside of the other half-radiator unit. The two radiator flaps were now operated automatically by a [[thermostat]].<ref>Price 2000, pp. 58, 61, 167.</ref> [[File:spitfire mark19 ps853 planform arp.jpg|thumb|The elliptical planform of a Spitfire PR.Mk.XIX displayed at an air show in 2008, with the black and white [[invasion stripes]] visible]]

Another wing feature was its [[washout (aviation)|washout]]. The trailing edge of the wing twisted slightly upward along its span, the [[Angle of incidence (aerodynamics)|angle of incidence]] decreasing from +2° at its root to -½° at its tip.<ref name="Andrews super, p. 216">Andrews and Morgan 1987, p. 216.</ref> This caused the wing roots to [[stall (aerodynamic)|stall]] before the tips, reducing tip-stall that could otherwise have resulted in a wing drop, often leading to a spin. As the wing roots started to stall, the separating air stream started to buffet (vibrate) the aircraft, warning the pilot, allowing even relatively inexperienced pilots to fly it to the limits of its performance.<ref>Bungay 2000, p. 78</ref> This washout was first featured in the wing of the Type 224, and became a consistent feature in subsequent designs leading to the Spitfire.<ref>Morgan and Shacklady 2000, p. 4.</ref> The complex wing design, especially the precision required to manufacture the vital spar and leading-edge structures, caused some major delays in the production of the Spitfire at first. The problems increased when the work was put out to subcontractors, most of whom had never dealt with metal-structured, high-speed aircraft. By June 1939, most of these problems had been resolved, and production was no longer held up by a lack of wings.<ref>McKinstry 2007, pp. 79, 133.</ref>

All the main flight controls were originally metal structures with fabric covering.{{#tag:ref|The fabric used for aircraft control surfaces had to be as light and as strong as possible: [[Irish linen]] was often used, or Grade A cotton. Once the material was stretched and doped, it was weatherproof and aerodynamically smooth. <ref>[http://thevintageaviator.co.nz/reference/working-irish-linen Working with Irish Linen] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120724094949/http://thevintageaviator.co.nz/reference/working-irish-linen |date=24 July 2012 }}. Retrieved 27 July 2010.</ref>|group=nb}} Designers and pilots felt that having ailerons which required a degree of effort to move at high speed would avoid unintended aileron reversal, throwing the aircraft around and potentially pulling the wings off. Air combat was also felt to take place at relatively low speeds and high-speed manoeuvring would be physically impossible. Flight tests showed the fabric covering of the ailerons "ballooned" at high speeds, adversely affecting the aerodynamics. Replacing the fabric covering with light alloy dramatically improved the ailerons at high speed.<ref>McKinstry 2007, p. 260.</ref><ref>McKinstry 2007, p. 88.</ref> During the Battle of Britain, pilots found the Spitfire's ailerons were far too heavy at high speeds, severely restricting lateral manoeuvres such as rolls and high-speed turns, which were still a feature of air-to-air combat.<ref>McKinstry 2007, p. 110.</ref>

[[File:Spitfire VII Langley USA.jpg|thumb|left|Spitfire HF Mk VII: the shape of the ellipse was altered by the extended "pointed" wing tips used by the high-altitude Mk VIs, VIIs, and early Mk VIIIs.]] The Spitfire had detachable wing tips which were secured by two mounting points at the end of each main wing assembly. When the Spitfire took on a role as a high-altitude fighter (Marks VI and VII and some early Mk VIIIs), the standard wing tips were replaced by extended, "pointed" tips which increased the wingspan from {{convert|36|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}} to {{convert|40|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>Price 1982, p. 147.</ref> The other wing-tip variation, used by several Spitfire variants, was the "clipped" wing; the standard wing tips were replaced by wooden fairings which reduced the span by {{convert|3|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>Price 1982, p. 144.</ref> The wing tips used spruce formers for most of the internal structure with a light alloy skin attached using brass screws.<ref>Deere 2010, p. 173.</ref>

The light alloy [[Flap (aircraft)|split flaps]] at the trailing edge of the wing were also pneumatically operated via a finger lever on the instrument panel.<ref>Air Publications 1972, p. 5.</ref> Only two positions were available; fully up or fully down (85°). Flaps were normally lowered only during the final approach and for landing, and the pilot was to retract them before taxiing.{{#tag:ref|On the ground, the flaps were normally lowered only for inspection or for maintenance. Pilots who forgot to raise the flaps after landing often found themselves paying a fine.|group=nb}}<ref>Tanner 1981, p. 23.</ref>

The ellipse also served as the design basis for the Spitfire's fin and tailplane assembly, once again exploiting the shape's favourable aerodynamic characteristics. Both the elevators and rudder were shaped so that their centre of mass was shifted forward, reducing control-surface flutter. The longer noses and greater propeller-wash resulting from larger engines in later models necessitated increasingly larger vertical, and later, horizontal tail surfaces to compensate for the altered aerodynamics, culminating in those of the Mk 22/24 series, which were 25% larger in area than those of the Mk I.<ref>Dibbs and Holmes 1997, p. 190.</ref><ref>Tanner 1976, p. Section 1, Fig. 1.</ref>

===Improved late wing designs=== As the Spitfire gained more power and was able to manoeuvre at higher speeds, the possibility that pilots would encounter [[Control reversal|aileron reversal]] increased, and the Supermarine design team set about redesigning the wings to counter this. The original wing design had a ''theoretical'' aileron reversal speed of {{cvt|580|mph|kn km/h}},<ref name="Quill 1983, p. 272.">Quill 1983, p. 272.</ref> which was somewhat lower than that of some contemporary fighters. The Royal Aircraft Establishment noted that, at {{cvt|400|mi/h|kn km/h}} [[indicated airspeed]], roughly 65% of aileron effectiveness was lost due to wing twist.<ref>[http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1947/naca-report-868.pdf "NACA Report on lateral control research, p. 131."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226115623/http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1947/naca-report-868.pdf |date=26 February 2009 }} ''naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk.''. Retrieved 27 June 2010.</ref>

The new wing of the Spitfire F Mk 21 and its successors was designed to help alleviate this problem. Its stiffness was increased by 47%, and a new aileron design using [[Hinge#Other types|piano hinges]] and geared [[trim tabs]] meant the theoretical aileron reversal speed was increased to {{cvt|825|mph|kn km/h}}.<ref name="Quill 1983, p. 272." /><ref>Andrews and Morgan 1987, pp. 227–228.</ref><ref>Morgan and Shacklady 2000, pp. 464–475.</ref> Alongside the redesigned wing, Supermarine also experimented with the original wing, raising the leading edge by 1 inch (25 mm), with the hope of improving pilot view and reducing drag. This wing was tested on a modified F Mk 21, also called the F Mk 23, (sometimes referred to as "Valiant" rather than "Spitfire"). The increase in performance was minimal and this experiment was abandoned.<ref name="Price WoF pt2, p. 57">Price ''Wings of Fame'' 1999, p. 57.</ref>

Supermarine developed a new [[laminar-flow]] wing based on new aerofoil profiles developed by the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]] in the United States, with the objective of reducing drag and improving performance. These laminar-flow airfoils were the Supermarine 371-I used at the root and the 371-II used at the tip.<ref name=":0" /> Supermarine estimated that the new wing could give an increase in speed of {{cvt|55|mph|kn kph}} over the Spitfire Mk 21.<ref name="Andrews& Morgan, p. 264">Andrews and Morgan 1987, p. 264.</ref> The new wing was initially fitted to a Spitfire Mk XIV. Later, a new fuselage was designed, with the new fighter becoming the [[Supermarine Spiteful]].<ref name="Andrews&Morgan pp. 264–6">Andrews and Morgan 1987, pp. 264–267.</ref>

===Carburation versus fuel injection=== The Rolls Royce engine's designers deliberately chose a carburettor for the Merlin engine: Sir [[Stanley Hooker]] explained in his autobiography that "the Germans paid a large penalty for their fuel injection. When the fuel is fed before the supercharger, as on the Merlin, it evaporates and cools the air by 25°C. This cooling enhances the performance of the supercharger, and increases the power of the engine, with a corresponding increase in aircraft speed, particularly at high altitude."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooker |first=Sir Stanley |title=Not much of an engineer : an autobiography |date=1984 |publisher=Airlife |others=Bill Gunston |isbn=0-906393-35-3 |location=Shrewsbury, England |oclc=11437258}}</ref> However, the early Merlin engine's lack of [[fuel injection]] meant that Spitfires and Hurricanes, unlike the Bf 109E, were unable to simply nose down into a steep dive. This meant a Luftwaffe fighter could simply "bunt" into a high-power dive to escape an attack, leaving the Spitfire behind, as its fuel was forced out of the [[carburettor]] by [[g-force|negative "g"]]. RAF fighter pilots soon learned to "half-roll" their aircraft before diving to pursue their opponents.<ref>McKinstry 2007, p. 205.</ref>

In March 1941, a metal disc with a hole was fitted in the fuel line, restricting fuel flow to the maximum the engine could consume. While it did not cure the problem of the initial [[fuel starvation]] in a dive, it did reduce the more serious problem of the carburettor being flooded with fuel by the fuel pumps under negative "g". Invented by [[Beatrice Shilling|Beatrice "Tilly" Shilling]], it became known as "[[Miss Shilling's orifice]]". Further improvements were introduced throughout the Merlin series, with [[Bendix Corporation|Bendix]]-manufactured [[pressure carburettor]]s, designed to allow fuel to flow during all flight attitudes, introduced in 1942.<ref name="McKinstry 2007, p. 206.">McKinstry 2007, p. 206.</ref>

===Armament===

[[File:Spitfire (At Wright-Patterson).jpg|thumb|Mk. Vc (Trop) built for Supermarine under licence by [[Vickers-Armstrongs|Vickers-Armstrong]] in June 1943, on display at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force|National Museum of the U.S. Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supermarine Spitfire Mk. Vc |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196284/supermarine-spitfire-mk-vc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412170535/https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196284/supermarine-spitfire-mk-vc/ |archive-date=2023-04-12 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=[[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] |publisher=[[U.S. Air Force]] |language=en-US}}</ref>]]

