Sumaco

{{Short description|Mountain in Ecuador}} {{Infobox mountain | name = Sumaco | image = Sumaco.JPG | image_size = 240 | image_caption = Sumaco Volcano. | elevation_m = 3990 | elevation_ref =<ref name=gvp>{{cite gvp|vn=352040|name=Sumaco|accessdate=2012-01-09}}</ref> | prominence_m = | prominence_ref= | location = Ecuador | map = Ecuador | region = | coordinates = {{coord|00|32|17|S|77|37|33|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref =<ref name=gvp/> | type = Stratovolcano | last_eruption = 1895 ± 30 years }}

'''Sumaco''' is a symmetrical, isolated stratovolcano, that is set off from the main Ecuador volcanic axis. Its rocks are very distinct from those from most Andean volcanoes because of its lack of andesitic composition, in favour of basanite and phonolitic rock. Sumaco is heavily forested and contains a small cone in its broad summit crater. An historical eruption occurred around 1895 (± 30 years).<ref name=gvp/>

==Ecology== Sumaco is isolated from the Cordillera Oriental by the lowland valley of the Cosanga and Quijos Rivers.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lee, T. E. |author2=Burneo, S. F. |author3=Marchán, M. R. |author4=Roussos, S. A. |author5=Vizcarra-Váscomez, R. S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title=The mammals of the temperate forests of Volcán Sumaco, Ecuador |journal=Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University |volume=276 |pages=1–10 |url=http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/publications/opapers/ops/op276.pdf}}</ref> There are more than 6000 species of vascular plants, including more than 90 endemic species.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/parque-nacional-sumaco/ |title=Parque nacional Sumaco |publisher=Ministerio del Ambiente |access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> There are also a number of endemic animals, including toad ''Osornophryne sumacoensis'' only known from the eastern slopes of Sumaco,<ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Coloma, L.A. | author2 = Ron, S. | author3 = Cisneros-Heredia, D. | author4 = Almandáriz, A. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Osornophryne sumacoensis'' | volume = 2004 | article-number = e.T54859A11203411 | date = 2004 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54859A11203411.en | access-date = 10 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1186 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150203140843/http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1186 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |title=''Osornophryne sumacoensis'' |author=Coloma, L. A. |author2=Páez-Moscoso, D. |author3=Frenkel, C. |author4=Félix-Novoa, C. |author5=Quiguango-Ubillús, A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |work=Ron, S. R., Guayasamin, J. M., Yanez-Muñoz, M. H., Merino-Viteri, A., Ortiz, D. A. y Nicolalde, D. A. 2014. AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0 |publisher=Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ) |access-date=8 February 2015 }}</ref> and robber frog ''Pristimantis ernesti'' only known from the summit of Sumaco.<ref>{{Cite iucn | author = Lynch, J. | author2 = Coloma, L.A. | author3 = Ron, S. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Pristimantis ernesti'' | volume = 2004 | article-number = e.T56585A11488039 | date = 2004 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T56585A11488039.en | access-date = 10 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1405 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150211084709/http://zoologia.puce.edu.ec/Vertebrados/anfibios/FichaEspecie.aspx?Id=1405 |archive-date=2015-02-11 |title=''Pristimantis ernesti'' |author=Frenkel, C. |author2=Yánez-Muñoz, M. H. |author3=Guayasamín, J. M. |author4=Varela-Jaramillo, A. |author5=Ron, S. R. |date=2013 |edition=AmphibiaWebEcuador. Version 2014.0 |name-list-style=amp |publisher=Museo de Zoología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (QCAZ) |access-date=11 February 2015 }}</ref>

==References== {{Reflist|30em}}

Category:Stratovolcanoes of Ecuador Category:Andean Volcanic Belt Category:Three-thousanders of the Andes