Due to a shortage of Brownings, which had been selected as the new standard rifle calibre machine gun for the RAF in 1934, early Spitfires were fitted with only four guns, with the other four fitted later.<ref name="Williams p. 93">Williams and Gustin 2003, p. 93.</ref> Early tests showed that, while the guns worked perfectly on the ground and at low altitudes, they tended to freeze at high altitude, especially the outer wing guns, because the RAF's Brownings had been modified to fire from an open bolt. While this prevented [[Cooking off|overheating]] of the [[cordite]] used in British ammunition, it allowed cold air to flow through the barrel unhindered.<ref name="Williams pp. 16, 93-94">Williams and Gustin 2003, pp. 16, 93–94.</ref> Supermarine did not fix the problem until October 1938, when they added hot air ducts from the rear of the wing-mounted radiators to the guns, and bulkheads around the gunbays to trap the hot air in the wing. Red fabric patches were [[Aircraft dope|doped]] over the gun ports to protect the guns from cold, dirt, and moisture until they were fired.<ref name="Williams pp. 93–4">Williams and Gustin 2003, pp. 93–94.</ref>

The decision on the arming of the Spitfire (and the Hurricane) is told in Captain C. H. Keith's book ''I Hold my Aim''. Keith held various appointments with the RAF dealing with designing, development and technical policy of armament equipment. He organised a conference, with Air Commodore Tedder in the chair, on 19 July 1934. He says "I think it can be reasonably contended that the deliberations of that conference made possible, if not certain, of the winning of the Battle of Britain, almost exactly six years later".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CRUZAAAAIAAJ|title=I Hold My Aim|last=Keith|first=Claude Hilton|publisher=G. Allen and Unwin Limited|year=1946|page=78}}</ref> At that meeting, scientific officer [[Frederick William Hill|Captain F. W. "Gunner" Hill]] presented charts based on his calculations showing that future fighters must carry no fewer than eight machine-guns, each of which must be capable of firing 1,000 shots a minute. Hill's assistant in making his calculations had been his [[Hazel Hill|teenage daughter]].<ref name="Keith C.H. p. 128">Keith 1946, p. 128.</ref>

Even if the eight Brownings worked perfectly, pilots soon discovered that they were not sufficient to destroy larger aircraft. Combat reports showed that an average of 4,500 rounds were needed to shoot down an enemy aircraft.<ref name="Williams p. 95"/> The main cause of this was the way the guns were mounted in the wing, allowing a dispersion of 1.1 metres at only 100 metres range. Perfectly aimed fire just missed the target because of this.<ref name="Williams p. 95"/> In November 1938, tests against armoured and unarmoured targets had already indicated that the introduction of a weapon with a calibre of at least 20 mm was urgently needed.<ref name="Williams p. 95">Williams and Gustin 2003, p. 95.</ref> A variant on the Spitfire design with four 20 mm [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Oerlikon cannon]] had been tendered to specification F37/35, but the order for prototypes had gone to the [[Westland Whirlwind (fighter)|Westland Whirlwind]] in January 1939.<ref>Buttler 2004, pp. 35, 50.</ref>

In June 1939, a Spitfire was fitted with a drum-fed [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404#British production|Hispano]] in each wing, an installation that required large blisters on the wing to cover the 60-round drum, reducing speed by {{cvt|8|mph|kn km/h}}. The cannon suffered frequent stoppages, mostly because the guns were mounted on their sides to fit as much of the magazine as possible within the wing. In January 1940, P/O George Proudman flew this prototype in combat, but the starboard gun stopped after firing a single round, while the port gun fired 30 rounds before seizing.<ref name="Williams pp. 93–4" />

Nevertheless, 30 more cannon-armed Spitfires were ordered for operational trials, and they were soon known as the Mk IB, to distinguish them from the Browning-armed Mk IA; they were delivered to No. 19 Squadron beginning in June 1940. The Hispanos were found to be so unreliable that the squadron requested an exchange of its aircraft with the older Browning-armed aircraft of an operational training unit. By August, Supermarine had perfected a more reliable installation with an improved feed mechanism and four .303s in the outer wing panels. The modified fighters were then delivered to 19 Squadron.<ref name="Williams pp. 93–4" />

==Operational history==

===Service operations===

[[File:SpitI19a.jpg|thumb|''K9795'', the 9th production Mk I, with [[No. 19 Squadron RAF|19 Squadron]] in 1938]]

The operational history of the Spitfire with the RAF began with the first Mk Is ''K9789'', which entered service with [[No. XIX Squadron RAF|19 Squadron]] at [[Duxford Aerodrome|RAF Duxford]] on 4 August 1938.<ref name="Price p. 67" />{{#tag:ref|This aircraft survived the war, only to be scrapped in 1945. The first pilot to fly ''K9789'' was Squadron Leader Henry Cozens, whose career had begun in 1917 with the [[Sopwith Camel]] and ended after flying [[Gloster Meteor|Meteor]] and [[de Havilland Vampire|Vampire]] jets.<ref name="Glancey 2006, p. 61" />|group=nb}} The Spitfire achieved legendary status during the Battle of Britain, a reputation aided by the "Spitfire Fund" organised and run by Lord Beaverbrook, the [[Minister of Aircraft Production]].<ref>McKinstry 2007, pp. 181–184.</ref> In fact, the Hurricane outnumbered the Spitfire throughout the battle, and shouldered the burden of the defence against the Luftwaffe; however, because of its higher performance, the overall attrition rate of the Spitfire squadrons was lower than that of the Hurricane units, and the Spitfire units had a higher victory-to-loss ratio.<ref>McKinstry 2007, pp. 118, 244–245.</ref> The key aim of Fighter Command was to stop the Luftwaffe's bombers; in practice, whenever possible, the tactic was to use Spitfires to counter German escort fighters, by then based in northern France, particularly the Bf 109s, while the Hurricane squadrons attacked the bombers.<ref>McKinstry 2007, p. 222.</ref> [[File:Spitfire VC 103 MU.jpg|thumb|Supermarine Spitfire Mk.VC, BR114, of the No 103 MU, Aboukir, 1942]]

Well-known Spitfire pilots included [[Johnnie Johnson (RAF officer)|"Johnnie" Johnson]]—34 enemy aircraft (e/a) shot down<ref>Price 1995, pp. 34, 37, 38, 55, 89, 92.</ref>—who flew the Spitfire right through his operational career from late 1940 to 1945. [[Douglas Bader]] (20 e/a) and [[Robert Stanford Tuck|"Bob" Tuck]] (27 e/a) flew Spitfires and Hurricanes during the major air battles of 1940. Both were shot down and became [[Prisoners-of-war|prisoners of war]], while flying Spitfires over France in 1941 and 1942.<ref>Price 1996, pp. 17, 35–37, 41, 62, 66, 91.</ref> [[Paddy Finucane|"Paddy" Finucane]] (28–32 e/a) scored all his successes in the fighter before disappearing over the [[English Channel]] in July 1942.<ref>Stokes 1983, pp. 16, 191–194.</ref> Some notable [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] pilots were [[George Beurling]] (31{{frac|1|3}} e/a) from Canada, [[Adolph Malan|"Sailor" Malan]] (27 e/a) from South Africa,<ref>Price 1996, pp. 17, 44, 55, 64, 93.</ref> New Zealanders [[Alan Christopher Deere|Alan Deere]] (17 e/a) and [[Colin Falkland Gray|C F Gray]] (27 e/a)<ref>Price 1996, pp. 11–13, 17, 42, 64, 67–68, 92.</ref><ref>Price 1995, pp. 56–57.</ref> and the Australian [[Hugo Armstrong]] (12 e/a).<ref>Price 1995, pp. 47, 82–83, 95–96.</ref>

The Spitfire continued to play increasingly diverse roles throughout the Second World War and beyond, often in air forces other than the RAF. For example, the Spitfire became the first high-speed [[Reconnaissance|photo-reconnaissance]] aircraft to be operated by the RAF. Sometimes unarmed, they flew at high, medium, and low altitudes, often ranging far into enemy territory to closely observe the [[Axis powers]] and provide an almost continual flow of valuable intelligence information throughout the war. In 1941 and 1942, PRU Spitfires provided the first photographs of the ''[[Freya radar|Freya]]'' and [[Würzburg radar|''Würzburg'' radar]] systems, and in 1943, helped confirm that the Germans were building the [[V-1 flying bomb|V1]] and [[V-2 rocket|V2]] ''[[Vergeltungswaffen]]'' ("vengeance weapons") rockets by photographing [[Peenemünde]], on the [[Baltic Sea]] coast of Germany.<ref>Vader 1969, p. 153.</ref>

In the Mediterranean, the Spitfire blunted the [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|heavy attacks on Malta]] by the [[Regia Aeronautica]] and Luftwaffe, and from early 1943, helped pave the way for the Allied invasions of [[Sicily]] and Italy. On 7 March 1942, 15 Mk Vs carrying {{cvt|90|impgal}} fuel tanks under their bellies took off from {{HMS|Eagle|1918|6}} off the coast of Algeria on a {{convert|600|mi|km|adj=on}} flight to Malta.<ref>Glancey 2006, pp. 102–103.</ref> Those Spitfire Vs were the first to see service outside Britain.<ref>Holland 2003, p. 232.</ref> The Spitfire served on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] with the [[Soviet Air Forces|Soviet Air Force (VVS)]]. The first deliveries of the Spitfire Mk VB variant took place at the start of 1943, with the first batch of 35 aircraft delivered via sea to the city of [[Basra]], Iraq. A total of 143 aircraft and 50 furnished hulls (to be used for spare parts) followed by March of the same year. Though some aircraft were used for front line duty in 1943, most of them saw service with the [[Soviet Air Defence Forces|Protivo-Vozdushnaya Oborona]] (English: "Anti-air Defence Branch").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lend-lease.airforce.ru/english/articles/spit/index.htm |title=Spitfires over the Kuban |last=Zlobin |first=Igor |date=2006 |website=Lend-lease on airforce.ru |access-date=2017-10-30 |quote=Along with British Hurricanes, the Soviet Air Force (''voyenno-vozdushnyye sily'' – VVS) also managed to fly another aircraft of the Royal Air Force as a front-line fighter – the Spitfire Mk. Vb. In the West, this airplane is feted as the winner of the Battle of Britain, and is also a national symbol of World War II. In the skies of Russia, these fighters became participants in 1943 in the bloodiest battles over the Kuban. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705080832/http://lend-lease.airforce.ru/english/articles/spit/index.htm |archive-date=5 July 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The Spitfire served in the Pacific Theatre, meeting the Japanese [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero]]. [[Claire Lee Chennault|Lt. Gen. Claire Chennault]] said: "The RAF pilots were trained in methods that were excellent against German and Italian equipment, but suicide against the acrobatic Japs."<ref>Smith 2015, pp. 146–149.</ref> Although not as fast as the Spitfire, the Zero could out-turn it, could sustain a climb at a very steep angle, and could stay in the air for three times as long.<ref name="Spick p.165">Spick 1997, p. 165.</ref> To counter the Zero, Spitfire pilots adopted a "slash and run" policy and used their faster speed and diving superiority to fight, while avoiding turning [[dogfight]]s. The Allies achieved air superiority when the Mk VIII version was introduced to the theatre, replacing the earlier Mk V.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nichol |first=John |title=Spitfire |date=2018 |publisher=Simon & Schuster UK Ltd |isbn=978-1-4711-7688-3 |edition=1st |location=London |publication-date=2018 |pages=312–318 |trans-title=English}}</ref>

[[File:Spitfire PA944 Side.jpeg|thumb|[[Spitfire 944|Spitfire PR Mk XI PA944]] of the [[United States Army Air Forces|U.S. Army Air Forces]] 7th Photo Recon Group, [[14th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron|14th Recon Squadron]] at [[RAF Mount Farm]], [[Oxfordshire]] in 1944]]

That Southeast Asia was a lower-priority area also did not help, and it was allocated few Spitfires and other modern fighters compared to Europe, which allowed the Japanese to easily achieve air superiority by 1942.<ref name="Young 2013 36">Young 2013, p. 36.</ref><ref>Young 2013, p. 5.</ref><ref>Nijboer 2009, p. 4.</ref> Over the [[Northern Territory]] of Australia, [[Royal Australian Air Force]] and RAF Spitfires assigned to [[No. 1 Wing RAAF]] helped defend the port town of [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] against air attack by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service|Japanese Naval Air Force]],<ref name="Glancey pp. 122–3">Glancey 2006, pp. 122–123.</ref> suffering heavy losses largely due to the type's limited fuel capacity.<ref>Morison 1958, p. 256.</ref> Spitfire MKVIIIs took part in the last battle of World War II involving the Western allies in Burma, in the ground attack role, helping defeat a [[Battle of the Sittang Bend|Japanese break-out attempt]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Saunders |first=Hilary St. George |title=Royal Air Force 1939–1945 |volume=III |year=1954 |publisher=HMSO |location=London |pages=362–363}}</ref>

During the Second World War, Spitfires were used by the [[United States Army Air Forces]] (USAAF) in the [[4th Fighter Group]] until they were replaced by [[Republic P-47 Thunderbolt]]s in March 1943.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.4thfightergroupassociation.org/history.html |title=The 4th Fighter Group 1942–1945 |website=The Official Site of the 4th Fighter Group – World War II |publisher=Association of the 4th Fighter Group – World War II |access-date=4 December 2017 |quote=In between 29 September 1942 and 2 November 1945, the 4th – flying well over 400 combat missions in Spitfires, Thunderbolts and Mustangs – compiled an impressive record of accomplishments and topped all 8th Air Force fighter groups with 1016 enemy aircraft destroyed. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205042136/http://www.4thfightergroupassociation.org/history.html |archive-date=5 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The 4th Fighter Group comprised the former RAF [[Eagle Squadrons]], which had transferred into American service in September 1942—the volunteer pilots kept their Mark Vb Spitfires during the transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roblin |first=Sebastien |date=2017-08-22 |title=America's Spitfires |url=https://warisboring.com/americas-spitfires/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402195131/https://warisboring.com/americas-spitfires/ |archive-date=2022-04-02 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=[[War Is Boring]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The USAAF [[14th Photographic Squadron]] of the [[Eighth Air Force|8th Air Force]] also operated Spitfire Mark XIs from November 1943 to April 1945, flying long-range reconnaissance over Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supermarine Spitfire PR.XI |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196278/supermarine-spitfire-prxi/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609040927/https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/196278/supermarine-spitfire-prxi/ |archive-date=2023-06-09 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=[[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] |publisher=[[U.S. Air Force]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Several Spitfires were captured by the Germans and flown by units that tested, evaluated, and sometimes clandestinely operated enemy aircraft.<ref>Gilman and Clive (1978), p. 314.</ref>

===Speed and altitude records=== [[File:Spitfire XI EN 409.jpg|thumb|The Spitfire Mk XI flown by Sqn. Ldr. Martindale, seen here after its flight on 27 April 1944 during which it was damaged achieving a true airspeed of 620 mph (998 km/h or Mach 0.92) in a dive]]

Beginning in late 1943, high-speed diving trials were undertaken at Farnborough to investigate the handling characteristics of aircraft travelling at speeds near the [[sound barrier]] (i.e., the onset of compressibility effects). Because it had the highest [[Critical Mach number|limiting Mach number]] of any aircraft at that time, a Spitfire XI was chosen to take part in these trials. Due to the high altitudes necessary for these dives, a fully feathering [[Rotol]] propeller was fitted to prevent [[overspeed (engine)|overspeeding]]. During these trials, ''EN409'', flown by Squadron Leader J. R. Tobin, reached {{cvt|606|mph|kn kph}} (Mach 0.891) in a 45° dive. In April 1944, the same aircraft suffered engine failure in another dive while being flown by Squadron Leader Anthony F. Martindale, [[Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve]], when the propeller and reduction gear broke off. The dive put the aircraft to Mach 0.92, the fastest ever recorded in a piston-engined aircraft, but when the propeller came off, the Spitfire, now tail-heavy, zoom-climbed back to altitude. Martindale blacked out under the 11 g loading, but when he resumed consciousness, he found the aircraft at about 40,000 feet with its (originally straight) wings now slightly swept back.<ref>Eric Brown, 'Wings on my Shoulders', 2007, p. 74</ref> Martindale successfully glided the Spitfire {{convert|20|mi|km|abbr=on}} back to the airfield and landed safely.<ref name="Aircraft performance and design (pdf file)pp.5–6" /> Martindale was awarded the [[Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)|Air Force Cross]] for his exploits.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1944/1944%20-%201304.html "Flight Archive: Air Force Cross."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306152516/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1944/1944%20-%201304.html |date=6 March 2012 }} ''Flight,'' 22 June 1944. Retrieved 7 November 2012.</ref>

[[RAE Bedford]] (RAE) modified a Spitfire for high-speed testing of the [[stabilator]] (then known as the "flying tail") of the [[Miles M.52]] supersonic research aircraft. RAE test pilot [[Eric Brown (pilot)|Eric Brown]] stated that he tested this successfully during October and November 1944, attaining Mach 0.86 in a dive.<ref name="Discussion">[http://www.space.co.uk/DataBank/VideoGallery/VideoPlayer/tabid/384/VideoId/33/Test-Pilot-Discussion.aspx "UK Space Conference 2008: Test Pilot Discussion."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724145755/http://www.space.co.uk/DataBank/VideoGallery/VideoPlayer/tabid/384/VideoId/33/Test-Pilot-Discussion.aspx |date=24 July 2011 }} ''space.co.uk''. Retrieved 12 October 2009.</ref>

On 5 February 1952, a Spitfire 19 of [[No. 81 Squadron RAF|81 Squadron]] based at [[RAF Kai Tak|Kai Tak]] in Hong Kong reached probably the highest altitude ever achieved by a Spitfire. The pilot, [[Flight Lieutenant]] [[Edward Powles|Edward "Ted" Powles]],<ref>[https://archive.today/20120713003402/http://obituaries.citizen-times.com/obituaries/obit.php?id=51681 Ted Powles]</ref> was on a routine flight to survey outside air temperature and report on other [[Meteorology|meteorological]] conditions at various altitudes in preparation for a proposed new air service through the area. He climbed to {{convert|50,000|ft|m|abbr=on}} indicated altitude, with a true altitude of {{convert|51,550|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The cabin pressure fell below a safe level, and in trying to reduce altitude, he entered an uncontrollable dive which shook the aircraft violently. He eventually regained control somewhere below {{cvt|3,000|ft|m|-2}} and landed safely with no discernible damage to his aircraft. Evaluation of the recorded flight data suggested he achieved a speed of {{cvt|690|mph|kn km/h}}, (Mach 0.96) in the dive, which would have been the highest speed ever reached by a propeller-driven aircraft if the instruments had been considered more reliable.<ref name="Aircraft performance and design (pdf file)pp.5–6">[http://www.eaach1.org/Design/DGIIcom2.pdf Aircraft performance and design (pdf file) pp. 5–6.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910112817/http://www.eaach1.org/Design/DGIIcom2.pdf |date=10 September 2008 }}. Retrieved 14 July 2008.</ref>

{{Blockquote|quote =That any operational aircraft off the production line, cannons sprouting from its wings and warts and all, could readily be controlled at this speed when the early jet aircraft such as [[Gloster Meteor|Meteors]], [[de Havilland Vampire|Vampires]], [[Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star|P-80s]], etc, could not, was certainly extraordinary. |source =''Jeffrey Quill''<ref>Quill 1983, p. 268.</ref>}}

The critical Mach number of the Spitfire's original elliptical wing was higher than the subsequently used laminar-flow section, straight-tapering-planform wing of the follow-on Supermarine Spiteful, [[Supermarine Seafang|Seafang]], and [[Supermarine Attacker|Attacker]], illustrating that Reginald Mitchell's practical engineering approach to the problems of high-speed flight had paid off.<ref>Price 1991, p. 99.</ref>

==Variants==

===Overview=== {{Main|Supermarine Spitfire (early Merlin-powered variants)|Supermarine Spitfire (late Merlin-powered variants)|Supermarine Spitfire (Griffon-powered variants)|Supermarine Spitfire variants: specifications, performance and armament}}

Although R. J. Mitchell is justifiably known as the engineer who designed the Spitfire, his premature death in 1937 meant that all development after that date was undertaken by a team led by his chief draughtsman, Joe Smith, who became Supermarine's chief designer on Mitchell's death. As Jeffrey Quill noted: "If Mitchell was born to design the Spitfire, Joe Smith was born to defend and develop it."<ref>Quill 1993, p. 135.</ref>

[[File:SpitfireIX611a.jpg|thumb|left|Pilots of [[No. 611 Squadron RAF|611 ''West Lancashire'' Squadron]] pushing an early Spitfire Mark IXb at [[RAF Biggin Hill|Biggin Hill]] in late 1942]] There were 24 marks of Spitfire and many sub-variants. These covered the Spitfire in development from the Merlin to [[Rolls-Royce Griffon|Griffon]] engines, the high-speed photo-reconnaissance variants and the different wing configurations. More Spitfire Mk Vs were built than any other type, with 6,487 built, followed by the 5,656 Mk IXs.<ref name="Air International 1985" /> Different wings, featuring a variety of weapons, were fitted to most marks; the A wing used eight .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns, the B wing had four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns and two 20 mm (.79 in) [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404|Hispano cannons]], and the C, or universal, wing could mount either four 20 mm (.79 in) cannons or two 20 mm (.79 in) and four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns. As the war progressed, the C wing became more common.<ref name="Flintham">Flintham 1990, pp. 254–263.</ref> Another armament variation was the E wing which housed two 20 mm (.79 in) cannons and two .50 in (12.7 mm) [[M2 Browning machine gun|Browning machine guns]].<ref name="Bowyer p. 64">Bowyer 1984, p. 84.</ref> Although the Spitfire continued to improve in speed and armament, its limited fuel capacity restricted range and endurance: it remained "short-legged" throughout its life except in the dedicated photo-reconnaissance role, when its guns were replaced by extra fuel tanks.<ref name="Bowyer p. 47" />

Supermarine developed a two-seat variant, known as the T Mk VIII, to be used for [[Flight training|training]], but none were ordered, and only one example was ever constructed (identified as N32/''G-AIDN'' by Supermarine).<ref name="Price 2002, p. 224">Price 2002, p. 224.</ref> In the absence of an official two-seater variant, a number of airframes were crudely converted in the field. These included a [[4 Squadron SAAF]] Mk VB in North Africa, where a second seat was fitted instead of the upper fuel tank in front of the cockpit, although it was not a dual-control aircraft, and is thought to have been used as the squadron "run-about".<ref name="Price 2002, p. 223">Price 2002, p. 223.</ref> The only unofficial two-seat conversions that were fitted with dual-controls were a few Russian lend/lease Mk IX aircraft. These were referred to as Mk IX UTI and differed from the Supermarine proposals by using an inline "greenhouse" style double canopy rather than the raised "bubble" type of the T Mk VIII.<ref name="Price 2002, p. 223" />

[[File:Supermarine Spitfire GAWGB "Grey Nurse" 02.jpg|thumb|left|A two seater Spitfire, flying out of [[Biggin Hill Airport]]]]

In the postwar era, the idea was revived by Supermarine and a number of two-seat Spitfires were built by converting old Mk IX airframes with a second "raised" cockpit featuring a [[bubble canopy]]. Ten of these TR9 variants were then sold to the [[Indian Air Force]] along with six to the [[Irish Air Corps]], three to the [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] and one for the [[Royal Egyptian Air Force]].<ref name="Price 2002, p. 224" /> Currently several of the trainers are known to exist, including both the T Mk VIII, a T Mk IX based in the US, and the "Grace Spitfire" ''ML407'', a veteran flown operationally by [[No. 485 Squadron RNZAF|485(NZ) Squadron]] in 1944.<ref name="Grace Spitfire ML407.">[http://www.ml407.co.uk/ "Grace Spitfire ML407."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921131912/http://www.ml407.co.uk/ |date=21 September 2013 }} ''Grace Spitfire'', UK. Retrieved 27 September 2009.</ref>{{#tag:ref|The second cockpit of this aircraft has been lowered and is now below the front cockpit. This modification is known as the Grace Canopy Conversion, and was designed by Nick Grace, who rebuilt ML407.<ref name="Grace Spitfire ML407." /> (For further details on surviving Spitfires see [[List of surviving Supermarine Spitfires]]).|group=nb}}

===Seafire=== {{Main|Supermarine Seafire}}

[[File:HMS Implacable AWM 019037.jpg|thumb|Seafires preparing to take off from the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Implacable|R86|6}} in 1945]] The Seafire, a name derived from ''sea'', and ''Spitfire'', was a [[naval]] version of the Spitfire specially adapted for operation from [[aircraft carrier]]s. Although the Spitfire was not designed for the rough-and-tumble of carrier-deck operations, it was considered the best available fighter at the time. The basic Spitfire design did impose some limitations on the use of the aircraft as a carrier-based fighter; poor visibility over the nose, for example, meant that pilots had to be trained to land with their heads out of the cockpit and looking along the port cowling of their Seafire.<ref>Brown 1978, p. 181.</ref> Like the Spitfire, the Seafire also had a relatively narrow undercarriage track, which meant that it was not ideally suited to deck operations.<ref name="Glancey p. 108">Glancey 2006, p. 108.</ref> Early Seafire marks had relatively few modifications to the standard Spitfire airframe; however cumulative front line experience meant that most of the later versions of the Seafire had strengthened airframes, folding wings, arrestor hooks and other modifications, culminating in the purpose-built Seafire F/FR Mk 47.<ref>Brown 1978, p. 185.</ref>

The Seafire II was able to outperform the [[Mitsubishi Zero|A6M5 Zero]] at low altitudes when the two types were tested against each other during wartime mock combat exercises.<ref name="Price WoF pt2, p. 40">Price ''Wings of Fame'' 1999, p. 40.</ref> However, contemporary Allied carrier fighters such as the [[F6F Hellcat]] and [[F4U Corsair]] were considerably more robust and so more practical for carrier operations.<ref name="Price WoF pt 2, p. 36">Price ''Wings of Fame'' 1999, p. 36.</ref> Performance was greatly increased when later versions of the Seafire were fitted with the Griffon engines. These were too late to see service in World War II.<ref name="Andrews&Morgan pp. 255–6">Andrews and Morgan 1987, pp. 255–256.</ref>

===Griffon-engined variants=== {{Main|Supermarine Spitfire (Griffon-powered variants)}}

The first Rolls-Royce [[Rolls-Royce Griffon|Griffon-engined]] Mk XII flew in August 1942, and first flew operationally with 41 Squadron in April 1943. This mark could nudge {{cvt|400|mph|kn km/h}} in level flight and climb to an altitude of {{convert|33,000|ft|m|abbr=on}} in under nine minutes.<ref>Price 2002, p. 191.</ref>

As American fighters took over the long-range escorting of USAAF daylight bombing raids, the Griffon-engined Spitfires progressively took up the tactical air superiority role, and played a major role in intercepting V-1 flying bombs, while the Merlin-engined variants (mainly the Mk IX and the Packard-engined Mk XVI) were adapted to the fighter-bomber role.<ref>Vader 1969, pp. 135–141.</ref> Although the later Griffon-engined marks lost some of the favourable handling characteristics of their Merlin-powered predecessors, they could still outmanoeuvre their main German foes and other, later, American and British-designed fighters.<ref name="Bowyer p. 47">Bowyer 1980, p. 47.</ref>

The final version of the Spitfire, the Mk 24, first flew at South Marston on 13 April 1946. On 20 February 1948, almost twelve years from the prototype's first flight, the last production Spitfire, ''VN496'', left the production line. Spitfire Mk 24s were used by only one regular RAF unit, with [[No. 80 Squadron RAF|80 Squadron]] replacing their [[Hawker Tempest]]s with F Mk 24s in 1947.<ref>Thomas 2008, p. 77.</ref> With these aircraft, 80 Squadron continued its patrol and reconnaissance duties from [[Wunstorf]] in Germany as part of the occupation forces, until it relocated to [[Kai Tak Airport]], Hong Kong, in July 1949. During the [[Chinese Civil War]], 80 Squadron's main duty was to defend Hong Kong from perceived Communist threats.<ref>Thomas 2008, pp. 84, 85.</ref>

[[File:Supermarine Spitfire F Mk XIIs of 41 Sqn.jpg|thumb|Supermarine Spitfire LF Mk XIIs of [[No. 41 Squadron RAF|41 Squadron]] in April 1944]] Operation Firedog during the [[Malayan Emergency]] saw the Spitfire fly over 1,800 operational sorties against the Malayan Communists.<ref name="deltaweb">Whitehead, Christopher. [http://www.deltaweb.co.uk/spitfire/post_war.htm "The Supermarine Spitfire, an operational history."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904153435/http://www.deltaweb.co.uk/spitfire/post_war.htm |date=4 September 2009 }} ''DeltaWeb International'', 1996. Retrieved 30 August 2009.</ref> The last operational sortie of an RAF Spitfire was flown on 1 April 1954, by PS888 a PR Mk 19 Spitfire of 81 Squadron. It was flying from [[Seletar Airport|RAF Seletar]], in Singapore to photograph an area of jungle in Johore, Malaysia, thought to contain Communist guerrillas. To mark the special occasion, ground crewmen had painted 'The Last' on the aircraft's nose.<ref name="81squadron">[http://81squadron.com/NOTABLE%20PLANES.htm "Notable Planes."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103085128/http://81squadron.com/NOTABLE%20PLANES.htm |date=3 January 2010 }} ''81 squadron'', 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2009.</ref>

The last non-operational flight of a Spitfire in RAF service, which took place on 9 June 1957, was by a PR Mk 19, ''PS583'', from [[RAF Woodvale]] of the Temperature and Humidity Flight. This was also the last known flight of a piston-engined fighter in the RAF.<ref>Morgan and Shacklady 1993, p. 457.</ref> The last nation in the Middle East to operate Spitfires was Syria, which kept its F Mk 22s until 1953.<ref name="deltaweb" />

In late 1962, Air Marshal Sir [[John Nicholls (RAF officer)|John Nicholls]] instigated a trial when he flew Spitfire ''PM631'', a PR Mk 19 in the custody of the [[Battle of Britain Memorial Flight]], against an [[English Electric Lightning]] F 3 (a [[supersonic]] jet-engined interceptor) in mock combat at [[RAF Binbrook]]. At the time, British Commonwealth forces were involved in possible [[Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation|action against Indonesia over Malaya]] and Nicholls decided to develop tactics to fight the Indonesian Air Force P-51 Mustang, a fighter that had a similar performance to the PR Mk 19.<ref name="Green p. 91">Green 2007, p. 91.</ref> The first airframe (PM631) developed mechanical issues which removed it from the trial. Another PR Mk 19, ''PS853'', which is now owned by Rolls-Royce, was on gate-guard duties at Binbrook, having been retired from the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight (BBMF) one year before. It had been maintained in running condition by ground crews at Binbrook, and after a short time was participating in the trials. At the end of the trials, RAF pilots found that [[de Havilland Firestreak|Firestreak]] infra-red guided missiles had trouble acquiring the Spitfire due to a low exhaust temperature, and decided that the twin ADEN {{convert|30|mm|1|abbr=on}} cannons were the only weapons suited to the task, which was complicated by the tight turning circle of the Spitfire, and the Lightning's proclivity for over-running the Spitfire. It was concluded that the most effective and safest way for a modern jet-engined fighter to attack a piston-engined fighter was to engage full afterburner at an altitude lower than the Spitfire, and circle behind it to perform a hit-and-run attack, contrary to all established fighter-on-fighter doctrine at that time.<ref>McKinstry 2007, pp. 379–380.</ref><ref name="Price p. 158">Price 1991, p. 158.</ref>

==Operators== {{See also|List of Supermarine Spitfire operators}} [[File:Spitfires of the No 352 (Y) Squadron RAF, aka Balkan Air Force (18 August 1944).jpg|thumb|Spitfires Mk Vc (Trop) of [[No. 352 Squadron RAF|352 (Yugoslav) Squadron RAF]] ([[Balkan Air Force]]) before first mission on 18 August 1944, from [[Canne, Apulia|Canne]] airfield, Italy]]

[[File:Supermarine 509 Spitfire T9C AN1067997.jpg|thumb|Spitfire T9 in 2005, civil registered as G-CCCA, painted in the markings of the [[Irish Air Corps]]]]

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}} * {{AUS}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adf-serials.com.au/2a58.htm|title=ADF Serials – Spitfire|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206192912/http://adf-serials.com.au/2a58.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adf-serials.com.au/spitfire.htm|title=ADF Serials – Spitfire|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316023222/http://www.adf-serials.com.au/spitfire.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{BEL}} * {{flag|Burma|1948}} * {{flag|Canada|1921}} * {{CZS}} * {{DNK}} * {{flag|Egypt|1922}} * {{FRA}} * {{flag|Free France}} * {{flag|Greece|old}} * {{flag|Hong Kong|1959}}<ref name="Isbn-9780953034512-173-176">{{cite book |title=Royal Air Force Reserve and Auxiliary Forces |date=2003 |publisher=RAF Museum |location=UK |isbn=9780953034512 |pages=173–176 |url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/research/RAF-Historical-Society-Journals/Journal-29A-Seminar-Reserve-Auxiliary-Forces.pdf |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016172859/https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/research/RAF-Historical-Society-Journals/Journal-29A-Seminar-Reserve-Auxiliary-Forces.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-16 |url-status= live }}</ref> * {{flag|India}} * {{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|Indian Empire]] * {{IRL}} * {{ISR}} * {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}} * {{flag|Italy}} (Italian Republic) * {{NLD}} * {{NZL}} * {{NOR}} * {{PAK}} * {{POL}} * {{POR}} * {{flag|Southern Rhodesia|1924}} * {{flag|South Africa|1928}} * {{USSR}} * {{SWE}} * {{flag|Syria|1932}} * {{THA}} * {{TUR}} * {{UK}} * {{flag|United States|1912}} * {{YUG}} {{Div col end}}

==Surviving aircraft== {{Main|List of surviving Supermarine Spitfires}}

[[File:Spitfire AR614 Paul Allen Collection.jpg|thumb|[[Lynn Garrison]] Spitfire AR614 now in Paul Allen Collection]]

Owing to its wide usage in World War II and iconic status, a large number of Spitfires have survived into preservation. Approximately 240 Spitfires are preserved as of 2025, including around 70 which are airworthy.<ref name="McGowan"/> Many air museums have Spitfires on static display, for example, Chicago's [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]] has paired a static Spitfire with a static Ju 87 R-2/Trop. [[Stuka]] dive bomber.{{#tag:ref|Both of these airframes have a significant history in that they were acquired in the Second World War and used in the first war drives, which preceded the US entry into the conflict. The Spitfire, donated by the British government in 1940, was the first example to come to the United States, and was used extensively as a propaganda tool, alongside the Stuka, recovered from the Middle East.<ref name="Chicago">[http://www.msichicago.org/whats-here/exhibits/transportation-gallery/the-exhibit/smaller-aircraft/mark-1a-spitfire/ "Supermarine Mark 1A Spitfire."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613162808/http://msichicago.org/whats-here/exhibits/transportation-gallery/the-exhibit/smaller-aircraft/mark-1a-spitfire/ |date=13 June 2010 }} ''Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago).''. Retrieved 30 July 2011.</ref>|group=nb}}<ref>[http://www.military-airshows.co.uk/spitaw.htm "List of Airworthy Spitfires."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907232202/http://www.military-airshows.co.uk/spitaw.htm |date=7 September 2009 }} ''military-airshows.co.''. Retrieved 23 February 2008.</ref>

The oldest surviving Spitfire is a Mark 1, serial number ''K9942''; it is preserved at the [[Royal Air Force Museum Cosford]] in [[Shropshire]]. This aircraft was the 155th built and first flew in April 1939. It flew operationally with [[No. 72 Squadron RAF]] until June 1940, when it was damaged in a wheels-up landing. After repair, it was used for training until August 1944, when it became one of several [[Battle of Britain]] aircraft veterans that were allocated to the Air Historical Branch for future museum preservation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/collections/72-A-263-Spitfire-1-K9942.pdf | title=Supermarine Spitfire Mk.I K9942/8383M Museum Accession NO.72/A/263 | publisher=Royal Air Force Museum | access-date=19 June 2013 | author=Simpson, Andrew | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111212827/http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/collections/72-A-263-Spitfire-1-K9942.pdf | archive-date=11 January 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

[[File:Spitifre Mk.XVI with crew.jpg|thumb|Spitfire XIVe [[List of surviving Supermarine Spitfires|''NH749'']] of the [[Commemorative Air Force]], based at [[Camarillo, California|Camarillo airport, Southern California]], seen with period-dressed crew members in 2011]]

A restored Spitfire is maintained at [[Fantasy of Flight]] in [[Polk City, Florida]]. Over a six-year period in the 1990s, this aircraft was restored by Personal Plane Services in England using almost 90% of its original aircraft skins. The owner [[Kermit Weeks]] insisted that the aircraft be restored as closely as possible to its original condition. Machine guns, cannon, gun sight and original working radios are all installed.<ref name="Fantasy of Flight">[http://www.fantasyofflight.com/aircraftpages/spitfire.htm "Spitfire."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305233615/http://www.fantasyofflight.com/aircraftpages/spitfire.htm |date=5 March 2012 }} ''Fantasy of Flight.''. Retrieved 6 March 2011.</ref>

Two MK 1 Supermarine Spitfires, originally restored by the [[Historic Flying Limited|Aircraft Restoration Company]], remain in flying condition at the [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]], in [[Cambridgeshire]], England. Both restored by American billionaire [[Thomas Kaplan]], one has been donated to the Imperial War Museum and the second was auctioned in July 2015 at [[Christie's]], London. It was one of only four flying Mk I Spitfires at the time, with a fifth (P9372) restored to airworthy status following its first post-restoration flight on 22 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vintage Aviation News Staff |date=2025-04-26 |title=Spitfire Mk.I P9372 Flies Again For The First Time in 85 Years |url=https://vintageaviationnews.com/restorations/spitfire-mk-i-p9372-flies-again-for-the-first-time-in-85-years.html |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=Vintage Aviation News}}</ref> The aircraft fetched a record £3.1 million at auction on 9 July, beating the previous record for a Spitfire of £1.7 million set in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-33472028 |title=Restored World War Two Spitfire sold for £3.1m |work=BBC News |date=9 July 2015 |access-date=23 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825231603/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-33472028 |archive-date=25 August 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2021, Duxford hosted an exhibition of the Spitfire's evolution with twelve of the aircraft on display. This was reportedly the largest number "under one roof" during the 21st century.<ref>{{cite news |title=Largest Spitfire gathering in 21st Century held in Duxford museum |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-59492473 |access-date=31 January 2025 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=23 December 2021}}</ref>

A Spitfire model ''ML407'' was purchased by [[Carolyn Grace]] and her husband Nick in 1979. Carolyn Grace subsequently flew the Spitfire in several displays, including one commemorating the 60th anniversary of D-Day in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/12/07/worlds-female-spitfire-pilot-dies-car-crash/ |title=World's only female Spitfire pilot dies in car crash |first=Catherine |last=Lough |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=7 December 2022 |accessdate=7 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/kent/3784897.stm |title=Spitfire flies after replica fear |work=[[BBC News]] |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref>

===Search for reported surviving Spitfires in Burma===

After hostilities ceased in Asia in 1945, a number of Spitfire Mk.XIVs were rumoured to be buried in crates in [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]. Excavations carried out at [[Yangon International Airport]] (formerly RAF Mingaladon) in early 2013 failed to locate any of the rumoured aircraft,<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21483187 "Search for 'buried Spitfires' in Burma called off"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529115323/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21483187 |date=29 May 2013}}. ''BBC News'', 16 February 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.</ref><ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/man-who-tried-to-dig-up-140-spitfires-in-burma-2015-9 "Remember the guy who thought he found 140 lost Spitfires, buried underground? His story came to a really depressing end"] . ''Business Insider UK'', 15 September 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2016.</ref> and the team reported that they found no evidence that Spitfires were shipped there in crates or buried.<ref>Stone, Mark [http://news.sky.com/story/burma-spitfire-mystery-is-solved-10454358 Burma Spitfire Mystery Is Solved 17 February 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821194625/http://news.sky.com/story/burma-spitfire-mystery-is-solved-10454358 |date=21 August 2016 }} ''[[Sky News]]'' Retrieved 1 September 2016</ref> Pat Woodward, who was an RAF pilot operating from Burma at the end of the war, reported that no such burying took place.<ref>Englebrecht, Gavin [http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/10177803.Buried_Spitfires_is_a_tall_story__says_RAF_veteran/ Buried Spitfires is a tall story, says RAF veteran 23 January 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916152557/http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/10177803.Buried_Spitfires_is_a_tall_story__says_RAF_veteran/ |date=16 September 2016 }} ''[[The Northern Echo]]'' Retrieved 1 September 2016</ref> In 2016 it was reported that the hunt was continuing.<ref>Halifax, Justine [http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/hunt-legendary-spitfires-buried-burma-11442354 Hunt for legendary Spitfires buried in Burma is back on 8 June 2016] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915211115/http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/hunt-legendary-spitfires-buried-burma-11442354 |date=15 September 2016 }} ''[[Birmingham Mail]]'' Retrieved 1 September 2016</ref>

== Memorials ==

* A fibreglass replica of the Mk.1 Spitfire Mk1 YT-J (R6675), flown by Supermarine test pilot Jeffrey Quill during his brief period of active service with 65 Squadron, is on display at the [[Kent Battle of Britain Museum]] at [[Hawkinge]] near Folkestone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kbobm.org/news_events.html/ |title=KBBM News |publisher=The Kent Battle of Britain Museum |access-date=19 July 2024 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> * ''[[Sentinel (sculpture)|Sentinel]]'' is a sculpture by [[Tim Tolkien]] depicting three Spitfires in flight at the roundabout junction (popularly known as Spitfire Island) of the A47 and A452 in [[Castle Bromwich]], Birmingham, England, commemorating the main Spitfire factory. The island sits at the adjoining southern corners of the former Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory and Aerodrome (now Castle Vale housing estate).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12441241.html |title=Roundabout is Real Highflyer |date=4 January 2006 |publisher=Birmingham Evening Mail |access-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513064700/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-12441241.html |archive-date=13 May 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> There is also a Spitfire and a Hurricane in the nearby [[Thinktank, Birmingham|Thinktank]] Science Museum.<ref>[http://www.thinktank.ac/page.asp?section=241&sectionTitle=Move+It "Displays."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716103840/http://www.thinktank.ac/page.asp?section=241&sectionTitle=Move+It |date=16 July 2011 }} ''[[Thinktank]] Science Museum.''. Retrieved 6 March 2011.</ref> * Jeffrey Quill, the former Supermarine test pilot, initiated a project to build an exact replica of K5054, the prototype Spitfire to be put on permanent public display as a memorial to R.J. Mitchell. A team of original Supermarine designers worked with Aerofab Restorations of Andover for 10 years to create the facsimile. It was unveiled to the public in April 1993 by Quill at the RAF Museum, Hendon, and is currently on loan to the Tangmere Military Aviation Museum.<ref name="Glancey 2006, p. 206">Glancey 2006, p. 206.</ref> * One of the few remaining Supermarine Spitfires with a wartime record is on display (alongside a Hawker Hurricane) at the [[RAF Manston]] Spitfire and Hurricane Memorial Museum, near [[Kent International Airport]].<ref>[http://www.spitfiremuseum.org.uk/ "Spitfire and Hurricane Memorial Museum."] ''RAF Manston.''. Retrieved 25 January 2014.</ref> * Lodge Hill Garage, [[Abingdon, Oxfordshire]] has a full-size replica Spitfire as a rooftop monument. Owner Peter Jewson bought the replica in a campaign to build the first ever national memorial to honour the 166 women from the [[Air Transport Auxiliary]] (ATA) who flew Spitfires and other aircraft from factories to their operational airbases; 14 died during these ferry flights.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-13681220 |title=Monument campaign for WWII female auxiliary pilots |work=BBC News |date=8 June 2011 |access-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611085023/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-13681220 |archive-date=11 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * A fibreglass replica of a Spitfire Mk IX is mounted to the roof of the speciality shop, Spitfire Emporium, in [[Kitchener, Ontario]].<ref>[http://www.spitcrazy.com/roofspit.htm "Spitfire Emporium."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216072530/http://www.spitcrazy.com/roofspit.htm |date=16 February 2012 }} ''spitcrazy.com.''. Retrieved 11 December 2011.</ref> * There is a replica of a Spitfire (and of a Hurricane) at the entrance to the [[Eden Camp Museum|Eden Camp Modern History Museum]] as a memorial to pilots who served in the Battle of Britain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aviationmuseumguide.co.uk/museum_eden-camp.php |access-date=5 November 2013 |publisher=Aviation Museum Guide UK |title=Eden Camp Modern History Theme Museum, Malton, North Yorkshire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105053246/http://www.aviationmuseumguide.co.uk/museum_eden-camp.php |archive-date=5 November 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> * A full-size pole-mounted replica was erected in 2021 on the site of a Salisbury factory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-09 |title=New memorial to honour the workers who built 'Secret Spitfires' during the war |url=https://www.itv.com/news/meridian/2021-07-09/new-memorial-to-honour-the-workers-who-built-secret-spitfires-during-the-war |access-date=2021-07-10 |website=ITV News}}</ref> * In 2009, the Spitfire was selected by the [[Royal Mail]] for their [[Great Britain commemorative stamps 2000–2009|"British Design Classics" commemorative postage stamp]] issue.<ref>{{cite news |title=In pictures: Royal Mail's British design classic stamps |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2009/jan/13/stamps-british-design-classics |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

== Restorations and replicas ==

[[File:SpitfireVB.jpg|thumb|Replica Mk Vb on display in 2009]]

The [[Historic Flying Limited|Aircraft Restoration Company]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spitfire Restorations by Aircraft Restoration Company's Historic Flying Ltd. |url=https://www.aircraftrestorationcompany.com/spitfires |access-date=2022-01-21 |website=Aircraft Restoration Company}}</ref> a British organisation involved in aircraft restoration, has either restored, overhauled or built from scratch a significant proportion of the Spitfires that are now airworthy. Several other manufacturers have produced replica Spitfires, either as complete aircraft or as kits for self-building. These range in scale from 60% scale to full-size, and most use wooden construction rather than the original all-metal monocoque design. These include the [[Jurca Spit]] from France, and those manufactured by Tally Ho Enterprises in Canada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spitfire.org/wilshirespit.html |title=Tally Ho Enterprises |access-date=17 August 2010 |publisher=Spitfire |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925023549/http://www.spitfire.org/wilshirespit.html |archive-date=25 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Supermarine Aircraft]] – originally from [[Brisbane]], Australia, and now based in [[Cisco, Texas]] – manufacture the 80% scale Spitfire Mk26 and the 90% scale Mk26B replicas. Their [[Supermarine Aircraft Spitfire]] is supplied in kit form and is the only all-aluminium reproduction Spitfire in production.<ref name="Supermarine">{{cite web |url=http://www.supermarineaircraft.com/About.htm |title=About |publisher=Supermarine Aircraft |access-date=25 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805120746/http://www.supermarineaircraft.com/About.htm |archive-date=5 August 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Isaacs Spitfire]] (1975)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/like-every-true-briton-i-wanted-to-fly-a-spitfire-how-one-man-built-his-own-plane-with-a-little-help-from-b-c |title='Like every true Briton I wanted to fly a Spitfire': How one man built his own plane with a little help from B.C. |date=9 December 2016 |newspaper=Nationalpost |access-date=8 December 2017}}</ref> and the [[Time Warp Spitfire Mk V]] (1996) are homebuilt 60% scale replicas, and Bob DeFord of Prescott, Arizona built and flies a 100% scale replica.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spitfiresocietytrustza.org/if-you-cant-buy-one-build-one/ |title='If you can't buy one, Build One' |date=28 April 2016 |website=spitfiresocietytrustza.org |access-date=29 December 2018 |archive-date=29 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229234633/http://www.spitfiresocietytrustza.org/if-you-cant-buy-one-build-one/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== In media == [[File:Britain's New Spitfire 44-pf-116-2016-001-ac.jpg|thumb|Cutaway diagram of the Spitfire]]

During and after the Battle of Britain, the Spitfire became a symbol of British resistance. Numerous films and documentaries featuring the Spitfire have been produced, including: * ''[[The First of the Few]]'' (also known as ''Spitfire'' in the US and Canada) (1942) is a British film produced and directed by [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]], with Howard in the starring role of R. J. Mitchell, and David Niven playing a [[composite character]] based on the Schneider Trophy pilots of 1927, 1929 and 1931, and the Supermarine test pilot Jeffrey Quill. Some of the footage includes film shot in 1941 of operational Spitfires and pilots of [[No. 501 Squadron RAF|501 Squadron]] (code letters SD). Howard spent a long time researching the history of the Spitfire's development for the film; Mrs. Mitchell and her son Gordon were on the set during much of the production.<ref>Eforgan 2010, Chapter 8.</ref> * ''[[Malta Story]]'' (1953), starring [[Alec Guinness]], [[Jack Hawkins]], [[Anthony Steel (actor)|Anthony Steel]] and [[Muriel Pavlow]], is a [[Black-and-white|black and white]] [[war film]] telling the story of the defence of [[Malta]] in 1942 when Spitfires were the island's main defence from air attacks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/82506/the-malta-story |title=The Malta Story (1953) – Overview |website=Turner Classic Movies |access-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606135442/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/82506/The-Malta-Story/ |archive-date=6 June 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * ''[[Reach for the Sky]]'' (1956) starring [[Kenneth More]] tells the story of Douglas Bader, using contemporary Spitfire aircraft in the production.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0049665/goofs |title=Reach for the Sky (1956) Goofs |author= |date= |website=IMDb |publisher=IMDb.com |access-date=20 July 2017 |quote=The scenes set in the days leading up to the onset of the Second World War feature late model Mark XVI Spitfires with 'teardrop' canopies, four-bladed propellers and cannon in the wings.}}</ref> * ''[[Battle of Britain (film)|Battle of Britain]]'' (1969) directed by [[Guy Hamilton]] and starring [[Laurence Olivier]], [[Michael Caine]], [[Christopher Plummer]], [[Ralph Richardson]], [[Michael Redgrave]] and [[Susannah York]], is set in 1940. Features several sequences involving a total of 12 flying Spitfires (mostly Mk IX versions because not many Mk.Is were available at the time).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daveswarbirds.com/bob/spitfire.htm |title=The Battle of Britain Spitfires |publisher=David Hanson |access-date=20 July 2017 |quote=Spitfires were gathered from all around the world to become a part of the temporary air force used to film the movie. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225153336/http://www.daveswarbirds.com/bob/spitfire.htm |archive-date=25 February 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * ''[[Piece of Cake (TV series)|Piece of Cake]]'' (1987) starring [[Tom Burlinson]], aired on the ITV network in 1987. Based on the novel by [[Derek Robinson (novelist)|Derek Robinson]], the six-part miniseries covers the prewar era to "Battle of Britain Day", 15 September 1940. It depicts air combat over the skies of France and Britain during the early stages of the Second World War, though using five flying examples of late model Spitfires in place of the novel's early model Hurricanes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/tv/1990/07/08/anything-but-a-piece-of-cake/8ecf70be-5938-4e9a-86fa-9d5d16c3823f/ |title=Anything But a Piece of Cake |last=Pearson |first=Richard |date=8 July 1990 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=9 September 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912103703/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/tv/1990/07/08/anything-but-a-piece-of-cake/8ecf70be-5938-4e9a-86fa-9d5d16c3823f/ |archive-date=12 September 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * ''[[Dark Blue World]]'' (2001), starring [[Ondřej Vetchý]], is a tale of two Czech pilots who escape Nazi-occupied Europe to fly Spitfires during the Battle of Britain. [[Jan Svěrák]] filmed some new aerial scenes and reused aerial footage from Hamilton's film.<ref name="Glancey 2006, p. 201">Glancey 2006, p. 201.</ref> * ''Guy Martin's Spitfire'' (2014) is a [[Channel 4]] documentary covering the two-year restoration of a Mark 1 Spitfire, N3200, coded 'QV', that had been buried beneath the sand for 46 years after crash landing during the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940. [[Guy Martin]] tells the ''Boy's Own''-style story of its pilot, [[Geoffrey D. Stephenson|Squadron Leader Geoffrey Stephenson]] and helps in the restoration of the aircraft at the [[Historic Flying Limited|Aircraft Restoration Company]] facilities at Duxford.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/guy-martins-spitfire/episode-guide|title=Guy Martin's Spitfire|publisher=Channel 4 Television|access-date=23 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023220627/http://www.channel4.com/programmes/guy-martins-spitfire/episode-guide|archive-date=23 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> * ''[[Dunkirk (2017 film)|Dunkirk]]'' (2017), directed by [[Christopher Nolan]], features three Spitfires defending the evacuation of British and French troops from Dunkirk against attacks by the German Luftwaffe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/film/2017/08/how-realistic-are-dunkirks-spitfire-flight-scenes |title=How realistic are Dunkirk's Spitfire flight scenes? |last=Murugesu |first=Jason |date=3 August 2017 |website=newstatesman.com |access-date=8 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208205301/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/film/2017/08/how-realistic-are-dunkirks-spitfire-flight-scenes |archive-date=8 December 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> * ''Spitfire: The People's Plane'' (2020) is a [[BBC World Service]] ten-part podcast on the efforts of the people who built the aircraft.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spitfire: The People's Airplane |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w13xtv79 |publisher=[[BBC World Service]]}}</ref> * The current badge for the British [[football club]] [[Eastleigh F.C.]], introduced in 2020, prominently features the Supermarine Spitfire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPITFIRES LAUNCH A NEW CHAPTER {{!}} Eastleigh FC |url=https://www.eastleighfc.com/spitfires-launch-a-new-chapter/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=www.eastleighfc.com |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802222059/https://www.eastleighfc.com/spitfires-launch-a-new-chapter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Kieran |date=2020-06-10 |title=Eastleigh reveal new logo and launch new chapter |url=https://www.eastleighnews.co.uk/2020/06/eastleigh-launch-new-logo/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Eastleigh News}}</ref>

== Specifications (Spitfire Mk Vb) ==

[[File:Spitfire VB 222 Sqn RAF in flight 1942.jpg|thumb|Spitfire VB of [[No. 222 Squadron RAF|222 Squadron]], 1942]] The Spitfire's performance improved greatly as WWII progressed; for more information, see [[Supermarine Spitfire variants: specifications, performance and armament]]. {{Aircraft specs |ref=''Spitfire: The History and Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II.''<ref>Morgan and Shacklady 1993, p. 172.</ref><ref name=jane>Jane 1946, pp. 139–141.</ref> |prime units?=imp  |crew=1 |length ft=29 |length in=11 |length note= |span ft=36 |span in=10 |span note= |height ft=11 |height in=5 |height note= |wing area sqft=242.1 |wing area note= |aspect ratio= |airfoil='''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 2213]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA 2209.4]] |empty weight lb=5065 |empty weight note= |gross weight lb=6622 |gross weight note= |max takeoff weight lb=6700 |max takeoff weight note= |fuel capacity= |more general=  |eng1 number=1 |eng1 name=[[Rolls-Royce Merlin 45]] |eng1 type=V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine |eng1 hp=1470 |eng1 note={{#tag:ref|The Merlin 46 and Merlin 50 were also used in the VB.|group=nb}}

|prop blade number=3 |prop name=[[Rotol]] constant-speed propeller |prop dia ft= |prop dia in= |prop dia note=  |max speed mph=370 |max speed note= |cruise speed mph= |cruise speed note= |stall speed mph= |stall speed note= |never exceed speed mph= |never exceed speed note= |range miles=479 |range note= |combat range miles=248 |combat range note= |ferry range miles=1100 |ferry range note=with fuel tank |endurance= |ceiling ft=36500 |ceiling note= |g limits= |roll rate= |climb rate ftmin=2600 |climb rate note= |time to altitude= |lift to drag= |wing loading lb/sqft=27.35 |wing loading note= |fuel consumption lb/mi= |power/mass={{cvt|0.22|hp/lb}} |more performance=  |guns=<br/> ** A wing *** 8 × .303 in [[M1919 Browning machine gun|Browning Mk II*]] machine guns (350 rounds per gun) ** B wing *** 2 × 20 mm [[Hispano-Suiza HS.404|Hispano Mk II]] (60 rounds per gun) *** 4 × .303 in Browning Mk II* machine guns (350 rounds per gun) ** C wing *** 4 × 20 mm Hispano Mk II cannon (120 rounds per gun) ** C wing (Alt.) *** 2 × 20 mm Hispano Mk II (120 rounds per gun) *** 4 × .303 in Browning Mk II* machine guns (350 rounds per gun) ** E wing *** 2 × 20 mm Hispano Mk II cannon (120 rounds per gun) *** 2 × .50 in M2 Browning machine guns (250 rounds per gun) |bombs= |rockets= 2 [[RP-3]] rockets (1 under each wing) |missiles= |hardpoints= |hardpoint capacity= |hardpoint rockets= |hardpoint missiles= |hardpoint bombs= |hardpoint other=

|avionics= }}

== See also == {{Portal|Aviation}} {{aircontent |related= * [[Supermarine S.6B]] * [[Supermarine Seafire]] * [[Supermarine Spiteful]] * [[Supermarine Seafang]] |similar aircraft= * [[Bell P-39 Airacobra]] * [[Curtiss P-40 Warhawk]] * [[Dewoitine D.520]] * [[Hawker Hurricane]] * [[Heinkel He 112]] * [[Messerschmitt Bf 109]] * [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3]] * [[North American P-51 Mustang]] * [[Yakovlev Yak-1]] |lists= * [[List of Supermarine Spitfire topics]] * [[List of most produced aircraft]] * [[List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force]] * [[List of aircraft of World War II]] * [[List of surviving Supermarine Spitfires]] |see also= * [[Aircraft of the Battle of Britain]] * [[Allied technological cooperation during World War II]] }}

==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb|1}}

== Citations == {{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography == {{Refbegin}} * Ackroyd, John. [https://www.aerosociety.com/publications/jah-the-aerodynamics-of-the-spitfire/ "The Aerodynamics of the Spitfire"]. ''Journal of Aeronautical History'' (2016) 20#1:59–86 * Air Ministry. ''A.P 1565B Spitfire IIA and IIB Aeroplanes: Merlin XII Engine, Pilot's Notes''. London: Air Data Publications, 1972. {{ISBN|0-85979-043-6}}. * Air Ministry. ''Pilot's Notes for Spitfire, IX XI & XVI. Merlin 61, 63, 66, 70 or 266 Engine''. London: Air Data Publications, 1946. {{ASIN|B000TUWO64}} * Andrews, C.F. and E.B. Morgan. ''Supermarine Aircraft since 1914''. London: Putnam, 1987. {{ISBN|0-85177-800-3}}. * Bader, Douglas. ''Fight for the Sky: The Story of the Spitfire and Hurricane''. London: Cassell Military Books, 2004. {{ISBN|0-304-35674-3}}. * Bodie, Warren M. ''The Lockheed P-38 Lightning: The Definitive Story of Lockheed's P-38 Fighter''. Hayesville, North Carolina: Widewing Publications, 2001, first edition 1991. {{ISBN|0-9629359-5-6}}. * Bowyer, Chaz. ''Supermarine Spitfire''. London, Arms and Armour Press, 1980. {{ISBN|0-85368-464-2}}. * Bowyer, Michael. ''Interceptor Fighters for the Royal Air Force 1935–45''. Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stevens, 1984. {{ISBN|0-85059-726-9}}. * Brown, Eric. "Spitfires with Sea Legs, Part two." ''Air International'', Vol. 15, No. 4, October 1978. * Bungay, Stephen. ''The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain''. London: Aurum, 2001. {{ISBN|1-85410-801-8}}. * Buttler, Tony. ''British Secret Projects: Fighters and Bombers 1935–1950''. Hersham, UK: Midland, 2004. {{ISBN|1-85780-179-2}}. * Carpenter, Chris. ''Flightwise: Part 1, Principles of Aircraft Flight''. Shrewsbury, UK: AirLife, 1996. {{ISBN|1-85310-719-0}}. * Cross, Roy and Gerald Scarborough. ''Messerschmitt Bf 109, Versions B-E''. London: Patrick Stevens, 1976. {{ISBN|0-85059-106-6}}. * Cull, Brian with Fredrick Galea. ''Spitfires Over Malta: The Epic Air Battles of 1942''. London: Grub Street, 2005. {{ISBN|1-904943-30-6}}. * Danel, Raymond and Jean Cuny. ''Docavia n°4: le Dewoitine D.520'' {{in lang|fr}}. Paris, France: Editions Larivière, 1966. * Deere, Brendon. ''Spitfire: Return to Flight''. Palmerston North, NZ: ITL Aviation Limited, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-473-16711-0}}. * Deighton, Len. ''Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain''. London: Grafton 1977. {{ISBN|0-7858-1208-3}}. * Delve, Ken. ''The Story of the Spitfire: An Operational and Combat History''. London: Greenhill books, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-85367-725-0}}. * Dibbs, John and Tony Holmes. ''Spitfire: Flying Legend''. Southampton, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1997. {{ISBN|1-84176-005-6}}.  * Eforgan, Estel. ''Leslie Howard: The Lost Actor''. London: Mitchell Vallentine & Company, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-85303-941-9}}. * Ethell, Jeffrey L. ''World War II in the Air''. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1994. {{ISBN|1-55750-249-8}}. * Ethell, Jeffrey L. and Steve Pace. ''Spitfire''. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1997. {{ISBN|0-7603-0300-2}}. * Flack, Jeremy. ''Spitfire – The World's Most Famous Fighter''. London: Chancellor Press, 1994. {{ISBN|1-85152-637-4}}. * Flintham, Victor. ''Air Wars and Aircraft: A Detailed Record of Air Combat, 1945 to the Present''. New York: Facts on File, 1990. {{ISBN|0-8160-2356-5}}. * Gerdessen, Frederik. "Estonian Air Power 1918–1945". ''[[Air Enthusiast]]'', No. 18, April–July 1982. pp. 61–76. {{ISSN|0143-5450}}. * Gilman J.D. and J. Clive. ''KG 200''. London: Pan Books Ltd., 1978. {{ISBN|0-85177-819-4}} * Glancey, Jonathan. ''Spitfire: The Illustrated Biography''. London: Atlantic Books, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-84354-528-6}}. * Green, Peter. "Spitfire Against a Lightning". ''Flypast'', No. 315, October 2007. * Green, William. ''Famous Fighters of the Second World War, 3rd ed.'' New York: Doubleday, 1975. {{ISBN|0-356-08334-9}}. * Green, William. ''Messerschmitt Bf 109: The Augsburg Eagle; A Documentary History''. London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishing Group Ltd., 1980. {{ISBN|0-7106-0005-4}}. * Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. ''The Great Book of Fighters''. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7603-1194-3}}. * Gueli, Marco. "Spitfire con Coccarde Italiane (Spitfire in Italian service)." (in Italian) ''Storia Militare n. 62'', November 1998. * Gunston, Bill et al. "Supermarine unveils its high-performance monoplane today (5 March)." ''The Chronicle of Aviation''. Liberty, Missouri: JL International Publishing, 1992. {{ISBN|1-872031-30-7}}. * Henshaw, Alex. ''Sigh for a Merlin: Testing the Spitfire: 2nd Revised edition ''. London: Crecy Publishing, 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-947554-83-5}}. * Henshaw, Alex. "Spitfire: A Test Pilot's Defence." ''Aeroplane Monthly'', Vol. 9, Issue No. 269, September 1995. * Holland, James. ''Fortress Malta: An Island Under Siege, 1940–1943''. New York: Miramax Books, 2003. {{ISBN|1-4013-5186-7}}. * Holmes, Tony. ''Spitfire vs Bf 109: Battle of Britain''. London: Osprey Aerospace, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-84603-190-8}} * Jackson, Robert. ''Aircraft of World War II: Development, Weaponry, Specifications''. Edison, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7858-1696-8}}. * Jane, Fred T. "The Supermarine Spitfire." ''Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II''. London: Studio, 1946. {{ISBN|1-85170-493-0}}. * Jane, Fred T. ''Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II'' (repr). New York: Crescent Books, 1998. {{ISBN|0-517-67964-7}}. * Keith, C.H. ''I Hold My Aim''. George, Allen and Unwin Ltd, London, 1946. * {{cite book |last = Lawrence |first = Joseph |title = The Observer's Book Of Airplanes |location = London and New York |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co |year = 1945}} * Lednicer, David A. "Technical Note: A CFD Evaluation of Three Prominent World War II Fighter Aircraft." ''Aeronautical Journal'', Royal Aeronautical Society, June/July 1995. * Lednicer, David A. "World War II Fighter Aerodynamics." ''EAA Sport Aviation'', January 1999. * {{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Mario Canoniga |title=Fighters of the Cross of Christ |journal=Air Enthusiast |date=August–November 1990 |issue=13|pages=13–25 |issn=0143-5450}} * McKinstry, Leo. ''Spitfire: Portrait of a Legend''. London: John Murray, 2007. {{ISBN|0-7195-6874-9}}. * Morgan, Eric B. and Edward Shacklady. ''Spitfire: The History (4th rev. edn.)''. London: Key Publishing, 1993. {{ISBN|0-946219-10-9}}. * Morgan, Eric B. and Edward Shacklady. ''Spitfire: The History (5th rev. edn.)''. London: Key Publishing, 2000. {{ISBN|0-946219-48-6}}. * Morison, Samuel Eliot. ''Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier''. ''[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]]'', Volume 6. Castle Books, 1958. {{ISBN| 0-7858-1307-1 }} * Moss, Graham and Barry McKee. ''Spitfires and Polished Metal: Restoring the Classic Fighter''. Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: Airlife, 1999. {{ISBN|0-7603-0741-5}}. * Price, Alfred. "The Birth of a Thoroughbred." ''Aeroplane,'' Volume 34, Number 3, No. 395, March 2006. * Price, Alfred. ''Late Marque Spitfire Aces 1942–1945''. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1995. {{ISBN|1-85532-575-6}}. * Price, Alfred. ''Spitfire: A Documentary History''. London: Macdonald and Jane's, 1977. {{ISBN|0-354-01077-8}}. * Price, Alfred. ''Spitfire a Complete Fighting History.'' Enderby, Leicester, UK: The Promotional Reprint Company Limited, 1991. {{ISBN|1-85648-015-1}}. * Price, Alfred. ''The Spitfire Story''. London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd., 1982. {{ISBN|0-86720-624-1}}. * Price, Alfred. ''The Spitfire Story: Second edition''. London: Arms and Armour Press Ltd., 1986. {{ISBN|0-85368-861-3}}. * Price, Alfred. ''Spitfire: Fighter Supreme''. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1991. {{ISBN|1-85409-056-9}}. * Price, Alfred. "Supermarine Spitfire (Merlin-engined variants)". ''Wings of Fame'', Volume 9, 1997, pp. 30–93. London: Aerospace. {{ISBN|1-86184-001-2}}. * Price, Alfred. "Supermarine Spitfire (Griffon-engined variants and Seafire)" ''Wings of Fame'', Volume 16, 1999, pp. 30–85. London: Aerospace. {{ISBN|1-86184-037-3}}. * Price, Alfred. ''The Spitfire Story: New edited edition''. London: Weidenfeld Military, 1999. {{ISBN|1-85409-514-5}}. * Price, Alfred. ''The Spitfire Story: Revised second edition''. Enderby, Leicester, UK: Siverdale Books, 2002. {{ISBN|978-1-84425-819-2}}. * Price, Alfred and Mike Spick. ''Handbook of Great Aircraft of WW II''. Enderby, Leicester, UK: The Promotional Reprint Company Limited, 1997. {{ISBN|0-7858-0669-5}}. * Quill, Jeffrey. ''Birth of a Legend: The Spitfire''. London: Quiller Press, 1986. {{ISBN|0-907621-64-3}}. * Quill, Jeffrey. ''Spitfire: A Test Pilot's Story''. London: John Murray, 1983, New edition: Crecy Publishing 1996, reprinted 1998, 2001, 2005, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-947554-72-9}} * Rearden, Jim. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wn_xAAAAMAAJ Koga's Zero: The Fighter That Changed World War II]''. {{ISBN|0-929521-56-0}}, second edition, Missoula, Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Company, 1995. Originally published as ''Cracking the Zero Mystery: How the US Learned to Beat Japan's Vaunted WWII Fighter Plane'' {{ISBN|978-0-8117-2235-3}}. * Shores, Christopher and Brian Cull with Nicola Malizia. ''Malta: The Spitfire Year''. London: Grub Street, 1991. {{ISBN|0-948817-16-X}}. * Smallwood, Hugh. ''Spitfire in Blue''. London: Osprey Aerospace, 1996. {{ISBN|1-85532-615-9}}. * Spick, Mike. ''Supermarine Spitfire''. New York: Gallery Books, 1990. {{ISBN|0-8317-1403-4}}. * "Spitfire: Simply Superb, Part three." ''Air International,'' Volume 28, Number 4, April 1985. * Stokes, Doug.'' Paddy Finucane, Fighter Ace: A Biography of Wing Commander Brendan E. Finucane, D.S.O., D.F.C. and Two Bars''. London: William Kimber & Co. Ltd., 1983. {{ISBN|0-7183-0279-6}}. * Tanner, John. ''The Spitfire V Manual (AP1565E reprint)''. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1981. {{ISBN|0-85368-420-0}}. * Vader, John. ''Spitfire'' (Ballantine's Illustrated History of World War II). London: Ballantine's Books, 1969. * {{cite journal |last1=Warnes |first1=Alan |title=Hatzerim Album: Spitfires and Meteors at the Israeli Defence Force Museum |journal=Air Enthusiast |date=March–April 1999 |issue=80 |pages=76–77 |issn=0143-5450}} * Williams, Anthony G. and Dr. Emmanuel Gustin. ''Flying Guns: World War II''. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 2003. {{ISBN|1-84037-227-3}}. {{Refend}}

== External links == {{Commons category|Supermarine Spitfire}} * [http://www.spitfiresite.com/ The Spitfire Site – resource library about the Supermarine Spitfire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817171709/http://spitfiresite.com/ |date=17 August 2020 }} * [http://www.spitfiresociety.org/ Spitfire Society] * [http://www.spitfiresocietyeastern.org.uk/ Spitfire Society – Eastern Wing] * [http://www.airhistory.org.uk/spitfire/ Spitfire/Seafire Serial Numbers, production contracts and aircraft histories] * [http://www.k5054.com/ K5054 – Supermarine Type 300 prototype Spitfire & production aircraft history] * [http://www.spitfireperformance.com/spittest.html Spitfire Performance Testing] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150721205801/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history/supermarinespitfire.cfm Supermarine Spitfire – History of a legend (RAF Museum)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071206042942/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Aircraft/Spitfire.html The Supermarine Spitfire in Indian Air Force Service] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080715234611/http://www.spitfirepilots.com/ Spitfire Pilots, articles about Spitfires and its pilots] * [http://gallery.kitmaker.net/showgallery.php/cat/16259 RAF Museum Spitfire Mk VB walk-around photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723173005/http://gallery.kitmaker.net/showgallery.php/cat/16259 |date=23 July 2011 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100223102410/http://www.airrecce.co.uk/WW2/recce_ac/RAFAR.html Examples of Photographic Reconnaissance Spitfires] * [http://www.pacificspitfires.com/ Pacific Spitfires – The Supermarine Spitfire in RAAF Service] * [http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1939/1939-1-%20-%200310.html A photograph of the 1939 "Speed Spitfire" in ''Flight'']. * [https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/nodes/view/2854 Pilot's notes : the Spitfire I aeroplane : Merlin II or III engine]

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